M03 Wils2076 07 Im C03

CHAPTER 3
MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. (a).
2. (c).
3. (c).
4. (d). Only choice (d) cannot be true because a constant velocity means that the acceleration is always zero, so it
cannot be changing.
5. (c). For any triangle, the length of a given side can never be smaller than the difference of the lengths of the other
two sides, nor can it be longer than sum of the lengths of the other two sides.
6. (d).
7. (d).
8. (b).
9. (c).
10. (b).
11. (b). 130 km/h – 70 km/h = 60 km/h
12. (d). 60 km/h + 80 km/h = 140 km/h
13. (d). 60 km/h + 80 km/h = 140 km/h
Conceptual Questions:
1. The answer is no to both. The component of a vector can never be greater than the magnitude of a vector since the
magnitude is the hypotenuse of the triangle representing the vector and its component.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently exist. No
portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Chapter 3 Motion in Two Dimensions 39
2. Yes, this is possible. For example, if an object is in circular motion, the velocity (along a tangent) is perpendicular
to the acceleration (toward the center of the circle).
3. (a) Its velocity either increases (it speeds up) or decreases (it slows down) in magnitude only. (b) It follows in a
parabolic path. (c) It moves in a along a circular path.
4. The vectors must have equal magnitudes but opposite directions.
G
5. (a) The magnitude A of a vector A is A = Ax2 + Ay2 , which cannot be less than any component.
(b) Yes, if all but one of the components are zero.
6. Yes, when the vector is in the y-direction, it has a zero x-component.
7. No, a vector quantity cannot be added to a scalar quantity.

8. Yes, if they have equal magnitudes but opposite directions.
9. Yes, they are all equal. Only two things determine a vector—the magnitude (the length of the arrow) and the
direction (the direction of the arrow). These quantities are the same for all the vectors shown.
10. 45°
11. The horizontal motion does not affect the vertical motion. The vertical motion of the ball projected horizontally is
identical to that of the ball dropped.
12. Vertical motion and horizontal motion are separate. The horizontal motion of the ball projected vertically is
identical to that of the car.
13. In both cases, aim at the target. When the gun is sighted-in, it corrects for the distance the bullet falls on its way to
the target. It still falls the same distance whether it is traveling upward or downward.
14. Uniform motion is relative, not absolute. You cannot tell if you are moving or if the other bus is moving. The same
effect would occur with the buses moving in opposite directions except that you would appear to be moving away
from or approaching the other bus.
15. (a) Zero

(b) 4.0 m/s opposite to the direction of the treadmill’s velocity
16. Since the rain is coming down at an angle relative to you, you should hold the umbrella so it is tilted forward.
40 College Physics Seventh Edition: Instructor Solutions Manual
17. When the player is driving to the basket for a lay-up, she already has an upward motion. Since the ball is with the
player, the ball already has a velocity relative to the ground as the player jumps.
18. You throw the ball straight up. This way, both you and the ball have the same horizontal velocity relative to the
ground or you have zero horizontal velocity relative to each other, so the object returns to your hand.
Exercises:
1. (a) v cos 15° = 200 km/h → v = (200 km/h)/(cos 15°) = 210 km/h
(b) vvert = (200 km/h) tan 15° = 54 km/h
2. (a) For θ < 45°, cos θ > sin θ. Since vx = v cosθ and vy = v sinθ, the horizontal
y
velocity component is (1) greater than the vertical velocity component.
v = 35 m/s
(b) Horizontal component: vx = v cosθ = (35 m/s) cos 37° = 28 m/s . vy
37°
Vertical component: vy = v sinθ = (35 m/s) sin 37° = 21 m/s .
vx x
2 2 y
3. (a) The magnitude of the acceleration vector is (3) between 4.0 m/s and 7.0 m/s ,
because the hypotenuse of a right triangle can never be smaller than either of the v
vy = 4.0 m/s
2
other two sides (so it must be greater than 4.0 m/s ) and greater than the sum of the θ
2 vx = 3.0 m/s x
other two sides (so it must be less than 7.0 m/s ).
(b) v = vx2 + vy2 = 2 2 2 2

(3.0 m/s ) + (4.0 m/s ) = 5.0 m/s .
2
−1 ⎛ 4.0 m m s ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 53° above +x-axis .
⎝ 3.0 m s ⎠
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4. v = vx + vy , ) vy = ± v − vx = ± (7.0 m/s) − (3.0 m/s) = ±6.3 m/s .
There are two possible answers, because the vector could be either in the first or the fourth quadrant.
vx 4.8 m/s
5. (a) cos 37° = v = , y
v
4.8 m/s v
so v= = 6.0 m/s . vy
cos 37°
37°
(b) vy = v sin 37° = (6.0 m/s) sin 37° = 3.6 m/s . vx = 4.8 m/s x
100 m
6. (a) From the sketch, it is clear that the displacement that will bring the
θ
student back to the starting point is pointing from the finishing point to the 50 m d
starting point. So it is (2) north of east . θ
(b) d = (50 m)2 + (100 m)2 = 1.1 × 102 m ,
⎛ 50 m ⎞
θ = tan−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 27° north of east .
⎝ 100 m ⎠
7. (a) x = (50 m) cos 37° = 40 m, y = (50 m) sin 37° = 30 m.
So the distance is 40 m + 30 m = 70 m .
50 m
d d 70 m y
(b)⎯s = = t = 60 s = 1.17 m/s.
Δt
37°
40 m
The time on each leg is 1.17 m/s = 34.2 s = 0.57 min , x
30 m
and 1.17 m/s = 25.6 s = 0.43 min .
8. vx = vo cosθ = (1.50 m/s) cos 45° = 1.06 m/s,

vx
vy = vo sinθ = −(1.50 m/s) sin 45° = −1.06 m/s. 45°
x = xo + vx t = 0 + (1.06 m/s)(1.65 s) = 1.75 m , vo

vy
y = yo + vy t = 0 + (−1.06 m/s)(1.65 s) = −1.75 m .
9. Take both xo and yo to be 0. x = vx t = (0.60 m/s)(2.5 s) = 1.5 m, y = vy t = (0.80 m/s)(2.5 s) = 2.0 m.

