Base Subbase Drainage - 1 Slide

CVL 633:3 Base, Subbase and Drainage
CVL 633 Highway
Materials
Road Base, Subbase;
Pavement Drainage
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Pavement structure
Surface Course
Drainage Layer
Base
Subbase
Subgrade
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Pavement Structure Types
• Flexible pavements
• HMA surface
• Conventional
• Deep strength
• “Perpetual” pavements
• Bituminous Surface Treatments
• Unpaved roads
• Inverted pavements
• Rigid pavements
• PCC
• Composite (HMA overlay)
• Base and subbase requirements vary
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Flexible Pavements
• structure is typically composed of several layers of
material
• asphalt/bituminous surface layer
• compacted granular material layers over subgrade
• total pavement structure bends or deflects due to
traffic load
• intensity of load diminishes, spreading over an
increasingly larger area with depth
• each layer contributes to structural support
• load is transmitted downwards from the surface
• vertical stresses mechanically transmitted to the lower
layers through contact points within granular layers
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Flexible Pavements
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Cross‐section ‐ Flexible Pavement
Traffic Lane Shoulder
AC layers
Granular base
Granular subbase
Subgrade
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Load Distribution ‐ Flexible Pavement
Wheel Load
HMA
Base
Subbase
Subgrade
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Inverted Pavements
• HMA surface course
• ride, protection
• unstabilized base
• primary load bearing layer
• compaction, gradation,
durability
• cement stabilized subbase
• reaction platform for
compaction
• reduction in stress levels on
subgrade
NCHRP 445 Practices for Unbound Aggregate Pavement Layers (TRB 2013)
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Rigid pavements
• pavement structure is composed of high modulus
(rigid) layer of hydraulic cement concrete as surface
course
• high modulus of elasticity resulting in very low
deflections under loading
• provides the majority of pavement strength
• base or sub base layers make minimal contributions
to pavement strength
• provide drainage and frost protection
• also provide a working platform for construction
equipment.
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Cross‐section ‐ Rigid Pavement
Traffic Lane Shoulder
PCC Slab
OGDL (optional)
Base (optional)
Subbase
Subgrade
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Load Distribution ‐ Rigid Pavement
Wheel Load
PCC Slab
Base (optional)
Subbase
Subgrade
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Rigid Pavements
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ONTARIO PROVINCIAL STANDARDS FOR
ROADS AND PUBLIC WORKS (OPS)
• http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/OPS.nsf/OPSHomepage
• Municipal & Provincial Common:
• OPS Volume 1 ‐ General & Construction Specifications
• OPS Volume 2 ‐ Material Specifications
• OPS Volume 3 ‐ Drawings for Roads, Barriers, Drainage, Sanitary Sewers,
Watermains, and Structures
• OPS Volume 4 ‐ Drawings for Electrical Work
• Provincial‐Oriented:
• OPS Volume 5 ‐ MTO General Conditions of Contract and General &
Construction Specifications
• Municipal‐Oriented:
• OPS Volume 7 ‐ OPS General Conditions of Contract and General &
Construction Specifications
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Ontario Provincial Standard Specification
(OPSS)
• OPSS 1010: material
specification for
granular materials:
• road base/subbase
• bedding, backfill to
structure
• road shoulders
• unpaved road surface
• selected subgrade
material
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Granular Base
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Granular Base
• Strength ‐ provides significant load bearing capacity
within pavement structure
• supports overlying pavement layers
• load transfer to subbase
• Stability ‐ high resistance to shear failure
• prevent rutting, deformation (flexible pavements)
• Drainage ‐ provides lateral drainage of water
entering from adjacent layers
• permeable (k > 10‐4 cm/s)
• Frost protection ‐ prevent heave/distortions due to
ice lensing
• maximum % material passing 75µm sieve
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Granular Base ‐
Material Requirements (Production)
• Particle size distribution
• dense graded material – compaction, strength
• maximum particle size ‐ construction
• P4.75mm ~50‐50 coarse/fine aggregate fractions
• P75𝜇m ‐ min 2% (density), max 8‐10% (permeability)
• 0‐5% for drainage granular (OPSS Gran O)
• 9‐15% for impermeable surface, unpaved roads (OPSS Granular S)
• OMC (5‐7%)/ MDD (2.2‐2.4 t/m3)
• Particle shape and surface texture:
• >60% angular particles required (crushed faces/edges) to
provide particle interlock (strength); reduce movement of
particle against each other (stability)
• 100% crushed – open graded drainage granular
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Granular Base Material
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Granular Base (Granular A)

100
26.5 mm maximum
80 min 60% crushed
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
2 – 8% pass 75 m
(10% max for quarried
materials, slag)
20
35 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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Granular Base (AASHTO M147 Grading A)

