Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

Tamag, Vigan City

2700 Ilocos Sur

College of Teacher Education

Report on Statistical Data Analysis ( Descriptive and Inferential Data)

Presented to

Dr. Christopher F. Bueno

University of Northern Philippines

Vigan City

In Partial Fulfilment

of the Requirements of the Degree

Master of Arts in Teaching Physical Education

Luis Anthony A. Marquez

2023
 Introduction:

Statistical data analysis is a vital component of research, business, and decision-making

processes. It involves the systematic application of mathematical and statistical techniques to

extract meaningful insights from data. This report provides an in-depth exploration of two

fundamental branches of statistical analysis: descriptive data analysis and inferential data

analysis.

Descriptive Data Analysis:

Descriptive statistics involve the interpretation and presentation of data to provide a

comprehensive summary of its key characteristics. The primary objectives of descriptive

analysis are to reveal patterns, trends, and central tendencies within the dataset. Key

techniques and concepts include:

Measures of Central Tendency: These measures help identify the center of the data

distribution. The mean, median, and mode are used to represent the average, middle, and most

frequent values respectively.

Measures of Variability: Variability measures assess the dispersion of data points around the

central value. Range, variance, and standard deviation quantify the spread of data.

Measures of Distribution Shape: Skewness and kurtosis describe the asymmetry and

peakedness of the data distribution respectively.

Frequency Distributions: These distributions display the frequency of data points falling within

specified intervals, often visualized using histograms or bar charts.

Visual Representations: Box plots, scatter plots, and line graphs provide graphical

representations of data distribution, outliers, and trends.

Example:

Consider a dataset of monthly temperatures. Descriptive analysis reveals that the mean

temperature is 25°C, with a standard deviation of 2.5°C. The histogram demonstrates a bell-

shaped distribution with only a slight positive skew.

Inferential Data Analysis:

Inferential statistics enable researchers to make predictions and draw conclusions about a

larger population based on a smaller sample. This involves making inferences, estimating

parameters, and assessing the significance of observed differences. Key techniques and

concepts include:

Hypothesis Testing: Hypothesis tests assess whether observed differences in sample data are

statistically significant, helping researchers make informed decisions about population

characteristics.

Confidence Intervals: Confidence intervals provide a range within which the true population

parameter is likely to lie, based on the sample data.

Regression Analysis: Regression models examine the relationship between one or more

independent variables and a dependent variable, helping predict outcomes and understand

correlations.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): ANOVA is used to compare means across multiple groups,

determining if differences are statistically significant.

Chi-Square Tests: These tests analyze associations and dependencies in categorical data.

Example:

In a clinical trial comparing two drug treatments, inferential analysis using a t-test reveals that

Drug A resulted in significantly higher improvement scores compared to Drug B.

Differences and Use Cases:

Descriptive analysis summarizes data's key features, aiding initial understanding. Inferential

analysis extends this understanding by drawing broader conclusions about populations and

making predictions based on sample data.

Conclusion:

Statistical data analysis, encompassing both descriptive and inferential methods, is integral for

decision-making across various domains. Descriptive analysis provides insights into data's

fundamental characteristics, while inferential analysis empowers researchers to make informed

predictions and decisions based on sample data. Employing a combination of these techniques

enables effective decision-making, research, and problem-

In conclusion, statistical data analysis plays a pivotal role in extracting meaningful insights from

data, contributing to better-informed decisions and enhanced understanding.