Professional Documents
Culture Documents
STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
V .V Pura, Bengaluru -560004 Phone: 26613237/26615865, Fax:22426796
w.bit-bangalore.edu.in
Department
of
Electronics and Communication Engineering
These guidelines are intended to give both students and faculty members at the Department
of Electronics and Communication Engineering a set of procedures and expectations that
will make the Internship evaluation process easier, more predictable,
Internship
Course Code : 15EC84 CIE:50 Marks (Report:25/Seminar:25) SIE:50
Marks
Industry oriented Duration :3 units Credits: 2
COURSE OUTCOMES
Atter going through the internship the student will be able to: CO1: Apply engineering
and management principles
CO2: Analyze real-time problems and suggest alternate solutions CO3: Communicate effectively
and work in teams
CO4: Imbibe the practice of professional ethics and need for lifelong learning.
CO3 ... ... ... ... L ... M H H H ... ... ... M ...
... ... ... ... L ... H ... ... M H H M H M
CO4
Marks
Candidate Contribution and Performance (Each category carries 5 Marks) allotment
Subject Matter
Selection of Industry for Internship
Understanding background of Industry
Specifies goals & Knowledge about the Industry
Summaries, about Industry
Technical Design Discussion and testing platforms
Summarize the ultimate findings of the Industry
Question and Answer
Internship Planning
Report Formation
Presentation skills
Total
Submission of soft copy/Hard copy/PPT to the departmental in charge Sign:
Comments |
1 Cover page
2 Certificate BIT, Industry/Organization
3 Acknowledgement/Synopsis/Table of Contents/list of Figures/list of Tables
• Institute Vision/Mission/QP/Long Term Goals
• Department Vision/Mission/PEOs/PSOs
$ Chapter 1 - Profile of the Organization - Organizational structure, Products, Services, Business
Partners, Financials, Manpower, Societal Concerns, Professional Practices.
6 Chapter 2 - Activities of the Department(Industry)
7 Chapter 3 - Tasks Performed - summaries the tasks performed during 4 week period
8 I Chapter 4 - Reflections - Highlight specific technical and soft skills that you acquired
9 References & Annexure
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590 018
External Viva
Date 13-04-2021
Bangalore
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The time which I had spent in Techno fly Solutions as an intern from 15 th of March to 12th April
2021 was a memorable one for me as it was rich in experience sharing and helpedme discover
my potential. I have had so many rich experiences and opportunities that I personally believe will
forever shape and influence my professional life while fostering personal growth and
development.
I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. M.U. ASWATH, Principal, Bangalore Institute of
Technology for providing me with excellent facilities and academic ambience which has helped
me in satisfactory completion of this Bachelor's Degree.
I extend my thanks to Dr. K.V. PRASAD, Professor and Head of the Department, Electronics &
Communication Engineering, B.I.T, who in his capacity gave us all possible support and
assistance for the completion of the report.
I also thank Dr. HEMANTH KUMAR, Professor, Internship Practice Coordinator, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, B.I.T, Bangalore for motivation and regular source
of encouragement.
This acknowledgement will be incomplete without thanking my parents for their co-operation
and even thanking teaching and non-teaching staffs, Department of Electronics &
Communication, B.I.T, who contributed either, directly or indirectly.
BHARATH D 1BI15EC201
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Vision
To establish and develop the Institute as a Centre of higher learning, ever abreast with expanding
horizon of knowledge in the field of engineering and technology, with entrepreneurial thinking,
leadership excellence for life-long success and solve societal problem.
Mission
• Provide high quality education in the engineering disciplines from the undergraduate to
doctoral levels with creative academic and professional programs.
• Establish mutual beneficial partnerships with industry, alumni, local, state and central
governments by public service assistance and collaborative research.
• Inculcate personality development through sports, cultural and extracurricular activities and
engage in the social, economic and professional challenges.
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Vision
Mission
• Create state of art infrastructure for quality education.
• Nurture innovative concepts and problem-solving skills.
• Delivering Professional Engineers to meet the societal needs
, PSO1: The graduates will be able to apply the principles of Electronics and
Communication Engineering in core areas.
a PSO2: An ability to use latest hardware and software tools in Electronics and
Communication Engineering.