2 2 2 2
d= x +y = (1.5 m) + (2.0 m) = 2.5 m .
−1 ⎛ 2.0 m ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 53° above +x-axis .
⎝ 1.5 m ⎠
10. Converting units: 10 km/h = 2.78 m/s
tan θ = (1.5 m/s)/(2.78 m/s) → θ = 28° above the horizontal
11. (a) From the drawing, we can see that the answer is (1) vy > vx .
1609 m 1h v
(b) v = (2000 mi/h) × 1 mi × 3600 s = 894 m/s. θ vy
vx = (894 m/s) sin 20° = 306 m/s ,
vy = (894 m/s) cos 20° = 840 m/s . vx
4
y = vy t = (840 m/s)(60 s) = 5.04 × 10 m = 50.4 km .
⎛ 15.0 ⎞ vx
12. (a) θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 56.3° below horizontal .
⎝ 10.0 ⎠
θ
(b) v = vx2 + vy2 = (10.0 m/s) 2 + (15.0 m/s) 2 = 18.0 m/s .
vy
v
13. x = xo + vx t = 0 + (3.0 m/s)(4.0 s) = 12 m,
y = yo + vyo t + 12 ay t 2 = 0 + 0 + 12(−0.75 m/s2)(4.0 s)2 = −6.0 m.
So the position is (12 m‚ −6.0 m) .
14. 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s.

700 m
(a) vy = v sinθ = (16.7 m/s) sin 4.0° = 1.2 m/s .
4°
(b) y = (700 m) sin 4.0° = 49 m .
135 m 25.0 m
15. (a) v x = 4.10 s = 32.9 m/s , v y = 4.10 s = 6.10 m/s .
2 2
(b) v = vx + vy (32.9 m/s) 2 + (6.10 m/s) 2 = 33.5 m/s ,
⎛ 25 ⎞
θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 10.5° above horizontal .
⎝ 135 ⎠
(c) The total path length is not known . Average speed depends on the total path length.
16. (a) (b)
JG JG JG JG JG JG
B A C=A−B C
JG JG JG JG
JG JG JG JG A A=B +C
A+B B+A
JG JG JG JG
A B B B
17. (a) Yes , vector addition is associative.
(b) See the diagrams below.
JG JG JG JG
A+B B +C
JG JG JG
A +( B + C )
JG JG JG JG JG
( A + B )+ C C C
JG JG
JG
B JG
B
A A
G G
18. AxBx + AyBy = A ⋅ B = AB cos 90° = 0
G G
19. (a) A + B = 3.0 xˆ + 5.0 yˆ + 1.0 xˆ – 3.0 yˆ = 4.0 xˆ + 2.0 yˆ
G G
(b) | A + B | = (4.0)2 + (2.0)2 = 4.5
tan θ = 2.0/4.0 → θ = 27° above the x-axis
G G
20. (a) x 1 + x 2 = (20 m) ^x + (15 m) ^x = (35 m) ^x .
G G
(b) x 1 − x 2 = (20 m ^x − 15 m) ^x = (5 m) ^x .
G G G
x1 x2 x1
G G G
G G x2 x1− x2
x1 + x2
G G
(c) x 2 − x 1 = (15 m) ^x − (20 m) ^x = (−5 m) ^x .
G
x1
G G G
x2 x2− x1
G G
21. A + B = (Ax + Bx) x̂ + (Ay + By) ŷ = 6.0xˆ + 1.0yˆ
Therefore, Ax + Bx = 6.0 and Ay + By = 1.0

G G
A − B = (Ax − Bx) x̂ + (Ay − By) ŷ = 4.0 x̂ + 7.0 ŷ
Therefore, Ax − Bx = 4.0 and Ay − By = 7.0

Solving the simultaneous equations for the components gives
G G
A = 5.0 x̂ + 4.0 ŷ and B = 1.0 x̂ – 3.0 ŷ
Therefore, A = (5.0)2 + (4.0)2 = 6.4

N
50.0 N
30°
22. (a) See the diagram on the right.
100 N
(b) For the 50.0 N force: F1x = (50.0 N) cos 30° = 43.3 N, F
F1y = (50.0 N) sin 30° = 25.0 N. θ 60°

W E
For the 100 N force: F2x = (100 N) cos 60° = 50.0 N,
S
F2y = (100 N) sin 60° = 86.6 N.
So Fx = F1x + F2x = 43.3 N + 50.0 N = 93.3 N, Fy = F1y + F2y = 25.0 N + 86.6 N = 111.6 N.
2 2
Therefore, F = (93.3 N) + (111.6 N) = 145 N ,
−1 ⎛ 111.6N⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 50.1° north of east .
⎝ 93.3 N ⎠
23. (a) We measure the angle from the +x-axis.

Ax = A cosθ = (4.5 cm) cos 40° = 3.45 cm, Ay = A sinθ = (4.5 cm) sin 40° = 2.89 cm.
JG JG JG
The vector that will yield a null vector is − A , because A + (− A ) = 0.
So it is (−3.4cm) xˆ + ( − 2.9 cm) yˆ .
⎛ −4.0 ⎞
(b) B = (2.0 cm) + (−4.0 cm)2 = 4.47 cm, θ = tan−1 ⎜ 2.0 ⎟ = −63.4°.
⎝ ⎠
So the vector is 4.5 cm‚ 63° above −x-axis .

JG
(c) The angle that C makes with the +x-axis is 180° − 60° = 120°.
Cx = C cosθ = (8.0 cm) cos 120° = −4.0 cm, Cy = C sinθ = (8.0 cm) sin 120° = 6.93 cm.
JG
So the vector − C is (4.0 cm) ^x + (−6.9 cm) ^y .
⎛ Ay ⎞
24. (a) A = Ax2 + Ay2 and θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟. If Ax and Ay doubles,
⎝ Ax ⎠
A' = (2 Ax ) 2 + (2 Ay ) 2 = 4( Ax ) 2 + 4( Ay ) 2 = 2 Ax2 + Ay2 = 2 A ,
⎛ 2 Ay ⎞ −1 ⎛ y
A ⎞
θ ' = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = tan ⎜ ⎟ =θ .
⎝ 2 Ax ⎠ ⎝ Ax ⎠
So the answer is (1) vector's magnitude doubles, but direction remains unchanged .
(b) The magnitude triples, but the direction remains unchanged. So it is 30 m at 45° .
G G
25. (a) A + B = 4.0 x̂ – 2.0 ŷ + 1.0 x̂ + 5.0 ŷ = 5.0xˆ + 3.0yˆ
G G
(b) B – A = 2.0 x̂ + 5.0 ŷ – (4.0 x̂ – 2.0 ŷ ) = −3.0 xˆ + 7.0 yˆ
(c) Using the results of part (a) gives

