ALAMINOS CITY NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Quarter 4 Week 8 – June 13-17,2022

I. Title: Going Beyond Correlation with Simple Linear Regression

II. Background Information for Learners:

Aside from using trend line on the scatter plot, the value of the dependent variable can be predicted with the
interpretation of the regression results. Pooling the findings to explore the variability in the regression coefficients being
estimated and to make assertions about the values of the population parameter.
The regression line for y on x is a line that contains the point of averages and whose slope is the product of the correlation
coefficient and the ratio of the standard deviation of y to the standard deviation of x. The regression line relates how much
change in the y- value is associated with a unit increase in the x- value.
Independent Variable- controlled inputs in an experiment. It stands alone.
Dependent Variable- it depends on other factors. It is affected by the independent variable.
Example 1. The number of hours spent studying and their scores in a test.
Independent Variable – The number of hours studying (plotted in the x-axis)
Dependent Variable – scores in a tests( plotted on the y-axis)

A scatter plot displays a group of data points that may appear to be following a straight line pointing either upward to the
right or to the left. The straight line that best illustrates the trend or direction that the data points seem to follow is called
best-fit line or line of best fit.

There is a better way on how to find the equation of the line of best fit. This equation is called the equation of the regression
line or simply regression equation.
The equation of the regression line is ŷ = a + bx
where: a = y- intercept ; b = slope

The y- intercept a can be computed using the following formula:

(∑𝑦)(∑𝑥 2)−(∑𝑥)(∑𝑥𝑦)
a=
𝑛 (∑𝑥 2)−(∑𝑥)2
And the slope b can be computed using the following formula:
𝒏(∑𝒙𝒚)−(∑𝒙)(∑𝒚)
b=
𝒏(∑𝒙𝟐 )−(∑ 𝒙)𝟐

Problem 1. Shown below are the ages (x) and the systolic blood pressure numbers (y) of 9 male patients in a certain
hospital. Find the regression equation.

Solution to Problem 1.
Solving for the y-intercept a
(𝞢𝒚)(𝞢𝒙𝟐) − (𝞢𝒙)(𝞢𝒙𝒚)
a = The y- axis represents the reading of the systolic blood
𝒏(𝞢𝒙𝟐 )− (𝞢𝒙)𝟐
pressure (dependent variable) and the x- axis is the list of
=
(1212)(15439)−(361)(49344) ages (independent variable).
9(15439)− (36)2
18712068 −17813184 The computed y- intercept a is where the line hits the y-axis.
= 138951 −130321
At age 0, the systolic blood pressure reading is 104.158. This
a = 104.158
is the expected mean value of y when all x = 0.
Solving for the slope b, The slope b is the heart and soul of the equation because it
n(𝞢𝒙𝒚) − (𝞢𝒙)(𝞢𝒚)
b= 𝒏(𝞢𝒙𝟐 )− (𝞢𝒙)𝟐 tells you how much you can expect Y to change as X
=
𝟗(𝟒𝟗𝟑𝟒𝟒)−(𝟑𝟔𝟏)(𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟐) increases. In general, the units for slope are the units of the
𝟗(𝟏𝟓𝟒𝟑𝟗)−(𝟑𝟔𝟏)𝟐
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟗𝟔 −𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟓𝟑𝟐
Y variable per units of the X variable. The value of the slope
= 𝟏𝟑𝟖𝟗𝟓𝟏 −𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟑𝟐𝟏 0.761 indicates that for every age, the systolic blood
pressure reading increases, on average, by 0.761.
b = 0.761

The equation of the regression line is ŷ = 104.158 + 0.761x .

Using the Regression Line for Prediction and Estimation

The utility of the estimated regression line is not merely for explaining relationships between x and y variables but
also for making predictions and estimations.

Problem 2. The grade of 7 students in the first and second grading periods are shown below.
a. Find the equation of the regression line.
b. Estimate the grade in the second grading period of a student who received a grade of 88 in the first grading.

(𝞢𝑦)(𝞢𝑥 2) − (𝞢𝑥)(𝞢𝑥𝑦)
a = 𝑛(𝞢𝑥 2)− (𝞢𝑥)2
The slope of +0.5 indicates between two variables is
(563)(44890)−(560)(45085) positive. If the regression line is drawn on the scatter
=
7(44890)− (560)2 plot, it will pass through 40.429 on the y-axis and it will
25273070 −25247600
be pointing to the right.
= 314230 −313600
The equation of the regression line is ŷ = 40.429 + 0.5x
a = 40.429

