ANSWER SHEET
SELF PRACTICE
3.
(a) General Dyer
Explanation: General Dyer was the
commander in charge in Amritsar. He was cruel
and open fired upon the crowd in Jallianwala
Bagh ground.
Related Theory
 When martial law is imposed, the state is subjected
to the control of the army and they are given the
reign to perform their duty. Rights of the general
public are curtailed.
5.
(c) Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Explanation: Abanindranath Tagore and
Raja Ravi Varma were both painters and
Rabindranath Tagore wrote Geetanjali.
Related Theory
 He wrote this noveland the song Vande Matram
which was his hymn to his motherland India was
included in it.
6.
(a) Industrialists were close to the Congress. They acted in the name of Mahatma Gandhi
Explanation: The industrial working classes
did not participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement in large numbers, except in the
Nagpur region. As the industrialists became
closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof
because they had different and conflicting
interests.
8.
(b) Nagpur Session
Explanation: (i) At the Calcutta (now known as
Kolkata) session of the Congress in September
1920, Gandhiji convinced other leaders of the
need to start a non-cooperation movement in
support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj. (ii)
Madras (now known as Chennai) session of the
Congress was held in 1927. (iii) Nagpur session
of the Congress was held in December 1920.
13. (c) Lahore
Explanation: In December 1929, under the
presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Congress
formalised the demand of ‘Purna Swaraj’ or
full independence for India at Lahore. It was
declared that 26 January, 1930, would be
celebrated as the Independence Day when
people were to take a pledge to struggle for
complete independence.
Related Theory
 In his famous book Hind Swaraj, published in 1909,
Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was
established in India with the cooperation of Indians,
6 Social Science Class X
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and had survived only because of this cooperation.
If Indians refuse to cooperate, British rule in India
would collapse within a year and ‘Swaraj’ would
come.
 At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September
1920, Gandhiji convinced other leaders to start
a non-cooperation movement for Swaraj and in
support of Khilafat Movement at Madras Session in
1927, resolution for Purna Swaraj was proposed.
16.
(d) The police fired at peasants
Explanation: The police in United Provinces
fired at peasants near Rae Bareli.
Related Theory
 Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to get to the place of
firing but was stopped by the police. Agitated and
angry, Nehru addressed the peasants who gathered
around him.
18.
(a) The tribals
Explanation: Although the tribals were
not aware of the fight for freedom or
independence from the British, they expected
the movement to put an end to their problems.
and linked the movement with the Congress.
25.
(d) (III) – (I) – (II) - (IV)
Explanation: Mahatma Gandhi came to India
from South Africa in 1915 and arranged the
Kheda Satygaraha in 1917, the hartal against
Rowlatt Act in 1919. The Non-Cooperation
movement was later adopted in 1920-21.
Caution
 Students must know that special attention has to
be paid to the chronology of these Satyagraha
incidents:
(1) Champaran Satyagraha- 1916-1917
(2) Kheda-1917
(3) Ahmedabad Satyagraha- 1917
27.
(d) (IV) - (III) - (I) - (II)
Related Theory
 Champaran Satyagraha - 1916
 Government of India Act 1919
 Simon commission arrival in India - 1928
 Demand of Poorna Swaraj in Lahore Session of INC -
1929
34. Representing Hindus and Muslims.
36. (b) (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Explanation: In 1918, Mahatma Gandhi went
to Ahmedabad to organise a satyagraha
movement for cotton mill workers.
In 1922, Gandhiji called off the NCM due to an
incident held at Chauri Chaura in Gorakhpur
(UP) in which 22 policemen were burnt alive
during the agitation.
 In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in India to
look into the working and functioning of the
constitutional system in India and suggest
changes but was boycotted as all its seven
members were British.
In 1930, on 26 January, the first Independence
Day was celebrated in India as per the decision
taken in 1929 at Lahore session of the Congress
under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
39. (d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct
Explanation: At the Congress session
at Nagpur in December 1920, the Non-
Cooperation programme was adopted after
long discussions.
Chauri Chaura witnessed a violent clash
between the people and policemen where
people burnt the police station at the pretext
of protest. Gandhiji called off the movement
as he supported protests only through Non-
violent methods.
Related Theory
 At the madras session in 1927 resolution for Purna
Swaraj was proposed.
