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CVL633 - 2 W22 Subgrade - 1 Slide
CVL633 - 2 W22 Subgrade - 1 Slide
CVL633:2
Subgrade
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Pavement structure
Surface Course
Drainage Layer
Base
Subbase
Subgrade
Subgrade
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Subgrade
Original
Ground
"Cut"
backslope
Top of
Pavement Imported approved and
engineered soil (from
R.O.W. excavation or
borrow source)
Soil In-Situ
(in place)
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Subgrade
• CUTS (excavations)
• slope geometry/stability
• water table/surface water intercepts
• slope drainage, slope erosion
• ice buildup (rock face seepage)
• materials management – load/haul/dump
• excess materials – surplus/unsuitable/waste
• ditch capacity - drainage, debris catchment
• bedrock drainage (shatter)
• FILLS (embankments/backfill)
• embankment stability (global)
• benching/ toe berm
• water table cut-off (side cuts)
• compaction requirements - eliminate future settlement (consolidation)
• drainage at watercourse crossings (culverts)
• swamps - drainage, compressible soils
• Transitions
• cut/fill/rock/earth
• frost tapers
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Soil – Problems
over-steepened ditches
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Subgrade – Soil
• unsuitable material – global criteria
• remove and replace with suitable material (selected subgrade material)
• organic soils (peat)
• high compressibility/settlement; poor drainage conditions
• sensitive soils
• use of lightweight fill
• frost susceptible soils (silts)
• treatments required within the frost zone
• 1.6m – 2.6m in northern Ontario
• plastic soils (clays)
• PI>6
• proof rolling - load test for local areas of low stability (poor drainage, compressible)
• wet soils
• excess moisture content in silts, clays, e.g., FMC exceeds OMC
• top soil (if present)
• removed, stockpiled, reused – seeding (revegetation)
• borrow
• material from outside R.O.W.
• suitability criteria, proximity
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Subgrade – Bedrock
• high excavation costs - drill, blast, muck
• type – hardness, uniformity
• structure – jointing, weathering, foliation etc.
• rockline (overburden depth, weathering)
• cut/fill quantities
• bulking factor
• suitability of surplus material for aggregate production
• drainage
• blasting creates an uneven bedrock surface with poor
drainage
• shatter - fracturing of solid rock within the road section to
form a foundation for granulars and provide drainage
• shale!!!
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Rock
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Bulking Factor
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9m
40m
3m
15m
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Shale
• Fine grained sedimentary rock
• siltstone, claystone, mudstone
• Variable properties
• rock - soil
• weathering, slaking
• Construction problems
• Excavation
• Compaction
• Durability
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Soil Construction
• Excavations use scrapers, bulldozers,
backhoes, excavators
• excavated material is used in fills, widenings
or removed from site
• Fills are placed and compacted in layers to
achieve maximum density
• compacted to a specified level of compaction
at OMC
• typically 95% Proctor density (earth)
• 98% Proctor density for granulars
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Soil – Construction
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Soil – Construction
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Swamp Excavation
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Ontario Soils
• Till
• boulder, sand, silt, clay
• Glaciofluvial
• sand, gravel
• Glaciolacustrine
• varved clays, silts
• Marine clays
• “quick” clays
• Aeolian
• loess (silts)
• sand dunes
• Organics
• peat/muskeg (swamp)
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Geotechnical investigations
• identify existing conditions
• subsurface soil profile – may includes existing
pavement structure
• bedrock/ weathered zone – type, structure
• water table
• subgrade suitability – estimate quantities of
usable/unusable materials
• augers (portable/ vehicle mounted)
• backhoes: trench, pit
• core drills (bedrock): core barrel – descriptions,
recovery, RQD
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Soils Investigation
• sampling
• cut areas - required – dependant on soil types
present
• fill areas – discretionary (embankment support)
• foundations
• soil types – based on field descriptions
• field tests (structure foundations)
• Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 'N' Value
• Vane tests – shear strength of soft silt and/or clay
materials/ organics (swamp)
• geophysics (subgrade/pavement profile)
• GPR (ground penetrating radar)/ seismic refraction/ electric
resistivity
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Soil Classification
• ENGINEERING soil classifications – based on particle size
distribution and behaviour/susceptibility to moisture
• Sieve Analysis
• Hydrometer Analysis
• Moisture Content
• Atterberg Limits
• additional tests to determine engineering properties
