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Do you want tips ?

BAND 9 = 10.30 - 11.30 = SUN TUE THURS

16-18 = READING COMPREHENSION

You can work to improve you reading .

1. Identify the KEYWORDS = T F NG

2. Understand the overall meaning of the question.
3. Analyse the question and identify the SCAN words. = locate in
the text
4. Look for synonyms of verbs and nouns. =

LOCATE = 90% = SCAN

5. The main deciding factors:

- Adjective = Intelligent / slow / fast / quick/ readily
- Adverb = slowly / quickly / just / all / only
- Verb = halt / spread /
- Noun
- Time
- Location
- Number

6. Same meaning = TRUE

7. Opposite = FLASE

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 8.
SCAN =
TIME PHRASE = 1970
LOCATION / PLACE = AUSTRALIA
NAME = BRUNEL
Capital letter =
Noun =
New phrase or word =
1.The Sahara has spread slowly
northwards into the Sahel region.
2. Just over 70 per cent of the dry land in
agricultural use in Africa has deteriorated
over the last 30 years
3. Desertification is taking place faster in
southern Africa than in the Sahel.
4. The loss of tree cover is a minor cause of
desertification.
5. If there is a loss of tree cover, the
deterioration in the soil is halted.
6. Tree conservation is more effective than
sustainable agricultural land use in
reducing the consequences of lack of rain.
7. The swallow is the only species of bird
that migrates to spend the summer in
northern Europe.
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Unfortunately, over the last century the Sahara desert
has steadily crept southwards, eating into once
productive Sahel lands. United Nations surveys show
that over 70 percent of the dry land in agricultural use in
Africa has deteriorated over the last 30 years. Droughts
have become more prolonged and more severe, the
most recent lasting over 20 years in parts of the Sahel
region.
The same process of desertification is taking place
across southern Africa as the Kalahari desert advances
into Botswana and parts of South Africa.
Another MAJOR cause of desertification is loss of tree
cover.
The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are
irreversible. They are, 30 however, preventable. Careful
conservation of tree cover and sustainable agricultural
land use have been shown to halt deterioration of soils
and lessen the effects of shortage of rainfall.
The effects of loss of topsoil and increased drought are
irreversible.They are, however, preventable.
Careful conservation of tree cover and sustainable
agricultural land use have been shown to halt
deterioration of soils and lessen the effects of shortage
of rainfall.
Every April, along with many other species of birds, the
swallow arrives to spend the summer months in northern
Europe, in Russia, Iran and parts of Siberia. Here it will
breed and raise its young.
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8. The swallow is easily noticeable because
of its tail and the way it flies.
9. The swallow is frequently seen in cities.
10. Swallows form larger flocks than other
birds when they depart in the autumn.
10. Brunel was less important than the
other construction engineers in Britain
during the Industrial Revolution.
11. Brunel was less involved in railway
construction than other engineering fields.
12. Brunel worked only on shipping,
bridge-building and railway construction.
13. All projects Brunel contributed to are
still used today.
14. Brunel became an apprentice with his
father at the same age as other engineers.
Question = specific
Text = nothing mentioned
APPRENTICE = ASSISTANCE
15. The Thames Tunnel Project was more
difficult than any previous construction
venture undertaken in Britain. = NOT
GIVEN
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The swallow is well known for several reasons Firstly, it
is very distinctive, with its forked tail and characteristic
acrobatic swooping flight. Secondly, it is very common,
and, like its near relative the house martin, lives in close
proximity to Human habitation, at least in rural areas. It
is, however, rarely to be encountered in towns or cities.
At the end of the summer season, when the swallows
are about to leave, they frequently flock together in large
numbers on convenient high open perches, like roof
ridges and telegraph wires. When people remark that
'the swallows are gathering', they mean that autumn has
arrived.
In the hundred years up to 1860, the work of a small
group of construction engineers carried forward the
enormous social and economic change that we
associate with the Industrial Revolution in Britain.
The most important of these engineers was Isambard
Kingdom Brunel, whose work in shipping,
bridge-building and railway construction, to name just
three fields, both challenged and motivated his
colleagues.
He was the driving force behind a number of hugely
ambitious projects, some of which resulted in works
which are still in use today.
The son of an engineer, Brunel apprenticed with his
father at an early age on the building of the Thames
Tunnel.
At the age of just twenty, he became the engineer in
charge of the project.
This impressive plan to bore under the Thames twice
suffered major disasters when the river broke through
into the tunnel.
When the second breach occurred in 1827, Brunel was
seriously injured during rescue operations and further
work was halted.
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16. In his study of prehistoric life, Peter
Falkinghom rarely spends time on outdoor
research those days.
Dangerous = rarely = little = TRUE
Verb = spend
Scan = Peter
17. When the Sellers and Manning
computer model was used for people, it
showed them moving faster than they are
physically able to.
18. An experienced tracker can analyse
fossil footprints as easily as those made by
live animals.
19. The vault has the capacity to
accommodate undiscovered types of seed
at a later date.
20. During winter, the flow of air entering
the vault is regularly monitored by staff.
21. The people who work at Svalbard are
mainly locals.
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The media image of palaeontologists who study
prehistoric life is often of field workers camped in the
desert in the hot sun, carefully picking away at the rock
surrounding a large dinosaur bone.
But Peter Falkingham has done little of that for a while
now. Instead, he devotes himself to his computer.
Assuming natural selection evolves the best possible
solution too, the modelled animal should be moving in a
manner similar to it's now-extinct counterpart.
And indeed, using the same method for living animals
(humans, emu and ostriches) similar top speeds were
achieved on the computer as in reality.
Modern-day trackers who study the habitats of wild
animals can tell you what animal made a track, whether
that animal was walking or running, sometimes even the
sex of the animal.
But a fossil track poses a more considerable challenge
to interpret in the same way.
If any more are unearthed, either in the wild or found in
obscure collections, they can be added, too – the vault
has room for at least 4.5 million samples.
If ____________ , _______________
In order to maintain the temperature at a constant -10° C
to -20® C,
the cold Arctic air will be drawn into the vault during the
winter, automatically and without human intervention.
WITHOUT = NO
Looking out across the snow-covered mountains of
Svalbard, it is hard not to feel respect for the 2,300 or so
people who live here,
mainly in Longyearbyen, a village a few miles away.
There are three months without light in winter.
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22. Once a seed package Is In the vault, it Svalbard is intended As the seed bank of last resort.
remains unopened.
Each sample is made up of a few hundred seeds, sealed
inside a watertight package which will never be tampered
with while it is in the vault.

23. If seeds are sent from Svalbard to other The packages of seeds remain the property of the
banks, there is an obligation for the collections they have come from. Svalbard will disburse
recipient to send replacements back. samples ‘only if all the other seeds in other collections
around the world are gone,’ explains Fowler.

If seeds do have to be given out, those who receive them

are expected to germinate them and generate new
samples, to be returned to the vault.

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