, PSO3: Preparing Graduates to satisfy industrial needs and pursue higher studies withsocial-
awareness and universal moral values.
COURSE OUTCOMES OF INTERNSHIP (15EC84)
Chapter 1............................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 About company................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Company profile.................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Services of Technofly...........................................................................................................................2
1.3.1 Embedded Software engineering Services.....................................................................................2
1.3.2 Engineering Departments and services..........................................................................................2
1.3.3 S oftware Engineering Department...............................................................................................4
Chapter 2............................................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Definition of Embedded System...........................................................................................................5
2.1.1 Embedded System Hardware........................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Embedded System Software..........................................................................................................6
2.1.3 Real Time Operating System.........................................................................................................6
2.1.4 Characteristics of Embedded Systems...........................................................................................6
2.1.5 Applications of Embedded Systems..............................................................................................7
2.1.6 Advantage s and Di sadvantage s..................................................................................................7
2.2 Introduction to ARM Micro controller.................................................................................................8
2.2.1 ARM v7........................................................................................................................................8
2.2.2 Features of LPC 2148....................................................................................................................9
2.3 Arduino UNO 1.8.5 ...........................................................................................................................10
2.3.1 Features of Arduino UNO 1.8.5..................................................................................................10
Chapter 3.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
3.1 Light Emitting Diode (LED)...............................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Advantages of LED.....................................................................................................................11
3.1.2 Disadvantages of LED.................................................................................................................11
3.1.3 Applications of Light Emitting Diodes........................................................................................12
3.1.4 Interfacing of LED to Arduino UNO...........................................................................................12
3.1.5 Pseudo code or Algorithm...........................................................................................................12
3.2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)............................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Advantages of LCD.....................................................................................................................14
3.2.2 Disadvantages of LCD ...............................................................................................................14
3.2.3 Applications of Light Emitting Diodes .......................................................................................14
3.2.4 Interfacing LCD to Arduino UNO...............................................................................................15
3.2.5 Pseudo code or Algorithm...........................................................................................................15
3.3 DC Motor...........................................................................................................................................16
3.3.1 Advantages of DC Motors...........................................................................................................16
3.3.2 Interfacing DC motor to Arduino UNO.......................................................................................16
x
i
3.3.3 Pseudo code or Algorithm...........................................................................................................17
3.4 Sensors............................................................................................................................................... 18
3.4.1 Different Types of Sensors..........................................................................................................18
3.5 Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter......................................................................................32
3.5.1 UART Communication...............................................................................................................32
3.5.2 Applications of UART................................................................................................................33
3.6 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)..................................................................................33
3.7 GSM (Global System forMobileCommunication)..............................................................................34
Chapter 4Project................................................................................................................................................35
4.1 Obstacle avoidance Robot...................................................................................................................35
4.2 Hardware Required.............................................................................................................................35
4.3 Software used......................................................................................................................................35
4.4 Circuit Diagram..................................................................................................................................36
4.5 Working Principle...............................................................................................................................37
4.5.1 Operation of the ultrasonic sensor...............................................................................................37
4.6 Working..............................................................................................................................................38
Chapter 5...........................................................................................................................................................39
5.1 Flow chart...........................................................................................................................................39
5.2 Interfacing robot program...................................................................................................................40
5.3 Pseudo code or Algorithm...................................................................................................................42
5.4 Result..................................................................................................................................................43
5.5 Applications........................................................................................................................................43
Outcomes of Internship.....................................................................................................................................44
Chapter 7 Reflection..........................................................................................................................................45
Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................................46
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Acronyms
v
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Embedded systems 2020-21
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.3.2.1 Real Time Embedded System and Low power VLSI design Department
2
Embedded systems 2020-21
1. Design Services
2. Product Realization
1. Hardware design and development: Hardware design and development services are related to
2. Software design and development: Software design and development services are related to Real-
time Embedded Application Development
b) BSP Development
e) Board bring-up
1. Consumer Electronics
2. Automotive
3. Space
4. Defense
5. Simulation/Emulation
Following are the skill sets Technofly solution has garnered in the area of software:
1. Programming Languages: C, C++, Java, ASP.Net, PHP, Perl, Python, Assembly Language and Ada.
2. Operating Environments: Real Time Operating Systems such as, GreenHills Integrity and Micro C-OS.
DSP OS, VDK, OASYS and MS-WINCE, MS-Windows, Unix/Linux and MPE/iX are the operating
systems that Accord provides services.