100
50 mm maximum
80
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
2 – 8% pass 75 m
20
25 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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Granular Base (Granular O)

100
37.5 mm maximum
80 100% crushed
(bedrock, oversize)
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
0 – 5% pass 75 m
20
20 – 45% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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Road Base (Open Graded – OPSS Granular O)
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Granular O (OPSS 1010)
• produced from quarried bedrock or crushed
boulders, cobbles or gravel retained on the 50 mm
(oversize > 50mm) – 100% crushed material
• maximum size 37.5 mm
• open graded for improved drainage
• decreased stability
• higher permeability, maximum 5% pass 75 𝜇m
• increased physical property requirements
• reclaimed materials are not permitted
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CVL633:3 Road Base (OPSS Granular S)
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OPSS.MUNI 1010
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Granular Base ‐
Material Requirements (Physical)
• Resistance to impact/abrasion
• high resistance to degradation during construction
• high resistance to breakdown during service
• degradation changes the grading ‐ adversely affects strength,
drainage characteristics
• Resistance to weathering
• good freeze‐thaw durability
• unaffected by moisture ‐ slaking resistance
• Plastic fines (clay minerals)
• Restricted ‐ reduces strength, permeability
• Petrographic requirements
• weak, deleterious materials affect performance
• clay lumps, asphalt coated particles (from RAP)
• micaceous minerals – drainage
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Granular A (OPSS 1010)
• may be derived from:
• naturally formed deposits (sand and gravel), quarry
(bedrock) or talus
• reclaimed materials:
• reclaimed hydraulic cement concrete (100%)
• iron blast furnace slag or nickel slag
• may contain:
• up to 30 % asphalt coated particles (from RAP)
• not more than 15 % glass and/or ceramic material
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Granular Subbase
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Granular Subbase
• provides pavement drainage, frost protection
• provides support to upper layers of pavement
structure
• load transfer to subgrade
• separates base from subgrade
• minimizes intrusion of subgrade
• prevents pumping of subgrade fines
• provides a working platform for pavement construction
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Subbase (OPSS 1010: Granular B)
• natural sand/gravel deposits (Type I, Type III)
• crushed quarry rock or talus or slag (Type II)
• iron blast furnace slag or nickel slag
• may contain:
• up to 100% reclaimed crushed concrete
• up to 30 % asphalt coated particles (from RAP)
• up to 15 % glass and/or ceramic material
• Granular B Type II
• 100% crushed material
• recycled materials not currently permitted
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Granular Subbase Material
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OPSS Granular B Type I
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OPSS Granular B Type II
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Granular Subbase (Granular B Type I)

100
150 mm maximum
80
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
2 – 8% pass 75 m
20
20 – 100% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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Granular Subbase (Granular B Type II)

100
104 mm maximum
80 100% crushed, bedrock
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
2 – 10% pass 75 m
20
20 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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Granular Subbase (Granular B Type III)

100
150 mm maximum
80
Percent Passing (%)
60
40
2 – 8% pass 75 m
(10% max for quarried
materials, slag)
20
20 – 90% pass 4.75 mm

0
0.1 1 10 100
Sieve (mm)
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OPSS.PROV 1010
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Granular Shoulder
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Unpaved Roads
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Surface Course for Unpaved Roads
Requirements: Materials:
1. High stability • Dense‐graded aggregate, crushed particles
• Increased clay/plasticity provides cohesion,
binding of aggregate
2. Easy to reshape ruts, • 100% passing 25 mm allows finer
corrugations grading/leveling
3. High abrasion resistance • Hard, durable aggregates (physical properties)
4. Surface water does not • Increased fines content (reduced permeability)
penetrate • Optimum amount of clay – swelling when
exposed to moisture– can block pores
• Too much clay can result in slippery surface,
dust (when dry)
5. Low cost • Locally available materials
6. Minimum maintenance • All of the above
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Drainage
• The most important element in ensuring long‐term
pavement performance!!!
• has additional importance in high volume, multilane
highways
• Prevent ‐ eliminate or minimize water entering into
the pavement structure (through infiltration or as
groundwater)
• Remove ‐ water that enters the pavement structure
must be removed quickly to minimize damage
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Sources of Water
• surface water infiltration
• through cracks, joints in the pavement surface
• granular shoulders (unpaved sections)
• groundwater seepage
• high water table
• swamps, blocked ditches, overflow
• springs
• capillary rise (silts, fine sands)
• melt‐water from snow cover, ice lenses
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Water Infiltration into