44. (C) (b) Gandhiji
Explanation: Gandhiji created the flag
which was called the Swaraj Flag in 1921.
(D) (c) (A) is correct but (R) is wrong
Explanation: Britishers ruled us and
showed the world that we were corrupt
and barbaric and required civilised rulers
to rule and educate us. They justified the
bad behaviour and injustice by using this
assumption. Indian history was hence
needed to be retold and reasserted to
show that Indians were always prosperous
and smart enough to be sovereign rulers of
their nation.
46.
(A) (c) Industrialists
(C) (d) They wanted their business to flourish
which could only happen if Indian exports
were encouraged.
Explanation: Keen on expanding their
business, the industrialists reacted against
colonial policies that restricted business
activities through this movement. Hence,
they wanted protection against imports of
foreign goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign
exchange ratio that would discourage
imports.
47.
(A) (d) Ajay Ghosh
Explanation: He was a revolutionary and
supported Bhagat Singh in this form of
Revolution.
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(D) (b) Radical Nationalist
Explanation: He was a radical nationalist
who believed in using any method to
aid the cause of Indian independence
movement.
48. (A) (a) They were to analyse the working of
Indian Constitution and suggest reforms.
Explanation: Newly elected Tory
government in Britain constituted a
Statutory Commission under Sir John
Simon as it was threatened by the
nationalist movement, the commission
was supposed to analyse the functioning of
Indian constitutional system and suggest
changes.
(C) (c) India was to continue to be colonised
country but with more participation of
Indians in the administration.
Explanation: Irwin proposed India would
be given more independence in making its
laws however it would continue to remain
under the rule of Britain.
49. (C) In Non-cooperation Movement, People
were to refuse cooperation with British
while in the Civil Disobedience Movement
people were encouraged to break colonial
laws.
While Non-Cooperation Movement was
not as large in its appeal, Civil Disobedience
Movement was carried out on a larger
scale. Laws were actually being broken,
schools, colleges and elections boycotted.
54.
Plantation workers in Assam were not allowed
to leave the plantations without permissions
under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859.
Explanation: For plantation workers in Assam,
freedom meant the right to move freely in and
out of the confined space in which they were
enclosed, and it meant retaining a link with the
village from which they had come. However,
the Act came as a deterrent. When the heard
of NCM they defied the authorities by traveling
outside of their area.
58.
The ‘Simon Commission’ was opposed by
Indians because the Commission which was
to meant review the functioning of Indian
administration had no Indian members.
72.
Mahatma Gandhi found salt to be a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation because
salt was an essential commodity and was
consumed in equal quantity by both the rich
and poor. The British charged tax on salt also
and both the economic groups were against
it because it was an essential commodity.
Gandhi found the salt law to be oppressive and
Nationalism in India 7
 so, sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven
demands and one of them was to abolish the
salt tax. However British government didn’t
accept it and then Gandhiji started his famous
Salt March also known as Dandi March and
abolished the salt law by manufacturing salt
by boiling sea water at Dandi on 6th April.
Thus, the Civil Disobedience Movement started.
Related Theory
 The letter with eleven demands that Gandhiji wrote
to Viceroy Lord Irwin was actually an ultimatum that
if their demands were not fulfilled, then they would
start protesting against the British government.
76.
The Civil Disobedience Movement was
different from the Non-cooperation movement
in the following ways:
(1) The Non-cooperation Movement was
launched in 1921 by Mahatma Gandhi
but the Civil Disobedience Movement was
launched in 1930.
(2)
The Non-cooperation movement started
with middle class participation, whereas
the Civil Disobedience Movement was first
supported by industrialists like GD Birla,
Purshottamdas Thakur, etc.
(3) Due to Khalifa issues, the Muslim
community participated in non-
cooperation movement on large scale but
the growing proximity of the Congress
party and Hindu Mahasabha prevented
the Muslims from participating in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
(4)
The Non-cooperation movement was
withdrawn by Gandhi due to a violent
incident at Chauri Chaura, whereas the Civil
Disobedience Movement was withdrawn
in 1931, when Gandhi signed the Gandhi-
Irwin pact.
(5) In non-cooperation movement, women
did not participate much but large scale
participation of women is one of the
most significant features of the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
(Any 3 of 5 points can be written to get full
marks)
79.