Chapter 2
Introduction to Embedded system
4
Embedded systems 2020-21
1. Power Supply
2. Processor
3. Memory
4. Timers
3. When the system runs continuously, there is a need to limit power dissipation for events like stop, run
and wake up.
2. Deadline constrained operation - system may have to perform its function(s) within specific time
periods to achieve successful results
3. Resource challenged - systems typically are configured with a modest set of resources to meet the
performance objectives
4. Power efficient - many systems are battery-powered and must conserve power to maximize the usable
life of the system.
5. Form factor - many systems are light weight and low volume to be used as components in host systems
6. Manufacturable - usually small and inexpensive to manufacture based on the size and low complexity
of the hardware.
3. Easy to manage
4. Low cost
6. Good performance
6
Embedded systems 2020-21
Disadvantages
1. Difficult to upgrade
3. Hardware is limited
4. Troubleshooting is difficult
2.2.1 ARM v7
ARM7 is one of the widely used micro-controller family in embedded system application. This section is
humble effort for explaining basic features of ARM-7. LPC2148 is the widely used IC from ARM-7 family.
It is manufactured by Philips and it is preloaded with many inbuilt peripherals making it more efficient and a
reliable option for the beginners as well as high end application developer.
2. 8kB to 40kB of on-chip static RAM and 32kB to 512kB of on-chip flash memory.
8
Embedded systems 2020-21
3. 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation
5. Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with the on-chip
Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction execution.
8. Low power Real-Time Clock with independent power and 32 kHz clock input.
9. Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400 Kbit/s), SPI and
SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
10. Vectored Interrupt Controller with configurable priorities and vector addresses.
11. Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
13. 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with settling time of 100
microseconds.
14. On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25 MHz .
15. CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 ) with 5 V tolerant I/O pads.
Chapter 3
Task performed
10
Embedded systems 2020-21
3. The intensity of the LED differs with the help of the microcontroller
2. Transformer compatibility.
2. The light emitting diodes are used in the motorcycles and cars.
• void setup()
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Delay 1 second.
Delay 1 second.
12
Embedded systems 2020-21
ooiu
(/) 0 LU (/)< OrN(H IDQSOO z1 E £
LU QDQQQQQQLULU
0
0
2. LCD's are consist of some micro watts for display in comparison to some mill watts for LED's
2. Low reliability
2. Optical imaging
3. The liquid crystal display technique is also applicable in visualization of the radio frequency waves in the
wave guide
14
Embedded systems 2020-21
3.2.4 Interfacing LCD to Arduino UNO
Program
void setup ()
{
l c d . begin ( 16 , 2);
l c d . p r in t (” h e l lo , world ! ” ) ;
}
void loop () {
l c d . set Cursor ( 0 , 1);
l c d . p r in t ( m i l l i s ( )/ 1 0 0 0 ) ;
}
• void setup()
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Set position of the cursor to column 0, line 1(Counting starts from 0).
1. Speed Variation
2. Torque
Program
const in t pwm = 2 ;
const in t in 1 = 8 ; const in t in 2 = 9 ;
void setup () {
pinMode (pwm,OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( in 1 ,OUTPUT) ; pinMode ( in 2 ,OUTPUT) ; }
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Embedded systems 2020-21
void loop ()
{
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 1 , HIGH) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 2 ,LOW) ;
analog Write (pwm, 2 5 5 ) ;
delay ( 3000 ) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 1 , HIGH) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( _in 2 , HIGH) ;
delay ( 1000 ) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 1 ,LOW) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 2 , HIGH) ;
delay ( 3000 ) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( in 1 , HIGH) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( _in 2 , HIGH) ;
delay ( 1000 ) ;
}
• void setup()
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
To rotate in Clock wise motion set, in 1 =High, in 2=Low. pwm of the motor is set
to 255 to change the speed of rotation. delay 3 seconds.
For stop condition set,in 1=High,in 2=High.
To rotate in Clock wise motion set, in 1=Low, in 2=High.
For stop condition set,in 1=High,in 2=High.