G G G
A + B + C = 5.0 x̂ + 3.0 ŷ + Cx x̂ + Cy ŷ = 0
G
Cx = −5.0 and Cy = −3.0 → C = −5.0 xˆ − 3.0yˆ
JG
26. (a) F 1 = [(12.0 N) cos 37°] x̂ + [(12.0 N) sin 37°] ŷ = (9.58 N) x̂ + (7.22 N) ^y.
JG
F 2 = [−(12.0 N) cos 37°] x̂ + [(12.0 N) sin 37°] ŷ = (−9.58 N) x̂ + (7.22 N) ^y.
JG JG
So F 1 + F 2 = (14.4N) ŷ .
JG
(b) F 1 = [(12.0 N) cos 27°] x̂ + [(12.0 N) sin 27°] ŷ = (10.7 N) x̂ + (5.45 N) ŷ .
JG JG
So F 1 + F 2 = (1.1 N) x̂ + (12.7 N) ŷ .
2 2
F1 + F2 = (1.1 N) + (12.7 N) = 12.7 N .
−1 ⎛ 12.7 N⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 85.0° above +x-axis .
⎝ 1.1 N ⎠
27. (a) See the diagram on the right.

JG B
(b) A = −[(10.0) cos 45°] x̂ − [(10.0) sin 45°] ŷ = (−7.07) x̂ + (−7.07) ŷ .
JG
B = (2.0) x̂ + (4.0) ŷ .
45°
JG JG
So A + B = (−7.07 + 2.0) x̂ + (−7.07 + 4.0) ŷ = (−5.1)xˆ + ( − 3.1)yˆ . A
2 2
Or A+B= (−5.07) + (−3.07) = 5.9 .
−1 ⎛ −3.07 ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 31° below −x-axis
⎝ −5.07 ⎠
G G
28. (a) v 2 = −2 v 1 = (−4.0m / s)xˆ + (8.0 m/s) yˆ .
2 2
(b) v2 = (−4.0 m/s) + (8.0 m/s) = 8.9 m/s .
29. Ax = 5.0 m/s, Ay = 0.
Bx = (10 m/s) cos 60° = 5.0 m/s, By = (10.0 m/s) sin 60° = 8.66 m/s.
Cx = −(15 m/s) cos 30° = −13.0 m/s, Cy = (15 m/s) sin 30° = 7.5 m/s.
(A + B + C)x = 5.0 m/s + 5.0 m/s + (−13.0 m/s) = −3.0 m/s,

(A + B + C)y = 0 + 8.66 m/s + 7.5 m/s = 16 m/s.
2 2
A+B+C= (−3.0 m/s) + (16 m/s) = 16 m/s ,
−1 ⎛ 16 m s ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 79° above the −x-axis .
⎝ 3.0 m s ⎠
30. From Exercise 3.29:

(A − B − C)x = 5.0 m/s − 5.0 m/s − (−13.0 m/s) = 13 m/s,
(A − B − C)y = 0 − 8.66 m/s − 7.5 m/s = −16 m/s.

2 2
So A−B−C= (13 m/s) + (−16 m/s) = 21 m/s ,
−1 ⎛ 16m s⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 51° below the +x-axis .
⎝ 13 m s⎠
JG JG
31. The relative orientation of vectors A and B is opposite .
JG JG
C = A − (−B) = A + B. This happens only when A and B are opposite.
G G G
32. (a) d = d 1 + d 2 = (−9.0 cm) ^x + (6.0 cm) ^y .
⎛ 6.0 ⎞
(b) θ = tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ = 33.7°, relative to −x axis .
⎝ 9.0 ⎠ θ
G G G
33. From the parallelogram in Fig. 3.29 in the text, we can see that A + C = B ,
G G G G G G G G G
which gives C = B − A . Using the fact that A + C = B , we get C − B = − A . From the same figure, we can see
G G G G G G G
that −D = B and E = C . Using these results, and the fact that C = B − A , we have
G G G G G G G G G G G G G
E − D + C = C + B + C = 2C + B = 2(B − A) + B = 3B − 2 A
G G G G G
so E − D + C = 3B − 2 A .
JG JG JG
34. From F 1 + F 2 + F 3 = 0,
JG JG JG
F 3 = − F 1 − F 2 = (−3.0 N) x̂ + (−3.0 N) ŷ − [(−6.0 N) x̂ + (4.5 N) ŷ ] = (3.0 N) x̂ + (−1.5 N) ŷ .
2 2
So F3 = (3.0 N) + (−1.5 N) = 3.4 N ,
− 1.5 N ⎞
−1 ⎛
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 27° below the +x-axis .
⎝ 3.0 N ⎠
35. (a) In the same direction .
(b) In the opposite directions .
(c) At 90° .
F||
36. In the triangle shown, F|| is opposite to and F⊥ is adjacent to the 37° angle.
37° F⊥
Parallel: F|| = (50 N) sin 37° = 30 N ,
Perpendicular: F⊥ = (50 N) cos 37° = 40 N . w = 50 N
37. (a) The two vectors are in the same direction . The magnitude is 15.0 m + 20.0 m = 35.0 m .
(b) The two vectors are in the opposite directions . The magnitude is 20.0 m − 15.0 m = 5.0 m .
(c) In general, when two vectors are in the same direction, the magnitude of the resultant is the sum of the
magnitudes of the two vectors. When two vectors are in opposite directions, the magnitude of the resultant is the
absolute value of the difference of the magnitudes of the two vectors.
G
38. d 1 = (20 m)[(cos 30°) ^x + (sin 30°) ŷ ] = (17.3 m) ^x+ (10.0 m) ŷ .
G
d 2 = (30 m) ŷ ,
G
d 3 = (−40 m) ^x,
G
d 4 = [(20 m) cos 45°] ^x − [(20 m) sin 45°] ŷ = (14.1 m) ^x + (−14.1 m) ŷ .
G G G G G
So d = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 = (−8.6 m) ^x + (25.9 m) ŷ .
2 2
Therefore d= (−8.6 m) + (25.9 m) = 27 m ,
−1 ⎛25.9 m ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 72° above the −x-axis .
⎝ − 8.6 m ⎠
39. (a) From the sketch below, the general direction of the thunderstorm’s velocity is (2) north of west .
G
(b) d 1 = (60 mi)[(cos 45°) ^x + (sin 45°) ŷ ] = (42.4 mi) ^x + (42.4 mi) ŷ .
G
d 2 = (75 mi) ŷ .
G G G d
d = d 2 − d 1 = (75 mi) ŷ − [(42.4 mi) ^x + (42.4 mi) ŷ ]
θ
= (−42.4 mi) ^x + (32.6 mi) ŷ . d2 = 75 mi
2 2
Therefore d= (−42.4 mi) + (32.6 mi) = 53.48 mi. d1 = 60 mi
53.48 mi
Thus v= 2.0 h = 26.7 mi/h ,
Station
−1 ⎛
32.6 mi ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 37.6° north of west .
⎝ − 42.4 mi ⎠
d2 = 35.0 mi
45°
40. (a) From the sketch at right, the general direction of the airplane’s velocity is controller
d d1 = 20.0 mi
(2) north of west .
G θ
d 1 = (−20.0 mi) ŷ .
G
d 2 = (35.0 mi)[(−cos 45°) ^x + (sin 45°) ŷ ] = (−24.7 mi) ^x + (24.7 mi) ŷ .
G G G G G G
From d = d 1 + d 2, d = d 2 − d 1 = (−24.7 mi) ^x + (24.7 mi) ŷ − (−20.0 mi) ŷ
= (−24.7 mi) ^x + (44.7 mi) ŷ .

