Lesson 1 P.

E 2

Direction of forces applied to musculoskeletal structures

>compressive

>tensile

>shear

STRUCTURES FUNCTION
Ligaments Stabilize joints
Tendons Attaches muscles to bones
Muscles Creates movements
Bones Anchor for muscles
Joints Fulcrum for movement

Two types of injuries

>chronic/overuse – sign and symptoms occur after a long period of exposure

to the force

>Acute injuries – have signs and symptoms that manifest immediately after
force application

FACTORS THAT INCREASE THE RISK OF INJURY

 Inherent abnormality
 Age
 Fitness level
 Equipment
 environmental aspects
 techniques

COMMON SPORTS INJURIES (acute injuries)

>Sprains >Concussion

>Strains

>Fracture

>Dislocation

>wounds
Sprain – ligaments and blood vessels

ACL – anterior cruciate ligament

CATEGOTY FIBER DAMAGED LOSS OF

FUNCTION
MILD (first degree) Minimal tear Pain when moved
MODERATE (2nd degree) Partial tear Pain at rest and when
moved
SEVERE (3rd degree) Complete tear Complete loss of
function

Fracture – The breaking of a part, especially a bone

CAUSES OF FRACTURE

>By direct blow

>BY crushing force

>By fall or automobile accident

TYPES OF FRUCTURE

>Greenstick

>Transverse

>Comminuted

>Sipral

>Compound

GREENSTICK – a fracture in a young, soft bone in which bone bends and

breaks

TRANSVERSE – a fracture the line of which forms a right angle with the axis
of the bone

COMMINUTED – a fracture in which the bone fragments into several pieces

COMPOUND – a broken bone that penetrates the skin

DISLOCATION – displacement of a bone end the joints, particularly in the

shoulder, elbow fingers or thumb
WOUND – an injury to living tissue caused by a cut, blow, or other impact,
typically one in which the skin is cut or broken

TYPES OF WOUNDS

>Abrasion

>Laceration

>Puncture

>Avulsion

LACERATION – A laceration is a deep cut or tearing of your skin

PUNCTURE – is a small hole caused by a long pointy object, such as nail or

needle

ABRASION – occurs when your skin rubs or scrapes against a rough or hand
surface. Road rush is an example of abrasion

CONUSSION – are life-threatening injuries because hey disrupt the normal

function of the brain

COMMON SPORTS INJURIES

>stress fracture

>tendinopathy/tendinitis

>osteoarthritis

>bursitis

TYPES PF OVERUSE INJURIES ACCORDING TO SEVERITY

STAGE 1- complain after the activity, game, or training session

STAGE 2- complaining during and after an activity but do not fell it during rest

STAGE 3- the athlete feels pain whether at rest or play

STRESS FRACTURE – are tiny cracks in a bone. They are caused by repetitive
force, often from overuse such as repeatedly jumping up and down or running
long distances

TENDINOPATHY – also called tendinosis, refers to the breakdown of collagen

in a tendon

OSTEOATHRITIS – is the most common form of arthritis, affecting millions of

people world wild

BURSITIS – is a painful condition that affects the small fluid-filled sacs

called bursae

LESSON 2 P.E 2

FIRST AID- the immediate care given to a person/victim who has suddenly
become ill or injured

OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID

>to alleviate/relieve suffering

>to prevent added/further injury or danger

>to prolong life

>to save lives

BANDAGING – this used to support an injured forearm, consisting of a wide

triangular piece of cloth hanging around the neck

SQUARE KNOT – is a simple binding knot used to secure a rope or line around
an object

CRAVAT(KRUH-VAT) – a multipurpose triangular shaped textile than can be

used to sling and support injuries

TYPES OF BANDAGING

>CHEST BANDAGE

>HAND BANDAGE

>ARMSLING

>UNDERARM SLING

>CRAVAT BANDAGE FOR FORHEAD

>CRAVAT FOR ELBOW

>CRAVAT FOR KNEE

>CRAVAT FOR FOREARM, ARM, LEG AND THIGH

>CRAVAT FOR PALM ARM

PRICE PRINCIPLE

>PROTECT

>REST

>ICE

>COMPRESS

>ELEVATE