17
3.4 Sensors
A sensor is a device, module, or subsystem whose purpose is to detect events or changes in
its environment and send the information to other electronics, frequently a computer processor.
2. Temperature Sensor
3. Humidity Sensor
4. Moisture sensor
5. Rain sensor
6. Gas sensor
7. Fire sensor
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Embedded systems 2020-21
6. The transmitted waves are reflected back from the object and received by the transducer again.
9. They can be found in automobile self-parking technology and anti-collision safety systems.
• Low self-heating
Program
in t s e n s o r=A0 ;
f l o a t vals en ;
f l o a t tempc ;
void setup ()
20
Embedded systems 2020-21
{
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
}
void loop ()
{
vals e n = analogRead ( s e n s o r ) ;
vals e n =( vals e n 500 )/ 1 0 2 3 ;
tempc=vals e n ;
S e r i a l . p r in t (” Temperature = ” ) ;
S e r i a l . p r in t ( tempc ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 0 ) ;
}
• Initialize float value to store value detected from sensor (float tempc).
• void setup()
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Read the analog pin.
convert output to readable Celsius.
Store the value of sensor in tempc variable.
print the temperature status.
Soil moisture sensor measure the water content in soil. Measuring soil moisture is important in
agriculture to help farmers manage their irrigation systems more effi- ciently.Farmers also able to
increase yields and the quality of the crop by better management of soil moisture during critical plant
growth stages.The module uses LM393 comparator to compare the soil moisture level with the pre-
set threshold. When the soil moisture deficit module outputs a high level, and vice versa.
• Humidity Range: 20
Program
#in c lu de "DHT. h"
DHT dht ;
void setup ()
22
Embedded systems 2020-21
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
Serial.println();
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n (” Status \ tHumidity (%)\ tTemperature (C)\ t (F) ” ) ;
dht.setup ( 2) ;
}
void loop ()
{
delay ( dht . getMinimumSamplingPeriod ( ) ) ;
f l o a t humidity = dht . get Humidity ( ) ;
f l o a t temperature = dht . get Temperature ( ) ;
• void setup()
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
The sensor will start working.
Set pin for data communication.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Delay is given by amount equal to sampling period.
Get humidity value Get temperature value.
print the temperature and humidity status.
Convert temperature to Fahrenheit units.
• Output Analog - 0V to 5V
Program
const in t s e n s o r_p in = A1 ;
void setup () {
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
24
Embedded systems 2020-21
void loop ()
{
f l o a t m o i s ture pe rce nta ge ;
in t s e n s o r a n a lo g ;
s e n s o r a n a lo g = analog Read ( s e n s o r p in ) ;
mo i s ture _pe rce nta ge = ( 100 - ( ( s e n s o r a n a lo g / 1023.00 ) * 100 ) );
S e r i a l . p r in t (” Moisture Percentage = ”) ;
S e r i a l . p r in t ( mo i s ture pe rce ntage ) ;
S e r i a l . p r in t (”%\n\n ” ) ;
delay ( 1 0 0 0 ) ;
}
• void setup()
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Initialize float value to store value of sensor (moisture percentage)
Initialize the value to store analog value of sensor.
Calculate the moisture percentage by using formula.
Print the moisture status.
The rain sensor is an easy tool for rain detection. It can be used as a switch when raindrop falls
through the raining board and also for measuring rainfall intensity. The module features, a rain board
and the control board that is separate for more convenience, power indicator LED and an adjustable
sensitivity though a potentiometer.
• Working voltage: 5V
Program
const in t sensor Min = 0 ;
const in t sensorMax = 1024 ;
void setup ()
{
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
}
void loop ()
{
26
Embedded systems 2020-21
switch ( range )
{
case 0:
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ("RAINING" ) ;
break ;
case 1:
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ("RAIN WARNING" ) ;
break ;
case 2:
S e r i a l . p r i nt l n ("NOT RAINING" ) ;
break ;
}
delay ( 1 0 0 0 ) ;
}
• Initialize the lowest and highest sensor readings with type as an integer and variable
name.
• void setup()
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Code reads the analog signal at A0 pin from Rain sensor and maps those measured value
with initialized values.