2 2
So d= (−24.7 mi) + (44.7 mi) = 51.1 mi.
51.1 mi −1 ⎛ 44.7 mi ⎞
Therefore v = 0.50 h = 102 mi/h , θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 61.1° north of west .
⎝ − 24.7 mi ⎠
41. (a) Since F2x = F1x, or F2 cos 45° = F1 cos 45°. The answer is (2) F2 = F1 .
(b) F1y + F2y = F1 sin 45° + F2 sin 45° = 2F1 sin 45° = 2(100 N) sin 45° = 141 N.
ΣFy = 141 N − 100 N − F3 = 0. So F3 = 41 N down
42. (a) (10.5 m) cos 45° = 7.42 m, (10.5 m) cos 40° = 8.04 m, (10.5 m) sin 40° = 6.75 m.
G
The desired displacement is d = (−7.42 m) ^x + (7.42 m) ŷ .
G d2
The first shot is d 1 = (−6.75 m) ^x + (8.04 m) ŷ . θ d1
G G G
^
The second shot should be d 2 = d − d 1 = (−0.67 m) x + (−0.62 m) ŷ .
d 40°
θ = tan −1 ⎛⎜ ⎞
0.62
⎟ = 42.8° south of west
⎝ 0.67 ⎠ 45°
2 2
(b) d2 = (−0.67 m) + (−0.62 m) = 0.91 m .
(c) The reason is due to the fact that the ball might travel in a curve .
JG
43. F 1 = (100 N)[(cos 30°) ^x + (sin 30°) ŷ ] = (86.6 N) ^x + (50.0 N) ŷ .
JG
F 2 = (150 N)[(cos 60°) ^x + (sin 60°) ŷ ] = (75.0 N) ^x + (129.9 N) ŷ .
JG JG JG
From F 1 + F 2 + F 3 = 0,
JG JG JG
F 3 = − F 1 − F 2 = −[(86.6 N) ^x + (50.0 N) ŷ ] − [(75.0 N) ^x + (129.9 N) ŷ ] = (−161.6 N) ^x + (−179.9 N) ŷ .
2 2
So F3 = (−161.6 N) + (−179.9 N) = 242 N ,
−1 ⎛ − 179.9 N ⎞
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 48° below the −x-axis .
⎝ − 161.6 N ⎠
44. Given: vxo = 1.5 m/s, vyo = 0, y = −2.0 m. Find: (a) t, (b) x. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)
2y 2(–2.0 m)
(a) y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − 12 gt 2, ) t= −
g =
−
9.80 m/s2 = 0.64 s .
(b) x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (1.0 m/s)(0.64 s) = 0.64 m .
6
45. Given: vxo = 1.5 × 10 m/s, vyo = 0, x = 0.35 m. Find: y. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)
First find the time of flight from the horizontal motion.
x 0.35 m
x = xo + vxo t, ) t= v = = 2.33 × 10−7 s.
xo 1.5 × 106 m/s
y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − (4.9 m/s2)(2.33 × 10−7 s)2 = −2.7 × 10−13 m.
So it falls 2.7 × 10−13 m . This is a very small distance. Therefore the answer is no , the designer need not worry
about gravitational effects.
46. Given: vyo = 0, x = 8.7 m, vxo = 7.6 m/s. Find: y. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)
First find the time of flight from the horizontal motion.
x 8.7 m
x = xo + vxo t, ) t= = 7.6 m/s = 1.14 s.
xo
2 2
y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − 12 gt 2 = − 12(9.80 m/s )(1.14 s) = − 6.4 m .
47. (a) x = v0,xt = (5.0 m/s)(2.5 s) = 13 m horizontally displaced from its original position
y = ½ gt2 = ½ (9.80 m/s2)(2.5 s)2 = 31 m below its original position

G
The position vector is r = 13 m xˆ − 31 m yˆ .
(b) vx = v0 = 5.0 m/s

vy = gt = (9.80 m/s2)(2.5 s) = 25 m/s downward
G
v = ( 5.0 m/s ) xˆ − ( 25 m/s ) yˆ
48. Using the range formula gives

v 2 sin 2θ Rg (35, 000 m)(9.80 m/s2 )
R= 0 → sin 2θ = 2 = → θ = 18°
g v0 (770 m/s)2
49. 140 km/h = 38.89 m/s. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)

