CONCLUSION

ETHICS THROUGH THICK AND THINK,

AND ETHICS & RELIGION

LESSON 1 & LESSON 2

CREATED BY GROUP 11

Alingig, Baluran, Marc Suaybaguio,

Raphael Aga Carlo Dominic
 WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?

1
Globalization is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that refers to the increasing
interconnectedness and interdependence of the world's economies, cultures, and societies.
It involves the flow of goods, services, capital, people, and ideas across national borders,
and has been facilitated by advances in technology, transportation, and communication.

2
For example, the rise of multinational corporations has allowed companies to operate in multiple
countries, while the internet has made it possible for people to communicate and share information
across the globe in real time. The spread of popular culture, such as music, movies, and fashion, has
also been facilitated by globalization. However, globalization has also been criticized for
exacerbating inequality, eroding local cultures, and contributing to environmental degradation.
MORAL CHALLENGES

IN GLOBALIZATION
 1. THE RISE OF RADICAL
INEQUALITY

Radical inequality in the world is where the rich

are richer and the poor are becoming poorer
due to technological advancements and
globalization. It has two ethical perspectives,
consequentialism and deontological, to argue
against globalization. Consequentialism argues
that globalization fails to maximize happiness
for the majority, while deontological argues
that globalization treats exploited populations
as means to an end rather than ends in
themselves.
 2. THE PROBLEM OF MANAGING
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT TO PREVENT
GLOBAL ECOLOGICAL COLLAPSE

Numerous environmental challenges are

facing the world today, such as the depletion
of the ozone layer, global warming, and
reduction in species. The negative
consequences of industrial activity, mostly in
the West and Asia, are felt worldwide.
Additionally, the danger of population growth
that may exceed the Earth's capacity to
support. The main focus of the people is on the
need to manage the global environment to
prevent ecological collapse.
 3. THE INTRUSION OF INTERNATIONAL
ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS ON
INDEBTED NATIONS

International financial institutions, such as the World

Bank and the International Monetary Fund, lend
money to countries for developmental plans and
projects. However, the accountability of these
institutions is questionable, and it is unclear whether
they are accountable to those they directly affect. The
loss of sovereignty of states in economic
management, as international economic
organizations can address issues previously dealt
with at the national level. It is worrying that
international financial institutions have become so
powerful that they can forcibly impose economic
policies on societies in different parts of the globe.
WHY DO WE HAVE TO PAY TAXES?

Man's individual nature is subordinated to his social nature. Man's social nature, though it
1 is just a property which flows from his essence being rational, is modified under three
important components.

2
First, man is born with sexuality, i.e. essential mode of being a human person as characterized by
the duality of the sexes. Man is born either male or female. This polarity of sexes gives rise to a
natural tension that exists between them by virtue of their differences. Hence, they form a family.

3 Second, it should be noted that a collection of families forms a civil society. The
existential end of society is the common good.
HOW CAN THIS BE ACHIEVED THEN?

1
Common good can only be achieved if there is a harmonious relationship that exists
among the people. Such harmonious relationship is achieved if there is a law which
governs the populace.

2
The law which obliges us to pay taxes is an aspect that leads us to the common good.
Economics, which is the supra structure of society, collapses if people don't pay taxes. It is
the blood of every society. If a man dies due to blood loss, society dies too without taxes.

3
Not paying taxes to the government signifies an abuse of freedom on the part of the subordinates,
for it is an act which defies the essence of the purpose of why society is formed. It is an act which
does not lead society to achieve the end to which it is designed, the common good.
CONSTITUTIONAL-LEGAL PERSPECTIVE

The power of taxation is one of the inherent and fundamental powers of the State,
along with police power and power of eminent domain. These powers are exercised
ultimately for the common good, which is one of the aims of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution. The promotion of the common good carries with it the limitation of one's
right or freedom, including the right to acquire and use one's properties. The
fundamental powers of the State, such as police power, power of eminent domain, and
power of taxation, are exercised to promote and protect the welfare of the general
public. The power of taxation may also be used as a valid implement of police power to
achieve the ends of society. Paying taxes to the government is the moral and legal
obligation. Failure to do so constitutes the crime of tax evasion, which is punishable
under the law. The promotion of the common good is achieved through the exercise of
the fundamental powers of the State, including the power of taxation.
CALLS FOR A GLOBAL ETHIC

A global ethic and a set of

universally accepted principles is
necessary to manage global ethical
problems and regulate global
interactions. The global ethic
perspective assumes that shared
ethical values and standards will
help reduce social injustices and
promote global peace and justice.
CALLS FOR A GLOBAL ETHIC