• strength/ stability
• consolidation
• permeability
• moisture-density relationships
• frost heave potential
• erodability
• Soil properties may be grouped (classified)
• predict behaviour
• apply modifications/ improvements
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Soil Classification
• coarse grained soils: > 50% retained on the
75𝜇m sieve
• sands, gravels, cobbles, boulders
• fine grained soils > 50% passing the 75𝜇m
sieve
• silts, clays
• organic soils
• topsoil, peat (muskeg)
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Plasticity
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Atterberg Limits
Liquid Limit (LL); Plastic Limit (PL); Plastic Index (Ip)
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0–3 Non-Plastic
7 – 15 Moderately Plastic
16 – 35 Plastic
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Subgrade
• subgrade strength
• maximum load bearing capacity
• frictional resistance between soil particles
• cohesion/adhesion between soil particles
• particle interlock to resist deformation
• subgrade stiffness
• resistance to deformation/displacement under
load
• strain displacements/ modulus
• affected by
• particle type - rock/mineral fragment; clay
• particle size distribution
• degree of compaction/consolidation
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CBR
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CBR
• compares the load/displacement characteristics of a material with that of a
well-graded crushed stone (reference)
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In-Situ CBR
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1Load frame;
2Load cell;
2 3LVDT;
4Triaxial cell;
3
5Split mould;
6Vibratory
compaction device;
7Test specimen
4 6
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S3 = 20 psi
3000 3000
2000 2000
1000 1000
0 0
294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 295.8 296 296.2 296.4 296.6 296.8 297 297.2
Time (sec.) Time (sec.)
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Stacked Plates
• k=p/s
• p = contact pressure; s = deflection
• concrete pavement design
• reflects the response of the subgrade under temporary
(elastic) conditions and small deflections, usually 0.05
inches or less
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AASHTO Classification
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AASHTO Classification
• guide for soils for subgrade construction
(subbase: A1, A3)
• indication of relative load bearing capacity
1. use chart beginning on LHS
2. move right until all conditions are met
3. calculate the GI
• report Group/subgroup name and GI
e.g., A-1-a (0)
• GI = 0 is best for subgrade/subbase
• GI > 20 indicates very poor material
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Soil Compaction
• mechanically increasing the density of soil
through volume reduction
• Increase load-bearing capacity
• Reduce permeability
• Reduce settlement (consolidation)
• Densification under a material’s own weight or
added load (occurs over time)
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Principle of compaction
Atkins H.
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Laboratory Compaction
• Standard Proctor Test
• Modified Proctor
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Soil – Problems
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Field Compaction
Vibratory Smooth Drum Roller
• One drum
Atkins H.
Two drums
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Frost Heave
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https://rdl.train.army.mil/soldierPortal/atia/adlsc/view/public/6722-1/fm/5-410/ch4.HTM
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T < 0 0C T = 0 0C T > 0 0C
air
soil Freezing Front
(frost penetration depth)
Water Table
(+ capillary rise)
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FHWA
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Non Frost‐Susceptible Soil
Freezing Front
(frost depth)
Frost‐susceptible Soil
Water Table
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Non Frost‐Susceptible Soil
Freezing Front
(frost depth)
Frost‐susceptible Soil
Water Table
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Non Frost‐Susceptible Soil
Freezing Front
(frost depth)
Frost‐susceptible Soil
Water Table
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Non Frost‐Susceptible Soil Freezing Front
(frost depth)
Frost‐susceptible Soil
Water Table
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Freezing Front
(frost depth)
Frost‐susceptible Soil
Water Table
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Thaw Weakening
Highway Materials, Soil, and Concrete, 4th edition
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Thaw Weakening
• occurs during Spring thaw of frozen ground
• frozen ground at depth reduces subsurface
drainage of upper portion of subgrade and
overlying pavement layers
• creates saturated conditions: weakened
subgrade, pavement structure
• load reductions in effect to protect Ontario's
highways during Spring thaw, when road
damage is most likely to occur.
• March, April in southern Ontario
• March April and May in northern Ontario
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