x 18.4 m
(a) x = xo + vxo t, ) t = v = 38.89 m/s = 0.473 s. The time to watch is 0.473 s − 0.350 s = 0.123 s .
xo
(b) y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − 12 (9.80 m/s2)(0.473 s)2 = −1.10 m. So it drops by 1.10 m .
50. (a) (2) Ball B collides with ball A because they have the same horizontal velocity.
2y 2(–1.00 m)
(b) y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 − 12 gt 2, ) t= −
g =
−
9.80 m/s2 = 0.452 s. (Take yo as 0.)
x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (0.25 m/s)(0.452 s) = 0.11 m for both. (Take both xo as 0.)
51. (a) The time for the package to reach the ground is
y = ½ gt2
1500 m = ½ (9.80 m/s2)t2 → t = 17.50 s
The horizontal distance that the supply package will travel during this time is
x = vxt = [(300,000 m)/(3600 s)](17.50 s) = 1458 m
At the instant the package is released, the pilot is looking at the soldiers. Therefore the angle his line of sight makes
below the horizontal is
y 1500 m
tan θ = = → θ = 46°
x 1458 m
(b) The plane and the falling package have the same horizontal velocity of 300 km/h so they travel the same
horizontal distance as the package falls. Therefore when the supplies land, the pilot is
1.5 km directly above the soldiers .
52. (a) The horizontal velocities of the cart and the ball are the same. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)
First calculate the time of flight of the ball. When the ball returns, y = 0.
vyo 5.0 m/s
y = yo + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) t = 1 = 4.90 m/s2 = 1.02 s.
2
g
So x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (0.75 m/s)(1.02 s) = 0.77 m .
(b) The ball would not fall back in .
53. vy = v0 sin θ − gt = 0 at the highest point. The time in the air is twice the time to reach the highest point, so
2 v0 sin θ 2(3.6 m/s) sin 30°
t air = = = 0.367 s. The distance the car travels in this time is
g 9.80 m/s2
x = vcart = (13 m/h)[(1 h)/(3600 s)][(1000 m)/(1 km)](0.367 s) = 1.3 m past its original position when the ball was
thrown.
54. The stunt man must fall 4.0 m starting from rest vertically.
y = ½ gt2 → 4.0 m = ½ (9.80 m/s2)t2 → t = 0.904 s
In his time he must travel 5.0 m horizontally with uniform speed v0.
x = v0t → v0 = x/t = (5.0 m)/(0.904 s) = 5.5 m/s
55. g = (9.80 m/s2)/6 on the surface of the Moon.

Use Eq. 3.11.
2
vo sin 2θ (25 m) 2 sin (2 × 45D )
R= = = 3.8 × 102 m .
g (9.80 m / s 2 ) / 6
56. Use Eq. 3.11.

2 2 2
vo sin 2θ vo sin 2θ (25.0 m/s) sin (2×20°) 2
R= , ) gM = = = 3.65 m/s .
gM R 110 m
57. (a) (Take both xo and yo as 0.)
2y 2(–0.90 m)
y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 − 12 gt 2, ) t= −
g =
−
9.80 m/s2 = 0.428 s = 0.43 s .
x 1.5 m
(b) x = xo + vxo t, ) vxo = vo = t = 0.428 s = 3.5 m/s .
58. (a) vxo = vo cosθ = (12 m/s) cos 45° = 8.485 m/s, vyo = vo sinθ = (12 m/s) sin 45° = 8.485 m/s.
(Take both xo and yo as 0.)
y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) −20 m = 0 + (8.485 m/s)t − 12 (9.80 m/s2)t2.

2
Simplifying to quadratic equation: 4.9t − 8.485t − 20 = 0.
Solving for t = 3.06 s (negative time discarded). R = x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (8.485 m/s)(3.06 s) = 26 m .

2
(b) vy = vyo − gt = 8.485 m/s − (9.80 m/s )(3.06 s) = −21.5 m/s.
2 2
v= (8.485 m/s) + (−21.5 m/s) = 23 m/s .
−1 ⎛ . m s⎞
− 215
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 68° below horizontal .
⎝ 8.485 m s⎠
59. At the maximum height, y = R/2 and vy = 0. (Take yo = 0.)

2
vo sin 2θ
Use Eq. 3.11, R = .
g
2
2 2 2 vo sin 2θ 2
2
vy = vyo − 2gy, )
2 2
0 = vo sin θ − 2gymax = vo sin θ − 2 g
2 2
= vo sin θ − vo sin 2θ.
g
So vo2 sin2 θ = vo2 sin 2θ or sin2 θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.
Therefore sin θ = 2 cos θ or tan θ = 2. Thus θ = 63° .
2
vo sin 2θ
60. Use Eq. 3.11. The range R = 15 m. So R= = 15 m.
g
(55 m/s)2 sin 2θ
or R= 9.80 m/s2 = 15 m, ) sin 2θ = 0.0486.
Therefore 2θ = sin−1 (0.0486) = 2.79°, hence θ = 1.4° .
x 20.0 m
61. (Take both xo and yo as 0.) x = xo + vxo t, ) vxo = t = 0.500 s = 40.0 m/s.
y (4.00 m − 1.00 m)
y = yo + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) vyo = t + 12 gt = 0.500 s + (4.90 m/s2)(0.500 s) = 8.45 m/s.
⎛ 8.45 ⎞
So vo = (40.0 m/s)2 + (8.45 m/s)2 = 40.9 m/s , θ = tan−1 ⎜⎝ 40.0 ⎟⎠ = 11.9° above horizontal .
x x
62. When the bullet travels a horizontal distance x, it takes t = v = . (Take xo = 0)
xo vo cosθ
During this time, the vertical position of the bullet is
x x2 x2
yb = yo + vyo t − 12 gt 2 = 0 + vo sinθ − 12 g 2 2 = x tanθ − 12 g 2 2 .
vo cosθ vo cos θ vocos θ
x2
During the same time, the monkey drops by − 12 gt 2 = − 12 g .
v cos2θ
2
o
x2 x2
So the vertical position of the monkey is ym = yo − 12 g 2 = x tanθ − 12 g 2 2 = yb.
v cos θ
2
o
vocos θ
Therefore, when the bullet travels a horizontal distance x, its vertical height is the same as the vertical height of the
monkey. Thus, the bullet will hit the monkey.
63. (a) The shot would be in the air (1) a longer time . This is because when the shot returns to the ear level, it would
have spend the same amount of time as a projectile launched at the same angle at the ground level.
(b) vxo = vo cos 20° = (12.0 m/s) cos 20° = 11.3 m/s, vyo = vo sin 20° = (12.0 m/s) sin 20° = 4.10 m/s.
From ground level: y = yo + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) 0 = 0 + (4.10 m/s) t − (4.90 m/s2) t2. tg = 0.837 s.
From ear level: y = yo + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) 0 = 2.0 m + (4.10 m/s) t − (4.90 m/s2) t2.
Reducing to quadratic equation 4.9 t2 − 4.10 t − 2.0 = 0.

