CRISIS

MANAGEMENT
CRISIS
• Is a period of disorganization, period of upset during which
people attempts at arriving at solution of problems. It is a crucial
or decisive point or situation; a turning point; an unstable
conditions, as in political social or economic crisis.

• Derive from Greek word “krisis” which means to separate;

• The term Emergency is derived from the Latin word “emergencia”

which means dipping/plugging. A sudden condition or a state of
affairs calling for an immediate action.
TYPES OF CRISIS
1. Man-made Crisis – civil disturbance, strike, riot,
demonstration, revolt such as mutiny and insurrection,
revolution, border incident, war (conventional or nuclear),
crimes (kidnapping, hijacking, hostage-taking).

2. Natural Crisis – Fire, Floods, earthquake, tidal waves,

marine/air disaster, hazardous spills, power failure nuclear
accidents, water/food shortage/scarcity, drought, volcanic
eruption, epidemic, etc.
TYPES OF CRISIS
3. Individual Crisis – It refers to the feeling that arises when a
person faces unpleasant situation such as frustrations and
conflicts.
e.g.
Physical Crisis, Economic crisis, emotional crisis, social
crisis, moral crisis, and psychosexual crisis
THE CONCEPT OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Crisis Management is the proper utilization of all available

resources and the formulation of policies and procedures to
effectively deal with the progressive sequence of events (crisis)
and sudden or unforeseen state (emergency).
PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
1). PRO-ACTIVE PHASE – is the stage of advance planning,
organization and coordination and control in response to an
anticipated future crisis occurrence. This phase is designed to
predict or prevent probability or occurrence of crisis while at the
same time prepares to handle them when they occur.

2). REACTIVE PHASE – Stage when the crisis or emergency

occurs despite the pro-active effort and the organization
concerned must prepare to perform the crisis management in
accordance with their plan.
PROACTIVE PHASE
1. Prediction - The first stage of anticipating future crisis through
the ff:
Update Intelligence, Events, Threat analysis of threat groups
(e.g. Political Terrorist, Criminals, Mentally Derange Individuals)

2. Prevention – It considers counter measures as part of the total

system of operations. (e.g. Operation security, personal security,
physical security)

3. Preparation – It involves organizing, training and equipping

personnel of the organization.
REACTIVE PHASE
1. Initial Action – (Maintain and control the situation;
establishment of perimeter security, evacuation of by standers,
if possible; prevention of escape of perpetrator)

2. The Action Stage – (Negotiation, Tactical Action)

3. The Post Action Stage – Protection of the incident scene;

investigation, Documentation, filling of appropriate case)
TERRORISM
SEC. 4, RA. 11479. Terrorism. - Subject to Section 49 of this Act, terrorism is
committed by any person who, within or outside the Philippines, regardless of
the stage of execution:
(a) Engages in acts intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to any
person, or endangers a person's life;
(b) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive damage or destruction to
a government or public facility, public place or private property;
(c) Engages in acts intended to cause extensive interference with, damage
or destruction to critical infrastructure;
(d) Develops, manufactures, possesses, acquires, transports, supplies or
uses weapons, explosives or of biological, nuclear, radiological or chemical
weapons; and
(e) Release of dangerous substances, or causing fire, floods or explosions
TERRORISM
when the purpose of such act, by its nature and context, is to intimidate
the general public or a segment thereof, create an atmosphere or spread a
message of fear, to provoke or influence by intimidation the government
or any international organization, or seriously destabilize or destroy the
fundamental political, economic, or social structures of the country, or
create a public emergency or seriously undermine public safety, shall be
guilty of committing terrorism and shall suffer the penalty of life
imprisonment without the benefit of parole and the benefits of Republic
Act No. 10592.
Classification of Terrorist
1. National Terrorist - A terrorist who operates and aspires to political
power primarily within a single nation.

2. Transnational Terrorist - This is a terrorist who operates across

national borders, whose actions and political aspirations may affect
individual of more than one nationality.

3. International Terrorists - A terrorists who is controlled by, and

whose actions represent the national interest of a sovereign state.
Types of Terrorist
1. State-Sponsored Terrorist - which consists of terrorist acts on a state
or government by a state or government. Example: Al-Qaeda, PLO,
ISIS

2. Dissent Terrorist - terrorist groups which have rebelled against their

government. Example: ISIS, IRA, CPP-NPA

3. Terrorists (LEFT and RIGHT) – terrorist group in political

ideology. Ex. Irish Republican Army (IRA); CPP-NPA, US. Patriot
Movement.
Types of Terrorist
4. Religious Terrorism - terrorist groups which are extremely religiously
motivated. Example: Al-Qaeda, ISIS, Jemaah Islamiya (JI).

5. CRIMINAL TERRORISM - terrorist acts used to aid in crime and

criminal profit. Example: Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), Abu Nidal
Organization

6. Lone-Wolf Terrorist - someone who prepares and commits violent

acts alone, outside of any command structure and without material
assistance from any group.
Terrorist Tactics
1. Bombing
2. Arson
3. Hijacking
4. Assasination
5. Ambush
6. Kidnapping
7. Hostage Taking
8. Robberies/Extortions
HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION
In hostage situation, the general tendency or Hostage Taker, is to focus
their attention on prominent personalities to gain much needed leverage
in the negotiation.

In dealing with hostage situations, the priorities are to –

1. Preserve lives
2. Apprehend the captors, and
3. Recover or protect properties.
STAGES OF A HOSTAGE SITUATION
1. Alarm Stage
This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous. In the alarm stage, the
emotion of the hostage taker is exceedingly in its highest peak, his
rationalization and proper thinking is low, He may be extremely aggressive
in his reaction to any perceived threat. E.g. escape of hostages, tactical
assault, trickery etc.

2. Crisis Stage
In this stage, when negotiation attempts are being initiated by the crisis
negotiator. Outrageous demands and unpredictable emotion are marked or
commonly noted in the hostage taker. There is still a great deal of danger
since hostage takers try to consolidate their positions.
STAGES OF A HOSTAGE SITUATION
1. Alarm Stage
This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous. In the alarm stage, the
emotion of the hostage taker is exceedingly in its highest peak, his
rationalization and proper thinking is low, He may be extremely aggressive
in his reaction to any perceived threat. E.g. escape of hostages, tactical
assault, trickery etc.

2. Crisis Stage
In this stage, when negotiation attempts are being initiated by the crisis
negotiator. Outrageous demands and unpredictable emotion are marked or
commonly noted in the hostage taker. There is still a great deal of danger
since hostage takers try to consolidate their positions.
STAGES OF A HOSTAGE SITUATION
3. Accommodation Stage - This is distinguished by boredom, and with
moments of terror. Though is considered as the longest yet is the most
tranquil. In the crisis stage, and even in the alarm stage, hostages are
considering escape options but in the accommodation stage, their
initiative and planning are narrowed since captors has increased control
over them.

4. Resolution Stage - This is the stage when the hostage taker is being
stressed out or fatigued of the situation. He is seemingly losing interest of
the situation and lost most of his bargaining points.