Checks the measured value with pre-stored condition and displays the weather condition
like RAINING, RAIN WARNING NOT RAINING.
case 0: Sensor getting completely wet it displays “RAINING".
case 1: Sensor getting partially wet it displays “RAIN WARNING". case 2: Sensor dry it
displays “NOT RAINING".
• Can be used to Measure or detect LPG, Alcohol, Propane, Hydrogen, CO and even methane
Program
#d e f in e MQ2pin ( 0 )
fl o a t sensor Value ;
void setup ()
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n (” Gas s e ns o r warming up ! ” ) ;
delay ( 2 0 0 0 0 ) ; m up
}
28
Embedded systems 2020-21
void loop ()
{
sensor Value = analogRead ( MQ2pin ) ;
S e r i a l . p r in t (” Sensor Value : ”);
S e r i a l . p r in t ( sensor Value ) ;
Serial.println(””);
delay ( 2 0 0 0 ) ;
}
• void setup()
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Read analog input pin of sensor
case : If sensor value is greater than 300 it displays “Smoke detected!”
Print the Gas sensor status.
A fire detector works by detecting smoke.These devices respond to the presence of smoke or
extremely high temperatures that are present with a fire.After the device has been activated, it will
send a signal to the alarm system to perform the programmed response for that zone.
30
Embedded systems 2020-21
Program
const in t buzzer Pin = 1 2 ;
const in t f lame Pin = 1 1 ;
in t Flame = HIGH;
void setup ()
{
pinMode ( buzzer Pin , OUTPUT) ;
pinMode ( f lame Pin , INPUT) ;
S e r i a l . begin ( 9 6 0 0 ) ;
}
void loop ()
{
Flame = d ig i ta l Re a d ( f lame Pin ) ;
i f ( Flame== LOW)
{
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n (" Fire ! ! ! " ) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( buzzer Pin , HIGH) ;
}
else
{
S e r i a l . p r i n t l n ("No w o r r i e s " ) ;
d i g i t a l W r i t e ( buzzer Pin , LOW) ;
}
}
• Define pins for Flame sensor=11, buzzer=12 which are connected to Arduino.
• void setup()
pinMode() function is used to configure Buzzer and Flame pin to behave as Output
and Input respectively.
Define baud rate for serial communication to 9600.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
32
Embedded systems 2020-21
specific purposes. UARTs are also found in devices such as Bluetooth modules, wireless
communication, GPS units, modems and many other day-to-day applications.
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34
Embedded systems 2020-21
Chapter 4
Project
4. Servo Motor
5. Geared Motors x 2
6. Robot Chassis
7. Power Supply
2. Embedded C
• Arduino is the main processing unit of the robot. Out of the 14 available digital I/O pins, 7
pins are used in this project design.
• The ultrasonic sensor has 4 pins: Vcc, Trig, Echo and Gnd. Vcc and Gnd are connected to the
+5v and GND pins of the Arduino. Trig (Trigger) is connected to the 9th pin and Echo is
connected to 8th pin of the Arduino UNO respectively.
• L293D is a 16 pin IC. Pins 1 and 9 are the enable pins. These pins are connected to +5V. Pins
2 and 7 are control inputs from microcontroller for first motor. They are connected to pins 6
and 7 of Arduino respectively.
• Similarly, pins 10 and 15 are control inputs from microcontroller for second motor. They are
connected to pins 5 and 4 of Arduino. Pins 4, 5, 12 and 13 of L293D are ground pins and are
connected to Gnd.
• First motor (consider this as the motor for left wheel) is connected across the pins 3 and 6 of
L293D. The second motor, which acts as the right wheel motor, is connected to 11 and 14
pins of L293D.
• The 16th pin of L293D is Vcc1. This is connected to +5V. The 8th pins is Vcc2. This is the
motor supply voltage. This can be connected anywhere between 4.7V and 36V. In this
project, pin 8 if L293D is connected to +5V supply.
36
Embedded systems 2020-21
• Whenever any obstacle comes ahead of the ultrasonic sensor the sound waves will reflect
in the form of echo and generates an electric pulse.
• It calculates the time taken between sending sound waves and receiving the echo.
• The echo patterns will be compared with the patterns of sound waves to determine the
detected signal's condition.