Solving, te = 1.18 s and −0.35 s. Therefore te > tg.
The range of the shot put is x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (11.3 m/s)(1.18 s) = 13.3 m .
vx = vxo = 11.3 m/s, vy = vyo − gt = (4.10 m/s) − (9.80 m/s2)(1.18 m/s) = −7.46 m/s.
G
So the velocity just before impact is v = (11.3m / s)xˆ +( − 7.46 m/s) yˆ .
64. Use Eq. 3.11.

2
vo sin 2θ Rg (2.5m + 1.4m)(9.80m / s 2 )
R= , ) vo = = = 8.7 m/s .
g sin 2θ sin(2 × 15°)
65. vxo = vo cos 30° = (5.00 m/s) cos 30° = 4.33 m/s, vyo = −vo sin 30° = −(5.00 m/s) sin 30° = −2.50 m/s.
(a) y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 − 12 gt 2, or −7.00 m = −(2.50 m.s)t − (4.90 m/s2)t2.
Solving, t = 0.967 s or −1.48 s.
(b) x = xo + vxo t = (4.33 m/s)(0.967 s) = 4.18 m .
(c) vx = vxo = 4.33 m/s, vy = vyo − gt = −2.50 m/s − (9.80 m/s2)(0.967 s) = −12.0 m/s.
So v= (4.33 m/s)2 + (−12.0 m/s)2 = 12.8 m/s
66. Let’s just calculate the range of the ball, assuming it would have been caught at a height of 5.0 ft above the ground.
Use Eq. 3.11.
2 2
vo sin 2θ (50 ft) sin (2×40°)
R= = = 77 ft ≈ 26 yd. So the pass is short .
g 32 ft/s
67. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)

3.05 m – 2.05 m
x x 25° =1.0 m
x = xo + vxo t = (vo cosθ)t, ) t= v = ,
xo vo cosθ
6.02 m
2
x ⎛ x ⎞ gx2
y = yo + vyo t − 12 gt2 = vo sin θ × − 12 g ⎜ v cos θ ⎟ = x tanθ − 2 2 .
vo cosθ ⎝ o ⎠ 2vocos θ
x g 6.02 m 9.80 m/s2

So vo = = = 10.9 m/s .
cosθ 2(x tanθ − y) cos 25° 2[(6.02 m) tan 25° − 1.0 m]
68. Use the following subscripts: o = other driver, y = you, and g = ground.
So vog = 120 km/h, vyg = 90 km/h.
(a) vyg = vyo + vog, ) vyo = vyg − vog = 90 km/h − 120 km/h = −30 km/h .
(b) voy = −vyo = −(−30 km/h) = 30 km/h .
69. Use the following subscripts: s = shopper, e = escalator, and f = floor.

So vse = 1.0 m/s, vef = 0.50 m/s. vsf = vse + vef = 1.0 m/s + 0.50 m/s = 1.50 m/s.
10 m
Therefore the time is 1.50 m/s = 6.7 s
70. The vector sum of the water’s velocity and the boat’s velocity relative to the water must be a vector pointing directly
across the river perpendicular to the current. From this vector diagram, we have
cos θ = (1.5 m/s)/(2.0 m/s) → θ = 41° with respect to the current’s direction
71. Use the following subscripts: t = truck, b = ball, and o = observer. So vtg = 70 km/h, vbt = −15 km/h.
(a) vbo = vbt + vto = −15 km/h + 70 km/h = +55 km/h .
(b) vbt = vbo − vto = 55 km/h − 90 km/h = −35 km/h .
72. (a) See Exercise 3.71.
vbo = vbt + vto = 15 km/h + 70 km/h = +85 km/h .
(b) vbt = vbo − vto = 85 km/h − 90 km/h = −5 km/h .
73. Use the following subscripts: b = boat, c = current, and w = water.

Upstream: vbc = 7.5 m/s, vcw = −5.0 m/s.
vbw = vbc + vcw = 7.5 m/s + (−5.0 m/s) = 2.5 m/s.
500 m
So tup = 2.5 m/s = 200 s.
Downstream: vbc = 7.5 m/s, vcw = 5.0 m/s. vbw = vbc + vcw = 7.5 m/s + 5.0 m/s = 12.5 m/s.
500 m
So tdown = 12.5 m/s = 40 s. Therefore t = 200 s + 40 s = 240 s = 4.0 min .
74. The velocity of the passenger relative to the ground is 0.30 m/s for the first 25 m and
(0.30 m/s + 0.50 m/s) = 0.80 m/s for the rest.
25 m 50 m
So the total time is 0.30 m/s + 0.80 m/s = 146 s = 2.43 min .
75. (a) From the sketch below, the general direction of the swimmer’s velocity is (1) north of east .
Use the following subscripts: s = swimmer, c = current, and b = bank.

G G G vsb
v sb = v sc + v cb.
0.15 m/s
So vsb =
2 2
(0.20 m/s) + (0.15 m/s) = 0.25 m/s . θ
0.20 m/s
−1 ⎛. m s⎞
015
θ = tan ⎜ ⎟ = 37° north of east .
⎝ 0.20 m s ⎠
76. Use the following subscripts: b = boat, w = water, and g = ground. Trip 1 (cross) Trip 2 (back)
⎛ 0.50 ⎞
(a) Same both ways . θ1 = θ2 = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟ = 4.25° upstream .
⎝ 6.75 ⎠ vbw = 6.75 m/s = vbw
vbg θ1 θ2 vbg
(b) For trip 1 (cross): vbg = vbw θ1 = (6.75 m/s) cos 4.25° = 6.73 m/s,
150 m
so the time is t1 = 6.73 m/s = 22.3 s.
vwg = 0.50 m/s vwg = 0.50 m/s
For trip 2 (back): vbg = vbw cosθ2 = (6.75 m/s) cos 4.25° = 6.73 m/s,
150 m
so the time is t2 = 6.73 m/s = 22.3 s.
Therefore the total time is 22.3 s + 22.3 s = 44.6 s .
77. To the woman moving eastward, the rain is coming toward her (westward) at 1.5 m/s. To her, the velocity of the
rain vR is the vector sum of 1.5 m/s westward plus 6.0 m/s downward. Calling θ the angle that vR makes with the
vertical, we have
tan θ = (1.5 m/s)/(6.0 m/s) → θ = 14° from the vertical.
She should orient her umbrella so that its handle points 14° east of due north.
G G G vcg
78. (a) The relative velocity of the rain to that of the car is v rc = v rg − v cg, where the
G
subscripts r, c, and g stand for rain, car, and ground, respectively, and the symbol v cg vrg
vrc
denotes the relative velocity of the car to the ground, etc. It is clear in the vector diagram θ
that vrc is not vertical, but at an angle.
Since tan θ = vcg/vrg, the angle θ also increases as the velocity of the car increases.
(b) vcg = vrg tanθ = (10 m/s) tan 25° = 4.7 m/s .
79. Use the following subscripts: b = boat, w = water, and g = ground.

