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3 (a) State what is meant by

(i) work done,

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) elastic potential energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) A block of mass 0.40 kg slides in a straight line with a constant speed of 0.30 m s−1 along a
horizontal surface, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

spring
block 0.30 m s–1
mass 0.40 kg

Fig. 3.1

The block hits a spring and decelerates. The speed of the block becomes zero when the
spring is compressed by 8.0 cm.

(i) Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the block.

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kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [2]

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(ii) The variation of the compression x of the spring with the force F applied to the spring is
shown in Fig. 3.2.

8.0
x / cm

0
0 FMAX F

Fig. 3.2

Use your answer in (b)(i) to determine the maximum force FMAX exerted on the spring by
the block.
Explain your working.

FMAX = ....................................................... N [3]

(iii) Calculate the maximum deceleration of the block.

deceleration = ................................................. m s−2 [1]

(iv) State and explain whether the block is in equilibrium

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1. before it hits the spring,

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

2. when its speed becomes zero.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2]

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3 (a) Define velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A car travels in a straight line up a slope, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

1
s–
9.0 m
car mass
850 kg
slope

Fig. 3.1

The car has mass 850 kg and travels with a constant speed of 9.0 m s–1. The car’s engine
exerts a force on the car of 2.0 kN up the slope.

A resistive force FD, due to friction and air resistance, opposes the motion of the car.

The variation of FD with the speed v of the car is shown in Fig. 3.2.

0.70

FD / kN

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.30
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
v / m s–1

Fig. 3.2

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(i) State and explain whether the car is in equilibrium as it moves up the slope.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]

(ii) Consider the forces that act along the slope. Use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine the
component of the weight of the car that acts down the slope.

component of weight = ....................................................... N [2]

(iii) Show that the power output of the car is 1.8 × 104 W.

[2]

(iv) The car now travels along horizontal ground. The output power of the car is maintained
at 1.8 × 104 W. The variation of the resistive force FD acting on the car is given in Fig. 3.2.

Calculate the acceleration of the car when its speed is 15 m s–1.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

acceleration = ..................................................m s–2 [3]

[Total: 10]

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2 (a) Explain what is meant by

(i) work done,

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A leisure-park ride consists of a carriage that moves along a railed track. Part of the track lies
in a vertical plane and follows an arc XY of a circle of radius 13 m, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

13 m
Y

13 m
carriage
mass 580 kg 22 m s–1 track
X

Fig. 2.1

The mass of the carriage is 580 kg. At point X, the carriage has velocity 22 m s–1 in a horizontal
direction. The velocity of the carriage then decreases to 12 m s–1 in a vertical direction at
point Y.

(i) For the carriage moving from X to Y

1. show that the decrease in kinetic energy is 9.9 × 104 J,

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

[2]

2. calculate the gain in gravitational potential energy.

gain in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

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(ii) Show that the length of the track from X to Y is 20 m.

[1]

(iii) Use your answers in (b)(i) and (b)(ii) to calculate the average resistive force acting on
the carriage as it moves from X to Y.

resistive force = ...................................................... N [2]

(iv) Describe the change in the direction of the linear momentum of the carriage as it moves
from X to Y.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(v) Determine the magnitude of the change in linear momentum when the carriage moves
from X to Y.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

change in momentum = .................................................... N s [3]

[Total: 13]

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2 (a) Define:

(i) displacement

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(ii) acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[1]

(b) A man wearing a wingsuit glides through the air with a constant velocity of 47 m s–1 at an
angle of 24° to the horizontal. The path of the man is shown in Fig. 2.1.

47 m s–1

A
man in wingsuit glide path
total mass 85 kg
h

24° B
horizontal

Fig. 2.1 (not to scale)

The total mass of the man and the wingsuit is 85 kg. The man takes a time of 2.8 minutes to
glide from point A to point B.

(i) With reference to the motion of the man, state and explain whether he is in equilibrium.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................[2]
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(ii) Show that the difference in height h between points A and B is 3200 m.

[1]

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(iii) For the movement of the man from A to B, determine:

1. the decrease in gravitational potential energy

decrease in gravitational potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

2. the magnitude of the force on the man due to air resistance.

force = ...................................................... N [2]

(iv) The pressure of the still air at A is 63 kPa and at B is 92 kPa. Assume the density of the
air is constant between A and B.

Determine the density of the air between A and B.

density = ............................................... kg m–3 [2]

[Total: 11]
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3 (a) State what is meant by work done.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A skier is pulled along horizontal ground by a wire attached to a kite, as shown in Fig. 3.1.

wire

kite
speed 4.4 m s–1
140 N
skier 30° ground
horizontal

Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The skier moves in a straight line along the ground with a constant speed of 4.4 m s–1. The
wire is at an angle of 30° to the horizontal. The tension in the wire is 140 N.

(i) Calculate the work done by the tension to move the skier for a time of 30 s.

work done = ...................................................... J [3]

(ii) The weight of the skier is 860 N. The vertical component of the tension in the wire and
the weight of the skier combine so that the skier exerts a downward pressure on the
ground of 2400 Pa.

