Crisis Management

Lecture by
DANTE A. CAPISTRANO
What is a Crisis?
Crisis - any event involves …
individuals in conflict … reached a
debilitating mental state … lost the
ability to cope with a situation
through normal methods, such as
discussion or negotiation.
This may also denote a period
of great peril, danger or
trouble the outcome of which
will decide whether there may
be bad consequences that will
follow.
What are the
Characteristics of
a Crisis?
Three elements common to
crises:
(a) a threat to the organization,
(b) element of surprise, and
(c) a short decision time.
General Categories
of Crisis
Technological crises -
caused by human application
of science and technology

Confrontation crises -
discontented individuals
and/or groups fight
businesses or the
government to get their
demands
Crises of malevolence
- criminal means or tactics
to express hostility or anger
toward a company, country,
or economic system
Crises of organizational misdeeds- when
management takes actions it knows will harm
stakeholders without adequate precautions.

Workplace violence - when an employee

commits violence against other employees on
organizational grounds.

Rumors - False information about an

organization or its products creates crises hurting
the organization’s reputation
Categories of Crisis
(Incidents)
According to the PNP Critical
Incident Management
Operational Procedures or
CMOP
Man-made Incidents
a. those that could be resolved by
responding policemen without
Crisis Management Center (CMC)
involvement
b. Incidents that need CMC
operations
Natural/Disaster Incidents –
PNP acts as first responder in
affected area to provide
support to search and rescue
spearheaded by the DRRMC
The 5 P’s of Crisis Management
1. Predict – removing uncertainty in the future
2. Prevent – avoiding future harm by addressing the
causes
3. Prepare – essential for effective response (exercise
and evaluation, simulation)
4. Perform – actual implementation of contingency
plans when crisis occurs
5. Post-action and Assessment – when the crisis has
been addressed; seeks to evaluate and improve
prevention, preparation and the actual execution
What is Crisis
Management?
CRISIS MANAGEMENT -
expert handling of a
crisis or emergency to
reduce or eliminate
danger or damage, or the
like, especially on the
part of government
What are its
Objectives?
 OBJECTIVES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT
•safety of all participants
•apprehension of all perpetrators
•resolve without further incident
•accomplish task within current
community standards
 OBJECTIVES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT
•safety of all participants
•apprehension of all perpetrators
•resolve without further incident
•accomplish task within current
community standards
 PRINCIPLES OF CRISIS
MANAGEMENT
Contain and Negotiate – resolve a crisis without
violence or bloodshed
- convince the perpetrator to surrender
 
Protection of the Innocent from Harm
 
Longer Time means Better Resolution
PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT (LI3E)
•Locate
- scene of the crime
- position of participants (hostage, hostage-taker)
•Isolate (from the crowd)
- crime scene
- hostage-taker
•Evaluate
- situation
- state of security in the area
•Evacuate
- rescued individuals
•Eliminate
- eliminate the threat posed by the situation
- does not mean the perpetrator, although possible if necessity arises
Define
Hostage
Situation
Hostage Situation is:
… a set of circumstances wherein a
suspected law violator is holding a person
captive with the use of force and threat of
violence while the police are in close contact
with the suspect and his captive.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HOSTAGE-
TAKING AND KIDNAPPING

In Kidnapping:
 
•the police are not aware of the captive’s
location
•the police are not in close contact with the
perpetrators
•the police cannot exert pressure on the
suspect/s
 A HOSTAGE TAKER is…

As defined by The International

Convention against the Taking of Hostages,
UN General Assembly, December 17, 1979:
 any person who seizes or detains and threatens
to kill, to injure or to continue to detain another
person in order to compel a third party, namely,
a State, an international intergovernmental
organization, a natural or juridical person, or a group of
persons, to do or abstain from doing any act as
an explicit or implicit condition for the release of
the hostage, commits the offence of taking of
hostages (“hostage-taking”) within the meaning of this
Convention.

(Art. 1) any person who:

a)attempts to commit an act of hostage-taking, or
b)participates as an accomplice of anyone who commits
or attempts to commit an act of hostage-taking
Is There a Possibility that
Hostage-taker and
Hostage become allies?
 Stockholm’s Syndrome

a phenomena that exists where the

hostage/s develop a sympathetic feeling
towards their hostage taker
 3 Components that may
occur indicating Stockholm’s
Syndrome
•negative feelings of hostage to authorities
•positive feelings of hostage to the hostage

