General

Biology 1 12
General Biology 1 – Grade 12
Quarter 1 – Module 12 Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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 General
Biology 1 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 12
Bulk Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Introductory Message

For the Facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Bulk

Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis!

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Bulk

Transport: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest - This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
 EXPECTATIONS

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. describe the process of endocytosis and exocytosis;

2. differentiate the three types of endocytosis; and
3. appreciate the importance of bulk transport in the body.

PRETEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. Which of the following statements accurately describes exocytosis?
A. Transport vesicles travel from the nucleus to the plasma membrane,
where they can dock and wait or fuse and secrete.
B. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma
membrane where they can only dock and wait.
C. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma
membrane where they can only fuse and secrete.
D. Transport vesicles travel from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma
membrane where they can dock and wait or fuse and secrete.
_________2. Which of the statements best describe endocytosis?
A. process of taking large particles into the cell.
B. uses vesicles to release large particles out of the cell.
C. the release of large amounts of material from the cell.
D. process of taking materials into the cell by means of infolding of the
cell membrane.
_________3. A foreign cell has entered your blood stream. Which process describes
how it can be engulfed by one of the cells in your immune system?
A. exocytosis C. phagocytosis
B. pinocytosis D. receptor-mediated cytosis
_________4. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding receptor
mediated endocytosis (RME)?
A. RME is non-specific.
B. RME is used to transport material out of the cell.
C. RME involves the use of coat proteins such as clathrin.
D. RME is used to transport materials into the cell using pores in the
cell membrane.
_________5. Endocytosis is used by cells to:
A. Ingest bacteria and cells debris
B. Secrete large molecules into the extracellular space
C. Is used to deliver material into the extracellular space.
D. Retrieve the elements of the cell membrane after exocytosis.
 RECAP
In the previous lesson, we studied active transport. Let us recall the past
lesson by answering the activity below.

Activity 12.1. Arrange the sequence of events of the Sodium-Potassium Pump in

correct order. Write numbers 1-6.

The change in shape causes the carrier protein to release two

potassium ions inside the cell. At this point, the carrier protein is
ready to begin the process again.
3 sodium ions bind to the carrier protein on the cytosol side of the
membrane
A phosphate molecule breaks off from ATP and binds to the carrier
protein.
At this point, the carrier protein has the shape it needs to bind two
potassium ions outside the cell.
The removal of the phosphate group from ATP supplies the energy
needed to change the shape of the carrier protein. With its new
shape, the protein carries three sodium ions through the membrane
and then forces the sodium ions outside the cell where the sodium
concentration must remain high.
When the potassium ions bind, the phosphate group is released and
the carrier protein restored its original shape.

LESSON
BULK TRANSPORT

Most molecules dissolved in water are small, and they can cross cell
membranes by simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion or active transport. However,
large particles must enter and leave cells with the help of a transport vesicle -a
small sac that can pinch off or fuse with a cell membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis
together provide bulk transport, because many molecules are moved at the same
time.
 In endocytosis, cell membrane engulfs fluids or large molecules to bring
them into the cell. The plasma membrane of the cell invaginates, forming a pocket
around the target particle. The pocket pinches off, resulting in the particle being
contained in a newly created intracellular vesicle formed from the plasma membrane
(Fig. 12.1)

Figure 12.1. Endocytosis. In phagocytosis, the cell membrane surrounds the particle and engulfs it. In pinocytosis, the cell
membrane invaginates, surrounds a small volume of fluid, and pinches off. In receptor-mediated endocytosis, uptake of
substances by the cell is targeted to a single type of substance that binds to the receptor on the external surface of the cell
membrane. Source:commons.wikimedia.og.

There are different variations of endocytosis. In phagocytosis (Gr. phagein -

to eat, cyto -cell) -“cell eating” is the process by which large particles, such as cells
or relatively large particles, are taken in by a cell (Fig.12.1a). For example, when
microorganisms invade the human body, a type of white blood cell called a neutrophil
will remove the invaders through this process, surrounding and engulfing the
microorganism, which is then destroyed by the neutrophil. Single-celled eukaryotes
called amoebas also use phagocytosis to hunt and consume their prey.

Pinocytosis (Gr. pinein -to drink, cyto -cell) ““cell drinking” and was named
at a time when the assumption was that the cell was purposefully taking in
extracellular fluid. In reality, this is a process that takes in molecules, including
water, which the cell needs from the extracellular fluid(Fig.12.1b). Pinocytosis results
in a much smaller vesicle than does phagocytosis, and the vesicle does not need to
merge with a lysosome

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which receptor

proteins on the cell surface are used to capture a specific target molecule. The
receptors, which are transmembrane proteins, cluster in regions of the plasma
membrane known as coated pits. This name comes from a layer of proteins, called
coat proteins, that are found on the cytoplasmic side of the pit (Fig.12.1c).. Clathrin,
shown in the diagram above, is the best-studied coat protein. When the receptors
bind to their specific target molecule, endocytosis is triggered, and the receptors and
their attached molecules are taken into the cell in a vesicle. The coat proteins
participate in this process by giving the vesicle its rounded shape and helping it bud
off from the membrane. Receptor-mediated endocytosis allows cells to take up large
amounts of molecules that are relatively rare (present in low concentrations) in the
extracellular fluid

Although receptor-mediated endocytosis is intended to bring useful

substances into the cell, other, less friendly particles may gain entry by the same
route. Flu viruses, diphtheria, and cholera toxin all use receptor-mediated
endocytosis pathways to gain entry into cells.