n(𝞢𝒙𝒚) − (𝞢𝒙)(𝞢𝒚)
b= 𝒏(𝞢𝒙𝟐 )− (𝞢𝒙)𝟐

𝟕(𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟖𝟓)−(𝟓𝟔𝟎)(𝟓𝟔𝟑)
= 𝟕(𝟒𝟒𝟖𝟗𝟎)− (𝟓𝟔𝟎)𝟐
 𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟓𝟗𝟓 −𝟑𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟎
= 𝟑𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟑𝟎 −𝟑𝟏𝟑𝟔𝟎𝟎

b = 0.5

Estimating the grade of a student in second grading whose grade is 88 in the first grading.
ŷ = 40.429 + 0.5x
= 40.429 + 0.5 (88)
= 84.43
A student whose grade is 88 in the first grading can expect a grade of 84.43 in the second grading.

III. Learning Competency:

At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
 identifies the independent and dependent variables (M11/12SP-IVi-1);
 calculates the slope and y-intercept of the regression line (M11/12SP-IVi-3);
 interprets the calculated slope and y-intercept of the regression line (M11/12SP-IVi-4);
 predicts the value of the dependent variable given the value of the independent variable (M11/12SP-IVj-1) ;
 solves problems involving regression analysis (M11/12SP-IVj-2).
IV. Directions/Instructions:
Read, understand and answer the following activities about regression analysis.
V. Exercises/Activities:
A. Which is Which?
1. Maureen's sister recommended soaking the air plants in a bowl of water once a week. Maureen's coworker
recommended spraying the air plants with a mist of water every day.
Maureen decided to test both ideas. First, she measured the initial weight of all four air plants. Then, for the next two
months, she sprayed two of the plants with a mist of water each day. She watered the two remaining plants by soaking
them in water once a week. Finally, Maureen measured the weight of the plants again and calculated the change in
weight for each plant.
Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?
a. the watering method used b. the change in weight for each plant
2. David grew ten eggplants on his backyard garden. He grew each plant in its own pot, and each pot was the same size
and shape. David noticed that his plants did not grow many leaves, and he wanted to see if earthworms could help them
grow more. To test this idea, David divided his ten plants into two equal groups. For one group, he added three
earthworms to the soil in each pot. He did not add any earthworms to pots in the other group.
Two months later, David counted the number of leaves on each of the ten plants. He compared the number of leaves on
the plants in each group.
Which of the following was a dependent variable in this experiment?
a. the number of leaves b. the number of earthworms
3. Dr. X does a study with three groups of ten students each. Each group consumes a different amount of caffeine (high,
medium, and low amounts). Dr. X then measures all of the students on how well they do on a concentration test. What is
the independent variable in this study?
a. the number of students in each group b. the levels of caffeine
4. An experiment is done with children in which their teachers in different classrooms teach the same material but they
use different teaching methods. One teacher uses lectures, one teacher uses group discussion, and one teacher simply
asks the students to read the textbook. Then the students all take an essay test over the material. What is the
independent variable in this study?
a. the test over the material b. different teaching materials
5. From number 4, what field of study or discipline uses independent variable?
a. education b. psychology

B. Complete Me!
Luz is selling tomatoes in Sampaloc market. She decided to change the price of her tomatoes every day for seven
days to see whether the change in the price of tomatoes would affect sales. Her collected data are shown in the following
table.

x y xy x2
45 30 1350 2025
 50 25 1250 2500
55 25 1375 3025
40 40 1600 1600
52 26 1352 2704
48 35 1680 2304
60 15 900 3600
2
∑x= 350 ∑y= 196 ∑ xy=9507 ∑ x = 17758

1. Complete the process by solving the y-intercept a

(∑𝑦)(∑𝑥 2)−(∑𝑥− ∑𝑥𝑦)

a=
𝑛 (∑𝑥 2)−(∑𝑥)2

(196)(17758)−(350)(9507)
=
7(17758)−(350)2

= ?

a= ?

2. Complete the process by solving the slope b

n(𝞢𝒙𝒚) − (𝞢𝒙)(𝞢𝒚)
b= 𝒏(𝞢𝒙𝟐 )− (𝞢𝒙)𝟐

𝟕(𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟕)−(𝟑𝟓𝟎)(𝟏𝟗𝟔)
= 𝟕(𝟏𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟖)− (𝟑𝟓𝟎)𝟐

= ?

b = ?

VI. Rubric for scoring:

N/A
VII. References for Learners:
Statistics and Probability Teacher’s Guide Chapter 1 pp 1-58
Basic Statistics With Calculator And Computer Application E. Narag pp.1-87

Prepared by: Approved by:

LORNA E CABANAYAN JOSE RAMIL A. SIBUN
MT II OIC-Asst. Principal II, Academics