4.6 Working
1. Using an external trigger signal, the Trig pin on ultrasonic sensor is made logic high for at
least 10ps. A sonic burst from the transmitter module is sent. This consists of 8 pulses of
40KHz.
2. After running the program the robot moves in the forward direction. Using an external trigger
3. A sonic burst from the transmitter module is sent. This consists of 8 pulses of 40KHz.The
signals return back after hitting a surface and the receiver detects this signal.
4. The signals return back after hitting a surface and the receiver detects this signal. The Echo
pin is high from the time of sending the signal and receiving it. This time can be converted to
distance using appropriate calculations.
5. During this time, the ultrasonic sensor continuously calculate the distance between the robot
and the reflective surface.
6. This information is processed by the Arduino. If the distance between the robot and the
obstacle is greater than equal to 30cm moves forward.
7. If the distance between the robot and the obstacle is greater than equal to 15cm and less than
25cm than it turns right else it moves backward and turns right.
38
Embedded systems 2020-21
Chapter 5
Implementation
Turn Left
• It initializes ultrasonic sensor, motor driver and other components of model. Ultrasonic
sensor reads the distance between robot and obstacle.
Program
#d e f in e echopin 8
#define t r ig p in 9
int maximumRange = 3 0;
long duration , distance;
void setup ()
{
pinMode (t r ig p in , OUTPUT) ;
pinMode ( echopin , INPUT); pinMode (4,
OUTPUT);
pinMode (5, OUTPUT);
pinMode ( 13 , OUTPUT); pinMode (6, OUTPUT);
pinMode (7, OUTPUT);
}
void loop ()
{
i
4
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Embedded systems 2020-21
digita IWrite (5 ,LOW);
digitalWrite (4 ,LOW);
digitalWrite (7,LOW); delay (1000);
digitalWrite (4 ,HIGH);
digitalWrite (6,HIGH); digitalWrite (5 ,LOW);
digita IWrite (7 ,LOW); delay (200);
}
digitalWrite (4,HIGH);
digitalWrite ( 5 ,LOW);
digitalWrite ( 6 ,LOW);
digitalWrite (7, LOW); delay (1000);
digitalWrite (4,HIGH);
digitalWrite (6,HIGH);
digitalWrite (5 ,LOW); digita IWrite
(7 ,LOW); delay (200);
• void setup()
Define the data direction of utilised GPIO pins.
The four Motor pins and Trig pin is set as OUTPUT and Echo Pin is set as input.
• void loop()-[the loop function runs over and over again forever]
Get the distance from HC-SR04 and based on the distance move the motor direction.
If the distance is greater than the defined distance means there is not obstacle in its path and
it will moving in forward direction.
If the distance is less than the defined distance to avoid obstacle means there is some
obstacle ahead.
1) Turns right and moves forward.
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Embedded systems 2020-21
5.4 Result
5.5 Applications
• Obstacle avoiding robots can be used in almost all mobile robot navigation systems.
• They can be used for household work like automatic vacuum cleaning.
• They can also be used in dangerous environments, where human penetration could be fatal.
1. I have carried out my internship in Technofly Solutions. I have learnt about Embedded
Systems, ARM LPC-2148 and Arduino microcontroller.
3. I have learnt in a friendly environment and all my friends and mentors were supportive to
me.
4. I have also learnt about interfacing of LED, LCD, Sensors, GSM, keypad, Buzzer and
UART.
5. I have done mini-project which involves the control of movement of Robot using Arduino,
DC Motor, Ultrasonic sensor, Servo motor.
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Embedded systems 2020-21
Chapter 7
Reflection
2. . I learned that programming is not a direct route, rather the programmer can be creative
and has choices. A program is a personal thing, but must be adapted to be easily used by
any person. Thus, my internship at Technofly solutions has left me with a series of
technical and personal skills.
3. The main outcome during the internship was understanding the working of Armv7,
Arduino Uno board and embedding system.
4. Learnt the embedded system software substantially and made me to work in groups and as
individual meeting the deadlines.
3. Collected the general information about Electronics and Power Supplies in particular.
4. A wrongly designed power supply may cause the embedded system in inconsistent
operations, or malfunctioning or permanent damage.
5. Hands on programming with C language gave a lot of insight into the language and aided
in understanding the ease of programming with high level languages.
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