For the boat to make the trip straight across, vbw must be the hypotenuse of the right-angle vbw
vbg
triangle. So it must be greater in magnitude than vwg. So if the reverse is true, that is, if vwg >
vbw, the boat cannot make the trip directly across the river.
vwg
80. (a) The answer is (1) with the current , because the speed of the boat relative to the bank is
400 m
15 s = 26.7 m/s > 20 m/s.
(b) The current speed is simply 26.7 m/s − 20 m/s = 6.7 m/s .
81. (a) The velocity of A relative to B is vA,B = –75 km/h – 50 km/h = –125 km/h .
⎛ km ⎞ ⎛ 1 h ⎞ ⎛ 1000 m ⎞
⎜ 75 h ⎟ ⎜ 3600 s ⎟ ⎜ 1 km ⎟
Δv ⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
(b) a = = = 3.5 m/s2 to the north
Δt 6.0 s
(c) Δv = 125 km/h – 50 km/h = 75 km/h, which is the same for both observers, so the acceleration is the same for
both: 3.5 m/s2 to the north .
82. (a) The ground speed is the vector sum of the air speed and the wind speed. Since these velocities are perpendicular,
we have
vG = (250 km/s)2 + (75 km/s)2 = 260 km/h
(b) Calling θ the angle the ground velocity makes with respect to due north, we have
sin θ = (75 km/h)/(250 km/h) → θ = 17° east of due north
To counteract the wind speed, the pilot should heat at 17° west of due north .
83. Use the following subscripts: g = ground, e = escalator, and p = parachute.

G
v pg = (−0.50 m/s) ŷ ,
G
^ + [−(0.75 m/s) sin 41.8°] ŷ = (0.559 m/s) ^
v eg = [(0.75 m/s) cos 41.8°] x x + (−0.500 m/s) ŷ .
G G G G G G
v pg = v pe + v eg , ) v pe = v pg − v eg = (0.559 m/s) ^x.
So the speed of the parachute relative to the escalator is vpe = 0.56 m/s .
84. (a) Use the following subscripts: p = plane, a = air, and g = ground.
G G G
v pg = v pa + v ag.
v pa (150 mi/h)
−1 ⎛
60.0 mi/h ⎞ θ
θ = sin ⎜ ⎟ = 24° east of south . v pg
⎝ 150 mi/h ⎠
2 2
(b) vpg = (150 mi/h) − (60.0 mi/h) = 137.5 mi/h.
v ag (60.0 mi/h)
200mi
So the time is = 1.5 h .
137.5mi / h
85. The +y-axis points perpendicular to the wall away from it, and the +x-axis points parallel to the wall so that both of
the x-components of the velocity are positive.
G
(a) vi = (20.0 m/s) cos 35° x̂ – (20.0 m/s) sin 35° ŷ = 16.4 m/s xˆ − 11.5 m/s yˆ
G
v f = (10.0 m/s) cos 25° x̂ + (10.0 m/s) sin 25° ŷ = 9.06 m/s xˆ + 4.23 m/s yˆ
G G G
(b) Δv = v f − v i = (9.06 – 16.4) m/s x̂ + (11.5 + 4.23) m/s ŷ
G
Δv = −7.34 m/s xˆ + 15.7 m/s yˆ
G
(c) | Δv | = (−7.34 m/s)2 + (15.7 m/s)2 = 17.3 m/s
G
Calling θ the angle that Δv makes with the wall, we have
tan θ = (15.7 m/s)/(7.34 m/s) → θ = 64.9°
86. (a) The time the ball is in the air is twice the time to reach its highest point, giving
2 v0 sin θ 2(25.0 m/s) sin 30°
t air = = = 2.55 s
g 9.80 m/s2
(b) Calling β the angle the velocity makes with the horizontal, we have
⎛ 2.55 s ⎞
(25.0 m/s) sin 30° – (9.80 m/s2 ) ⎜ ⎟
v sin 30° − gt
vy ⎝ 4 ⎠
tan β = = 0 =
vx v0 cos30° (25.0 m/s) cos 30°
which gives β = 16.1° above the horizontal.
(c) At half the time in the air, the ball is traveling horizontally since its vertical velocity is zero, making β = 0° .
At ¾ the time in the air, we use the same approach as in part (b) except t = ¾ (2.55 s). The result is β = −16.1° ,
where the minus sign means below the horizontal.

(d) At ¼ the total time:
v1/ 4 = vx2 + vy2 = (25.0 m/s cos 30°)2 + [25.0 m/s - (9.80 m/s2 )(2.55 s)]2 = 22.5 m/s
At ½ the total time: v1/2 = (25.0 m/s) cos 30° = 21.7 m/s
Similarly, at ¾ the total time, v3/4 = 22.5 m/s .
Gravity slows the ball down on the way up and speeds it up on the way down.
87. (a) On the car, the motion is up-and-down:
On the ground, the path is a parabola:
(b) At the highest point, vy = 0: 0 = 25.0 m/s – (9.80 m/s2) t. The time in the air is twice this time, giving tair
= 5.10 s .
(c) For an observer on the car, v = 0 at the highest point because that person is moving along with the ball
horizontally. For an observer on the ground, the ball has a horizontal velocity of 12.0 m/s at the highest point .
(d) Calling θ the launch angle gives
tan θ = (25.0 m/s)/(12.0 m/s) → θ = 64.4° above the horizontal
v= vx2 + vy2 = (25.0 m/s)2 + (12.0 m/s)2 = 27.7 m/s
(e) x = (12.0 m/s)(5.10 s) = 61.2 m . The distance moved by the ball relative to the car is zero because both have
the same horizontal velocity.