taker
•positive feelings reciprocated by hostage

taker to hostage
Other Hostage-taking
Syndromes
London Syndrome
constant resistance and refusal by
hostages to do what captors expect
during a hostage situation, first
identified in 1981 after a hostage-
taking incident in London. It may
result in serious injury and death to
the resistors.
Lima Syndrome
a psychological response in which
a captor or abuser develops a
positive bond with a victim. When
this happens, they may become 
empathic to the individual’s
circumstances or condition.
Comparative Analysis
Stockholm’s
Lima Syndrome London Syndrome
Syndrome
1973 1996 1981
Stockholm, Lima, Peru London, England
Sweden Hostage-taker Hostage develop
Hostage develop develop positive hostile feeling
positive feeling feeling towards towards hostage-
towards hostage- hostage taker
taker
Consequence: Consequence: Consequence:
 hostage-taker may  hostage-taker gets  hostage may get
escape arrest arrest harmed or even
 difficulty of  ease of rescue killed
rescue
 Basic Plan of Action for
Hostage Situations
•Identify the Physical Objective - the exact
location of the event 
•Establish an Inner Perimeter 
•Establish an Outer Perimeter 
•Organize a Fire and Observation Team
• Activate the Negotiating Team 
•Deploy Arrest and Assault Teams
• Maintain Reserves
Brainstorming and Think-tank – designed to allow
for an uninhibited flow of information to interpret a
series of events and issue a series of options
pertaining to solutions

Informational Briefings – are roadmaps used to

maintain an operation’s sense of direction
ANAYSIS OF THE SITUATION includes the
following:
 
•Mission

•Suspects and Hostages

•Terrain
Who compose the
Crisis Management
Team?
 Composition of the
Crisis Management
Team (CMT)
Patrol Officer Public Information
Commander Officer
Assistant Commander Investigators
Emergency Service Teams  Explosives Ordnance
Negotiator Personnel
Communications
Specialist
Tactical Squad Personnel
Combat Photographers
Staff Psychologists
 Aerial Support Crew 
 OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES
- standard policies that give
guidance and direction to
police personnel aimed at
determining a future course of
action
Upon arrival, the investigating
patrol officer(s) employs the
ICER concept to the call:
•Isolate
•Contain
•Evaluate
•Report
The PNP Critical Management
Operational Procedures
Important Terms:

Human-induced (man-made) critical incidents

NPOC - National Peace and Order Council
LPOC - Local Peace and Order Council
NDRRMC – National Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council
IMC – Incident Management Committee
C-OPR – Cabinet-Officer Primarily Responsible
(referring to the SILG)
Define
Terrorism
 Definition of Terrorism
- violence for effect . . . creating dramatic
impact on an audience.”

- the calculated use of violence to attain goals,

often political or ideological in nature,
through fear, intimidation or coercion 

- violent criminal behavior designed to

generate fear in the community for political
purposes.”
ETYMOLOGY (ORIGIN) OF THE TERM

- Latin terrere meaning "to frighten”

The terror cimbricus was a state of panic
and emergency in Rome in response to the
approach of warriors of the Cimbri tribe in 105
BC.
How is a
Terrorist Group
Organized?
 Structure of a Terrorist Group
•Leader

•Active Cadres –carry out orders; organized into

small active service units or cells

•Active Supporters – provide needs to sustain

terrorist operations

• Passive Supporters – people who are sympathetic

to the terrorists, but would not stand up for fear of
getting involved
Three Groups of Terrorists
National Terrorists – those who operate
within a single nation Ex. Abu Sayyaf

Transnational Terrorists – those who operate

across national borders, whose actions may
affect individuals of more than one
nationality Ex. Al Qaeda

International Terrorists – those who are

controlled by a sovereign state Ex. Iran
How do
Terrorists
Attack?
 Phases of a Terrorist Incident
Pre-incident Phase – the planning of the event

Initiation Phase – “point of no return”; event that

marks the beginning of the operation

Climax Phase – end of the incident, usually

lasting for days or weeks (e.g. bomb explosion,
killing (or release) of captives

Post-incident Phase – time when the terrorist

regroup and engage in self-criticism
 Common Terrorist Tactics
•Bombing - NATO EOD Standardization Committee
classifies all terrorist bombs as Improvised Explosive Devices
(IED); most common tactics
•hoaxes – Once their credibility is established, terrorists
continue to disrupt, though not to destroy, by using well-
made hoax bombs
•arson
•hijacking – the commandeering of a plain or aircraft by the
terrorists
•ambush 
•kidnapping
• assassination – perhaps the oldest tactics in the book and
is still widely used
• hostage taking – normally carried out in order to demand
political concessions
 Typology of Terrorism
Political terrorism – committed against persons or
property in furtherance of political or social objectives.

Criminal terrorism – no technical definition, except that

terrorism itself is an international crime.

Pathological terrorism - depersonalizing the effort to

kill noncombatant human beings by training members to
possess the requisite pathological, disturbed
emotional condition that would allow them to engage in
the required killing
What are the
best ways to
combat
Terrorism?
 COUNTER TERRORISM
- tactics, techniques, and strategies of
preventing or in response terrorist threats,
both real and imputed

 US military definition: "operations that

include the offensive measures taken to
prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to
terrorism.”

 a set of techniques for denying an opponent

the use of terrorism-based tactics.
 Anti-terrorism v. Counter Terrorism
Counter-terrorism - offensive strategies intended
to prevent a belligerent individual or group from
successfully using the tactic of terrorism.
 
Anti-terrorism - "Defensive measures used to
reduce the vulnerability of individuals and
property to terrorist acts, to include limited
response and containment by local military and
civilian forces."
GOOD LUCK !