Mahatma Gandhi found salt to be a powerful
symbol that could unite the nation because, as
it is an essential commodity, it was consumed
in equal quantity by both rich and poor. British
charged salt tax which was highly disliked by
all sections of society equally. Gandhi used
this common woe to lay seeds of unity and
nationality amongst all sections otherwise
divided by caste and class.
He broke the salt law to launch the civil
disobedience movement and aimed for more
political participation from Indians to achieve
Poorna Swaraj.
8 Social Science Class X
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Related Theory
 Gandhi found the salt law to be oppressive and so,
sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin, stating 11 demands,
one which was to abolish the salt tax. He started
his famous Salt March (also known as Dandi March)
when British rejected these demands’ as a symbol of
protest. He broke the salt law by manufacturing salt
by boiling sea water at Dandi and soon after this, he
launched Civil Disobedience Movement.
81.
Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a nation-
wide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act because:
(1) The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed
through the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition of the Indian
members.
(2) It gave the government enormous power
to repress political activities.
(3) It allowed for detention of political
prisoners without trial for two years.
(4) Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobe-
dience against such unjust laws.
(Any 3 of 4 points can be written to get full
marks)
Related Theory
 The Rowlatt Act allowed certain political cases to be
tried without juries.
83.
Mahatma Gandhi launched the Civil Disobe-
dience Movement for the following reasons:
(1) Lord Irwin ignored the eleven demands of
Gandhi, including the abolition of the salt
tax. Various methods of trying to bring
political empowerment in the country from
within the councils failed too.
(2) After the demand for Purna Swaraj
formalised, 26 January, 1930 was
celebrated as Independence Day. However,
such celebrations for freedom could not
attract much attention and participation.
Gandhiji understood that in order to
mobilise the masses and increase their
participation, he needed to focus on what
bothered them the most about the colonial
government.
(3) The idea of Civil Disobedience was mainly
focused on problems and issues that
people faced in their everyday life. He
identified problems which the rich as well
as the poor alike faced and highlighted
these issues under a united campaign
against the British.
(4) The movement was to succeed the non-
cooperation movement and take the cause
of Swaraj further. Thus, Gandhiji involved
new programmes which were stronger and
stricter than before.
 (Any 3 of 4 points can be written to get full
marks)
86.
The main features of ‘Poona Pact’ were:
(1) The Poona Pact (of September 1932)
gave Depressed Classes (later to be
known as Scheduled caste) reserved
seats in provincial and central legislative
councils.
(2) They were to be voted in by the general
electorate.
(3) The act came into force due to Gandhiji’s
fast unto death.
(4) Ambedkar ultimately accepted Gandhiji’s
stand.
(5) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be described)
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92. (1) The Non-cooperation movement gradually
slowed down in the cities due to a lack of
Indian alternatives to the boycotted foreign
goods.
(2) People could not boycott cheap machine-
made foreign cloth for long because khadi
was expensive.
(3) Also, people couldn’t boycott British
administered schools, colleges and
courts completely because there were no
alternative Indian institutions for them to
study or work.
(4) They had to run back to these institutions
to earn and sustain. They were getting
frustrated and impatient due to continuous
struggle.
Related Theory
 The Non-cooperation Khilafat movement began in
January 1921. Various social groups participated
in this movement with their specific reasons. All of
them responded to the call of Swaraj, boycotted
foreign goods but their means to gain Swaraj
differed. Some turned violent, which defeated the
purpose of this movement. It was called off after a
violent burning of a police station in Chauri Chaura in
the name of protest.
96.
A feeling of nationalism was created through
reinterpretation of history:
(1) British’s account of Indian history was
prejudiced and painted Indians to be low,
illiterate and corrupt.
(2) Indian leaders retold history by glorifying
their achievements making the people
realise that India was not a land to be
ruled, it was the golden land of art and
culture.
(3) Past achievements, riches, prosperity,
art and architecture were shown with
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marvel. Literature and scientific reasoning
possessed by Indians was shown to
be ahead of its time to make Indians
understand they were not made to be
subjects.
99.
Mahatma Gandhi decided to launch a
nationwide Satyagraha against the proposed
Rowlatt Act (1919) because:
(1) The Rowlatt Act had been hurriedly passed
through the Imperial Legislative Council
despite the united opposition of the Indian
members.