As discussed in our topic about

Cultural Relativism, university professor
James Rachels enumerated three
universal values shared by all
cultures.
These are:
1. Caring for the young
2. Murder is wrong
3. Tell the truth
CALLS FOR A GLOBAL ETHIC

The concept of universal values

in which are values that people of
different places and situations
hold in common and consider
important to uphold, follow,
protect, and preserve. The
universal values in society are
necessary for society to survive.
MORAL ABSOLUTISM: AN
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
UNIVERSAL VALUE

Moral absolutism is the ethical

belief that actions can be judged
as right or wrong based on
absolute standards, regardless of
the situational background or
framework of the act. It holds that
there is a fundamental moral law
inherent to the universe.
 MORAL ABSOLUTISM: AN
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
UNIVERSAL VALUE

Moral absolutism was believed by prominent

ancient Western philosophers such as Plato
and Aristotle. Immanuel Kant was the most
prominent philosopher who promoted moral
absolutism. According to Kant's Categorical
Imperative, we should always treat humanity
as an end and never as only a means. Kant
believed in the concept of "good or goodwill
without qualification", which means that all
human actions should be based on doing what
is good for others without any conditions.
MORAL ABSOLUTISM: AN
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
UNIVERSAL VALUE

Advantages of Moral Absolutism

It allows moral rules to be evaluated
critically.
It is fair as people are treated the
same as the rules are the same for
everyone.
If a moral rule is right, then there would
be no need to have different rules for
different people because the absolute
rules are universal.
MORAL ABSOLUTISM: AN
ETHICAL PERSPECTIVE ON
UNIVERSAL VALUE

Criticism to Moral Absolutism

Sometimes it is not
appropriate to treat people
the same due to
circumstances that arise from
different situations.
Life is not simply "black and
white".
 THE CHALLENGE OF
PLURALISM

Pluralism is a term used to

describe a state of society where
diverse groups maintain their
traditional culture or special
interests within a common
civilization. This can refer to
ethnic, racial, religious, or social
groups.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
PLURALISM

In philosophy, pluralism is the

theory that there is more than
one basic substance or
principle, while in ethics, it is
the belief that there are many
independent sources of value
and no single truth, even in
moral matters.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
PLURALISM

In Political philosophy, some points about

pluralism claimed by pluralists in the Pluralism
Project at Havard University (Diana L. Eck 2006)
are:
1. Pluralism is not diversity alone, but the
energetic engagement with diversity.
2. Pluralism is not just tolerance, but the active
seeking of understanding across lines of
difference.
3. Pluralism is not relativism, but the encounter of
commitments.
4. Pluralism is based on dialogue.
 ETHICAL PLURALISM

Ethical pluralism is the idea

that there is no single moral
system that can objectively
judge an action to be right or
wrong. Instead, it suggests
that values may be equally
correct.
 ETHICAL PLURALISM

For example, in a situation where a

woman saves other children from a
burning building but leaves her own
child an orphan, a moral pluralist would
conclude that there is no definitive way
to decide which is the better course of
moral action. This is because moral
pluralism acknowledges that it can be
difficult to choose between competing
values.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
FUNDAMENTALISM

Fundamentalism is an approach to
religion and by extension moral
philosophy that literally and strictly
adheres to their religious doctrines.
A collection of essays called "The
Fundamentalist Mindset" laid out the
psychological structure or features of
fundamentalism. In which are the
following:
 THE CHALLENGE OF
FUNDAMENTALISM

First is "Dualistic Thinking" in

which fundamentalists are inclined
to see the world in clear categories.
You are either good or bad, right or
wrong, for them or against them.
There is no room for context or
probabilities in a fundamentalist's
view.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
FUNDAMENTALISM

Second is that they are

obsessed with the "ultimate
end" for society and humanity.
This mindset usually has two
components: first, the current
system must "end"; and
second, to witness a new
beginning.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
FUNDAMENTALISM

Third is "Cult leadership" in

which fundamentalist
groups are usually founded
by a charismatic leader
who is able to wield total
devotion from followers.
 THE CHALLENGE OF
FUNDAMENTALISM

Fourth is "Total conversion

and commitment" in which
members are fully immersed
and committed to their
religious doctrine. Loyalty
and commitment is not only
expected, it is demanded.
 MORAL ABSOLUTISM VS.
FUNDAMENTALISM

Fundamentalism is a type of
moral absolutism that takes a
radical approach. Moral
absolutism is the belief that
human behavior should be
based on universal values, such
as Kant's "goodwill without
conditions."
MORAL ABSOLUTISM VS.
FUNDAMENTALISM