Cells must take in certain molecules, such as nutrients, but they also need to
release other molecules, such as signaling proteins and waste products, to the
outside environment. Exocytosis (“exo” -outside) is a form of bulk transport in which
materials are transported from the inside to the outside of the cell in membrane-
bound vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane (Fig.12.2). Waste material is
enveloped in a membrane and fuses with the interior of the plasma membrane. This
fusion opens the membranous envelope on the exterior of the cell, and the waste
material is expelled into the extracellular space. Other examples of cells releasing
molecules via exocytosis include the secretion of proteins of the extracellular matrix
and secretion of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft by synaptic vesicles.

Figure 12.2. Exocytosis. In exocytosis, vesicles containing substances fuse with the plasma membrane. The contents are
then released to the exterior of the cell. Source:commons.wikimedia.org.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 12.2. Use the boxes below to complete this diagram.

INSTRUCTIONS: Color each molecule according to the key. The arrows indicate the
direction the molecules are moving. Use the arrows as clues to determine which type
of bulk transport the illustration represents (endocytosis, exocytosis). In the blank
boxes, write which number step it is during the process (1,2,3).
COLORING KEY

A.

B.
ACTIVITY 12.3. Label the different diagrams below (Endocytosis, Exocytosis,
Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis)

ACTIVITY 12.4. Complete the crossword puzzle below.

 WRAP-UP

ACTIVITY 12.5. I learned that. . .

Endocytosis and exocytosis use ____________ to transport substances into or
out of the cell. Endocytosis has ________main types. ___________ is the process by
which cells ingest large particles. During ____________, cells take in molecules such
as water from the extracellular fluid. Finally, ______________________________ ensure
only specific, targeted substances are brought into the cell.
In _______________, cells expel material through the fusion of vesicles with the
plasma membrane and subsequent dumping of their content into the extracellular
fluid.

VALUING
In order to survive, all living things need water. Drinking water helps maintain
the balance of body fluids that function for digestion, absorption, circulation,
creation of saliva, and maintenance of body temperature. It also helps transport
nutrients and eliminate waste matter. Living things need food as well, which provides
the energy need to move and grow. In a microscopic level, cells also requires food and
water to function properly. Composed a short poem or song showing the importance
of endocytosis and exocytosis in your daily life.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
 POSTTEST

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer.

_________1. Which of the following are examples of exocytosis? Choose all answers
that apply.
A. The absorption of water by a red blood cell.
B. The release of antibodies from a white blood cell.
C. A macrophage engulfing a pathogen to destroy it .
D. The transport of chemical messengers or neurotransmitters out of
nerve cells.
_________2. Which transport is shown in the diagram?

A. diffusion
B. endocytosis
C. exocytosis
D. osmosis.
_________3. There are several forms of endocytosis, such as phagocytosis and
pinocytosis. Which of the following describes a difference between
phagocytosis and pinocytosis?
A. Pinocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while
phagocytosis is the intake of small amounts of liquid.
B. Phagocytosis is the transport of particles out of a cell, while pinocytosis
is the transport of particles into a cell.
C. Phagocytosis is the intake of large particles or other cells, while
pinocytosis is the intake of small amounts of liquid.
D. Pinocytosis is the transport of particles out of a cell, while phagocytosis
is the transport of particles into a cell.
_________4. Amoeba proteus is a species of amoeba that gets its energy by engulfing
small, unicellular organisms with its membrane. It then digests these
organisms using internal vesicles. What is the name of the process used by
Amoeba proteus to get its energy?
A. Apoptosis C. Phagocytosis
B. Exocytosis D. Pinocytosis
 _________5. Thyroid hormones control growth and development in your body. Thyroid
hormones, such as thyroxine, are released into the bloodstream by which
process?
A. exocytosis C. endocytosis
B. Phagocytosis D. osmosis

KEY TO CORRECTION
ACTIVITY 11.4 RECAP

1.energy
2. Receptor-mediated
3. phagocytosis
PRETEST 4. exocytosis
1. A 5. pinocytosis
2. D
3. C
4. C WRAP- UP
5. A
Vesicles, 3, phagocytosis, ACTIVITY 12.2
POSTEST pinocytosis, receptor-mediated,
1. B&D exocytosis
2. B
3. C
4. C ACTIVITY 12.3.
5. A
A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Pinocytosis

REFERENCES
Hoefnagels, Marielle. General Biology. McGraw-Hill Education. Abiva Publishing House,Inc. 2016.
Learning, Lumen. “Anatomy and Physiology I.” Lumen. Accessed July 7, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/austincc-ap1/chapter/passive-transport/.
Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors I.” Lumen. Accessed July 22, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wmopen-biology1/chapter/endocytosis-and-exocytosis/.
Miller, Stephen A. Zoology. McGraw-Hill. New York. 2010.
“Multiple Choice Questions on Membrane Transport MCQ.” Multiple Choice Questions on Membrane Transport
MCQ ~. Accessed July 22, 2020. https://www.mcqbiology.com/2017/11/multiple-choice-questions-on-
membrane-transport-mcq.html.

Starr, Cecie. Evers, Christine. and Lisa. Starr. Biology: Today and Tomorrow Biology for Non Science
Majors. Cengage Learning. 2010