88. (a) From the passenger’s viewpoint, the camera falls straight down:
From the nearby boat, the camera falls a parabolic arc:
(b) Relative to the ship, v0 = 0 because the camera is moving with the ship. Relative to the lake surface,
v0 = 2.40 m/s horizontally because it has the same velocity as the ship at that instant.
2h 2(10.0 m)
(c) h = 12 gt 2 → t = = = 1.43 s
g 9.80 m/s2
(d) The total distance traveled is just 10.0 m since the camera falls straight down in this reference frame.
G
(e) If d is the displacement of the camera, dx = vxt = (2.40 m/s)(1.43 s) = 3.43 s and dy = 10.0 m. Therefore the
magnitude d of the displacement is
d = (3.43 m)2 + (10.0 m)2 = 10.6 m
The passengers on the nearby boat see a larger displacement than those on the ship because to the ones on the boat
the camera has a nonzero horizontal velocity component giving it a horizontal displacement component. To the
people on the ship, the camera has only a vertical displacement.
G
89. v A = (35 m/s) ^x,
G
v B = [(30 m/s) cos 10°] ^x + [(30 m/s) sin 10°] ŷ = (29.5 m/s) ^x + (5.21 m/s) ^y.
The velocity of car B relative to car A is

G G
v B − v A = (29.5 m/s − 35 m/s ) ^x + (5.21 m/s) ŷ = (−5.5m / s)xˆ + (5.2 m/s) yˆ .
dA 350 m
(b) Time for car A to get to point ⊗ : tA = v = 35 m/s = 10 s.
A
During that time car B will travel a distance of dB = vB t = (30 m/s)(10 s) = 300 m.
Since the angled ramp is longer than the straight ramp, car B will not be at point ⊗ when car A is there. Therefore
they do not collide at point ⊗ .
350 m
(c) The length of the 10° ramp is dB = = 355 m.
cos 10°
dB 355 m
So the time for car B to reach point ⊗ is tB = v = 30 m/s = 11.8 s.
B
During the 11.8 s, car A will travel a total distance of (35 m/s)(11.8 s) = 413 m.
Therefore, when car B reaches point ⊗ , car A will travel an extra distance of 413 m − 350 m = 63 m. Thus, there is
no collision.
Thus car A is 63 m ahead.

M03 Wils2076 07 Im C03

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

M03 Wils2076 07 Im C03

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

Multiple Choice Questions:

11. (b). 130 km/h – 70 km/h = 60 km/h

12. (d). 60 km/h + 80 km/h = 140 km/h

13. (d). 60 km/h + 80 km/h = 140 km/h

4. The vectors must have equal magnitudes but opposite directions.

(b) Yes, if all but one of the components are zero.

6. Yes, when the vector is in the y-direction, it has a zero x-component.

7. No, a vector quantity cannot be added to a scalar quantity.

15. (a) Zero

(b) v = vx2 + vy2 = 2 2 2 2

(b) d = (50 m)2 + (100 m)2 = 1.1 × 102 m ,

7. (a) x = (50 m) cos 37° = 40 m, y = (50 m) sin 37° = 30 m.

8. vx = vo cosθ = (1.50 m/s) cos 45° = 1.06 m/s,

x = xo + vx t = 0 + (1.06 m/s)(1.65 s) = 1.75 m , vo

9. Take both xo and yo to be 0. x = vx t = (0.60 m/s)(2.5 s) = 1.5 m, y = vy t = (0.80 m/s)(2.5 s) = 2.0 m.

10. Converting units: 10 km/h = 2.78 m/s

tan θ = (1.5 m/s)/(2.78 m/s) → θ = 28° above the horizontal

vx = (894 m/s) sin 20° = 306 m/s ,

vy = (894 m/s) cos 20° = 840 m/s . vx

y = yo + vyo t + 12 ay t 2 = 0 + 0 + 12(−0.75 m/s2)(4.0 s)2 = −6.0 m.

So the position is (12 m‚ −6.0 m) .

14. 60 km/h = 16.7 m/s.

16. (a) (b)

17. (a) Yes , vector addition is associative.

(b) See the diagrams below.

Therefore, Ax + Bx = 6.0 and Ay + By = 1.0

Therefore, Ax − Bx = 4.0 and Ay − By = 7.0

Therefore, A = (5.0)2 + (4.0)2 = 6.4

F1y = (50.0 N) sin 30° = 25.0 N. θ 60°

23. (a) We measure the angle from the +x-axis.

So it is (−3.4cm) xˆ + ( − 2.9 cm) yˆ .

So the vector is 4.5 cm‚ 63° above −x-axis .

A' = (2 Ax ) 2 + (2 Ay ) 2 = 4( Ax ) 2 + 4( Ay ) 2 = 2 Ax2 + Ay2 = 2 A ,

(c) Using the results of part (a) gives

27. (a) See the diagram on the right.

29. Ax = 5.0 m/s, Ay = 0.

(A + B + C)x = 5.0 m/s + 5.0 m/s + (−13.0 m/s) = −3.0 m/s,

30. From Exercise 3.29:

(A − B − C)y = 0 − 8.66 m/s − 7.5 m/s = −16 m/s.

35. (a) In the same direction .

(b) In the opposite directions .

Perpendicular: F⊥ = (50 N) cos 37° = 40 N . w = 50 N

= (−24.7 mi) ^x + (44.7 mi) ŷ .

ΣFy = 141 N − 100 N − F3 = 0. So F3 = 41 N down

(b) x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (1.0 m/s)(0.64 s) = 0.64 m .

y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − (4.9 m/s2)(2.33 × 10−7 s)2 = −2.7 × 10−13 m.

about gravitational effects.

y = ½ gt2 = ½ (9.80 m/s2)(2.5 s)2 = 31 m below its original position

(b) vx = v0 = 5.0 m/s

48. Using the range formula gives

49. 140 km/h = 38.89 m/s. (Take both xo and yo as 0.)

(b) y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + 0 − 12 (9.80 m/s2)(0.473 s)2 = −1.10 m. So it drops by 1.10 m .

x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (0.25 m/s)(0.452 s) = 0.11 m for both. (Take both xo as 0.)

1.5 km directly above the soldiers .

So x = xo + vxo t = 0 + (0.75 m/s)(1.02 s) = 0.77 m .

(b) The ball would not fall back in .

x = v0t → v0 = x/t = (5.0 m)/(0.904 s) = 5.5 m/s

55. g = (9.80 m/s2)/6 on the surface of the Moon.

56. Use Eq. 3.11.

57. (a) (Take both xo and yo as 0.)

y = yo + vyo t – 12 gt 2 = 0 + vyo t − 12 gt 2, ) −20 m = 0 + (8.485 m/s)t − 12 (9.80 m/s2)t2.