Determine the total area of the skis in contact with the ground.
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area = .................................................... m2 [3]

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(iii) The wire attached to the kite is uniform. The stress in the wire is 9.6 × 106 Pa.

Calculate the diameter of the wire.

diameter = ..................................................... m [2]

(c) The variation with extension x of the tension F in the wire in (b) is shown in Fig. 3.2.

300
F/N
250

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80
x / mm

Fig. 3.2

A gust of wind increases the tension in the wire from 140 N to 210 N.

Calculate the change in the strain energy stored in the wire.

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

change in strain energy = ...................................................... J [3]

[Total: 12]

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2 (a) State what is meant by work done.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) A beach ball is released from a balcony at the top of a tall building. The ball falls vertically
from rest and reaches a constant (terminal) velocity. The gravitational potential energy of the
ball decreases by 60 J as it falls from the balcony to the ground. The ball hits the ground with
speed 16 m s−1 and kinetic energy 23 J.

(i) Show that the mass of the ball is 0.18 kg.

[2]

(ii) Calculate the height of the balcony above the ground.

height = ..................................................... m [2]

(iii) Determine the average resistive force acting on the ball as it falls from the balcony to the
ground.

average resistive force = ..................................................... N [2]

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(c) State and explain the variation, if any, in the magnitude of the acceleration of the ball in
(b) during the time interval when the ball is moving downwards before it reaches constant
(terminal) velocity.

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 10]

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4 A child moves down a long slide, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

X
child
surface of slide

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale)

The child moves from rest at the top end X of the slide. An average resistive force of 76 N opposes
the motion of the child as they move to the lower end Y of the slide. The kinetic energy of the child
at Y is 300 J. The decrease in gravitational potential energy of the child as it moves from X to Y is
3200 J.

(a) Determine the ratio

kinetic energy of the child at Y when the resistive force is 76 N .
kinetic energy of the child at Y if there is no resistive force

ratio = ......................................................... [1]

(b) Use the answer in (a) to calculate the ratio

speed of the child at Y when the resistive force is 76 N .
speed of the child at Y if there is no resistive force

ratio = ......................................................... [2]

(c) Calculate the length of the slide from X to Y.

length = ...................................................... m [2]

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(d) At end Y of the slide, the child is brought to rest by a board, as shown in Fig. 4.2.

child board spring

surface of
slide

Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

A spring connects the board to a fixed point. The spring obeys Hooke’s law and has a spring
constant of 63 N m–1. The child hits the board so that it moves to the right and compresses the
spring. The speed of the child becomes zero when the elastic potential energy of the spring
has increased to its maximum value of 140 J.

(i) Calculate the maximum compression of the spring.

maximum compression = ...................................................... m [2]

(ii) Calculate the percentage efficiency of the transfer of the kinetic energy of the child to the
elastic potential energy of the spring.

percentage efficiency = ..................................................... % [1]

(iii) The maximum compression of the spring is x0. On Fig. 4.3, sketch a graph to show the
variation of the elastic potential energy of the spring with its compression x from x = 0 to
x = x0. Numerical values are not required.

elastic potential energy

0
0 x x0

Fig. 4.3
[2]

[Total: 10]
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2 (a) (i) Define power.

...................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Use your definition in (i) to show that power may also be expressed as the product of
force and velocity.

[2]

(b) A lorry moves up a road that is inclined at 9.0° to the horizontal, as shown in Fig. 2.1.

8.5 m s–1

road
9.0°

Fig. 2.1

The lorry has mass 2500 kg and is travelling at a constant speed of 8.5 m s−1. The force due to
air resistance is negligible.

(i) Calculate the useful power from the engine to move the lorry up the road.

power = ................................................... kW [3]

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(ii) State two reasons why the rate of change of potential energy of the lorry is equal to the
power calculated in (i).

1. ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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4 (a) Explain what is meant by gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy.

gravitational potential energy: .................................................................................... ..............

.…................................................................................................................................ ..............

kinetic energy: ...........................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(b) A ball of mass 400 g is thrown with an initial velocity of 30.0 m s–1 at an angle of 45.0° to the
horizontal, as shown in Fig. 4.1.

path of ball
30.0 m s–1 H
ball
45.0°

Fig. 4.1

Air resistance is negligible. The ball reaches a maximum height H after a time of 2.16 s.

(i) Calculate

1. the initial kinetic energy of the ball,

kinetic energy = ............................................... J [3]

2. the maximum height H of the ball,

MR. AFDAL 050 66 53 006

H = .............................................. m [2]

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3. the gravitational potential energy of the ball at height H.

potential energy = ....................................................... J [2]

(ii) 1. Determine the kinetic energy of the ball at its maximum height.

kinetic energy = ....................................................... J [1]

2. Explain why the kinetic energy of the ball at maximum height is not zero.

......................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................. [1]

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