Flexible & Rigid Pavement Sections
Flexible Pavement
on granular section
Rigid Pavement
on granular section
Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual (MTO) Fig 2.1.1
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Influence of Saturated Granular Base and Subgrade on Flexible Pavement

Performance under Dynamic Loading
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‘en echelon’ cracks indicative of a possible base or subbase failure
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• Transverse cracks after 2 years
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Rutting failure – weak base/

or poor compaction
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Pumping in Rigid Pavement
• void beneath slab
• (deflection, curling…)
• free water between
slab
• suspended fines
ejected under wheel
load
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Pumping in Rigid Pavement
• Conditions for Pumping
• subgrade soil (or
granular with excessive
fines)
• free water between
slab and
subgrade/granular
• frequent heavy wheels
loads (large deflections)
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Courtesy of American Concrete Pavement Association
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Infiltration of fines
• migration of fines from subgrade
• weakened pavement structure
• less permeable subbase
• settlement of subgrade and pavement
• deflection and / or subgrade rutting
• possible increase capillary rise in subbase
• protection of drainage systems against clogging
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Filter Criteria
• granular materials should have adequate
permeability as well as filtering capability
• to ensure adequate drainage:
• to prevent migration of fine particles
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Subgrade
Subbase
d15 (subgrade) d85(subgrade) d15 (subbase)

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Controlling Water in Pavements ‐
Prevention
• minimize infiltration of surface water into
pavement structure
• sealed surfaces
• seal cracks and joints
• use low permeability surface course materials (unpaved roads)
• protect pavement edges
• partially paved or fully paved shoulders
• seal shoulders ‐ emulsions
• lower water table elevation
• provide ditches, drains
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• IMG_8311.JPG
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Controlling Water in Pavements ‐ Removal
• provide adequate drainage – individually or in
combination
• crossfall/ slope
• from the center line towards the edges/shoulders
• across pavement (super‐elevated sections)
• longitudinal drains (subdrains, edge drains)
• slope protection
• interceptor drains, parallel drains, counterfort drain
• drainage blanket
• open‐graded drainage layers (OGDL)
• high permeability base course
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Drainage Materials ‐ aggregates
• drainage blankets
• removal of water from within pavement structure
• horizontal aggregate/granular layers, e.g., granular base/ subbase
• specified drainage layers within pavement structure (no structural contribution)
• open graded, e.g., Granular O, OGDL, “clear stone”
• open graded drainage layers (OGDL)
• coarse aggregate layers stabilized with asphalt cement (1.8%) or Portland
cement to provide stability without affecting the permeability
• open graded base course, e.g., Granular O
• permeable granular base course
• reduced fines content (0‐2% P75𝜇m)
• more difficult to place, compact
• subject to rutting when unconfined
• clear stone
• a graded aggregate intended for use in drainage, backfill, bedding
• 0‐10% passing 4.75mm sieve
• 0‐2% passing 75𝜇m sieve
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Open Graded Drainage Layer
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Drainage Materials ‐ pipes
• pipes in trenches, protected
• backfilled with specified soil/aggregate
• may be perforated, slotted –allows infiltration of water along length
• flexible (plastic) and rigid (concrete, clay, metal)
• surrounded with suitable filter materials to prevent clogging
• clear stone backfill, geotextiles used as filters
• longitudinal drains, parallel to roadway C‐Line
• subdrains – placed within subgrade
• edgedrains ‐ for rigid pavements – geotextile wrapped corrugate
plastic core
• transverse drains
• outlet pipes – from drain to ditch
• placed in a trench and backfilled with native soils
• no need for perforations, slots
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Groundwater Control and Slope Drainage
CVL633:3 MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual Fig. 2.1.4
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Drainage blanket with alternate
longitudinal edge drain
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Permeable Pavement
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Base Subbase Drainage - 1 Slide

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CVL 633:3 Base, Subbase and Drainage

Traffic Lane Shoulder

CVL633:3 Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual

Traffic Lane Shoulder

CVL633:3 Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual

Granular Base (Granular A)

35 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

Granular Base (AASHTO M147 Grading A)

25 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

Granular Base (Granular O)

20 – 45% pass 4.75 mm

Granular Subbase (Granular B Type I)

20 – 100% pass 4.75 mm

Granular Subbase (Granular B Type II)

20 – 55% pass 4.75 mm

Granular Subbase (Granular B Type III)

20 – 90% pass 4.75 mm

Water Infiltration into

Influence of Saturated Granular Base and Subgrade on Flexible Pavement

Rutting failure – weak base/

d15 (subgrade) d85(subgrade) d15 (subbase)

CVL633:3 MTO Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual Fig. 2.1.4

CVL633:3 Pavement Analysis and design

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