(2) It gave the government enormous power
to repress political activities.
(3) It allowed detention of political prisoners
without trial for two years.
(Any 2 of the 3 points can be written to get full
marks)
(1) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil
disobedience against such unjust law.
(2) Rallies were organised in various cities.
(3) Workers went on strikes in railway
workshops.
(4) Shops were shut down.
(Any 3 of the 4 points can be written to get full
marks)
102. Various symbols played their role in evoking
the sentiments of nationalism in India in the
following ways:
(1) Various folk tales, stories of legends and
mythological heroes, popular art forms
and symbols like national flag, provide a
sense of belonging and collective identity
to the people.  
(2) National song  Vande Mataram  evoked a
sense of belonging, uniting people speaking
different languages and living in different
regions. The identity of India came to be
associated with Bharat Mata was depicted
as composed, divine and spiritual.
(3) Folk tales, songs and hymns were used by
our national leaders to instill a new sense
of pride among Indians in their own culture
tradition and historical past.
(4) Khadi and  charkha  used by Mahatma
Gandhi became symbols of resistance.
(5) Folk tales, songs and literature used by
nationalists  gave a true picture of India’s
culture which was rich, unadulterated and
uncorrupted.
104. The plantation workers’ understanding of
Mahatma Gandhi and Swaraj has been
detailed below:
(1) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom
meant the right to move freely in and out
Nationalism in India 9
 of the confined space in which they were
enclosed and it meant retaining a link with
the village from which they had come.
(2) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859,
plantation workers were not permitted to
leave the tea gardens without permission.
In fact, they were rarely given such
permission.
(3) When they heard of the Non-cooperation
movement, thousands of workers defied
the authorities, left the plantations, and
headed home.
(4) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming
and everyone would be given land in their
own villages. They never reached home,
as they were stranded on the way by
a railway and steamer strike, and were
caught by the police and brutally beaten
up.
(5) They interpreted the term Swaraj in their
109. Middle classes played an important role in
own ways, imagining it to be a time when
all sufferings and troubles would be over.
Thus, the plantation workers too had their own
understanding of Gandhi’s notion of Swaraj.
106. Effects of the Non-cooperation movement are:
(1) Students left government schools and
colleges, head-masters, teachers resigned
from their jobs and lawyers stopped
practicing.
(2) Liquor shops were picketed, foreign cloth
was burnt in huge bonfires and foreign
goods were boycotted.
(3) The import of foreign clothes halved
between 1921 and 1922, leading its value
to drop from 102 Crore to 57 Crore rupees.
(4) Traders and merchants refused to trade in
foreign goods and finance foreign trade.
(5) People boycotted foreign clothes and
started using Khadi clothes.
(6) Council elections were boycotted in every
province, except in Madras.
(Any 5 of 6 points can be written to get full
marks)
108. Non-Cooperation Movement in the Plantations
of Assam:
(1) The plantation workers in Assam had their
own understanding of Mahatma Gandhi
and notions of Swaraj.
10 Social Science Class X
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(2) For plantation workers in Assam, freedom
meant the right to move freely in and out
of the confined space in which they were
enclosed.
(3) For them swaraj meant retaining a link
with the village from which they had come
(4) Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859
plantation workers were not allowed to
leave the tea gardens without permission.
(5) When workers heard of NCM thousands
of workers defied the authorities, left the
plantations and headed home.
(6) They believed that Gandhi Raj was coming
and everyone would be given land in their
own villages.
(7) But they never reached their home due
to railway and steamer strike, they were
caught by the police and beaten up
brutally.
the Non-cooperation movement in the cities
(1) Thousands of students left the
government-controlled schools and
colleges, headmasters and teachers
resigned, and lawyers gave up their legal
practices.
(2) The council elections were boycotted in
most provinces except Madras.
(3) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor
shops picketed, and foreign cloth burnt in
huge bonfires.
The movement in the cities gradually slowed
down for a variety of reasons:
(1) Khadi cloth was more expensive than
mass-produced mill cloth and poor
people could not afford it and therefore
could not boycott mill cloth for very long.
(2) Similarly boycotting British institutions
also posed a problem as there were no
alternative national institutions to fulfil
the educational needs.
(3) As a result students and teachers began
trickling back to government schools and
lawyers joined back work in government
courts.
(4) Any other relevant point.
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