However, fundamentalists take

this a step further by asserting that
their own doctrines are the
universal values that everyone
should follow. In other words, they
believe that their beliefs are the
only correct ones and that
everyone else should conform to
them.
MILLENIALS AND "FILLENIALS"

ETHICAL CHALLENGES AND

RESPONSES
THE FILIPINO MILLENNIALS ("FILLENIALS")

in a 2010 survey census, it was estimated that there are 25 million

Filipino millennials, or "Fillennials," aged 15-29 in the Philippines. In
2015, Filipino millennials aged 15-34 made up 53% of the working
population, with 45% of them employed. The highest percentage of
Filipino workers abroad were in the 25-29 age bracket. Today, most
Filipino youths own a mobile phone and use the internet. The
Philippines was once known as the social media capital of the world,
with most Filipino youth having a social media account. Facebook is
the most commonly used social media platform among Filipino
millennials aged 20-29.
CURRENTLY, THERE ARE FOUR GENERATIONS WORKING IN THE SAME
WORKPLACE:

1
Traditionalists - Those born from 1900 - 1945. The generation that lived through two
World Wars. Their formative years were that of survival.
Baby Boomers - Those born from 1946 - 1964. They are called "Baby Boomers" because
of the significant increase of population in their generation.

Generation X - Those born from 1965 - 1980. The generation born in the era of video games and

2
computers.
Millennials - Those born from 1981 - 2000. They are also called the "digital natives". They grew up
in the digital age, rather than acquiring familiarity of it as an adult. The generation born in the
internet era.
THE FILIPINO MILLENNIALS
("FILLENIALS")

In 2025, millennials are expected to make up

75% of the global workforce, shaping various
industries as workers and consumers.
Generation Z, born in 2001 to the present, is the
fifth classification and is also known as the
iGeneration. They are the most connected,
educated, and sophisticated generation ever,
with nearly 2 billion people globally. They are
the early adopters, brand influencers, and
social media drivers, and they are creating
the future.
THE FILIPINO MILLENNIALS
("FILLENIALS")

Gen Zers are focused on seven key

social issues, including healthcare,
mental health, higher education,
economic security, civic engagement,
race equity, and the environment.
They are living in an era of changing
household structures and are the
students of today and the employees
and consumers of tomorrow.
CORE CHARACTERISTICS OF
GENERATION Z

Gen Zers are likely to demonstrate the

following core characteristics according to
the Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2021:
Diversity is their norm.
They the "digital natives".
They are pragmatic and financially-
minded.
Many factors contribute to their mental
health challenges.
They are shrewd consumers
They are politically progressive
CORE CHARACTERISTICS OF
GENERATION Z

Gen Zers are a fascinating and unique

generation. They are passionate about
gaming and music, and are always
connected through messaging, social
media, and mobile devices. They are
often referred to as the "Digital-ites"
due to their constant presence online.
While they care about trends, they are
also quick to research and stay
informed.
QUALITIES OF FILLENNIALS

In 2016, McCann Truth Central

conducted a study called "The Truth
About The Youth Philippines" as
part of a larger study that included
findings from 33,000 interviews
across 18 countries. The study
revealed that Filipino millennials
care about certain things more than
their counterparts in other countries.
QUALITIES OF FILLENNIALS

Here are some of the interesting statistics:

83% of Filipino youths rely heavily on
their parents for advice.
On adulthood, Fileinnials value close
family relationships.
However, they also believe that the age
limit for someone to continue living with
their parents is 30 years old. The global
average was surveyed at 32 years old.
 QUALITIES OF FILLENNIALS

Here are some of the interesting statistics:

Filipino millennials are more active in
social media and are more easily
influenced by peers.
61% feel pressured to portray
themselves in the best way possible in
social media.
96% feel it is important to a positive
contribution to the community.
 QUALITIES OF FILLENNIALS

Even in today's fast-paced world of social

media and communication, there are three
enduring human truths about being young
that remain as relevant as ever in previous
generations.

1. The notion of needing to "find yourself".

Being young is still a time of angst and identity
formation. Millennials go through the same
struggle of figuring out who they are and what
kind of person they want to be.
 QUALITIES OF FILLENNIALS

2. Friends are everything.

Finding your group (barkada, ka-
berks,dabarkads,beshie) to hang out with is
the key to establishing the sense of "self" and
happiness.
3. "Finding your place in the world".
This pursuit remains relevant across eras. The
millennials still strive to figure out their values,
passions and ideals, as well as establishing
their sense of personal justice of what is right
and wrong.
THAT'S ALL

THANK YOU!