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FCS-MPC Current Control of Parallel Photovoltaic Grid Connected Inverter with

Common AC and DC Buses

Conference Paper · April 2019

DOI: 10.1109/CoDIT.2019.8820314

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 2019 6th International Conference on Control, Decision and
Information Technologies (CoDIT’19) | Paris, France / April 23-26, 2019
FCS-MPC Current Control of Parallel Photovoltaic Grid
Connected Inverter with Common AC and DC Buses
S. Bellaa,b, A. Houaria, A. Djeriouib, M. Machmouma, A. Chouderb, M-F. Benkhorisa, K. Ghedamsic
a
IREENA Laboratory, University of Nantes, Saint-Nazaire, France.
b
LGE Laboratory, University of M’sila, Algeria.
c
LMER Laboratory, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
Email: saad.bella@univ-nantes.fr
Abstract— As the growth penetration of photovoltaic (PV)
renewable power generation systems connected into grid increases,
high power quality and good efficiency are needed. Hence, in
photovoltaic grid-connected systems, parallel two-level inverters
(VSIs) connected with common AC and DC buses are largely used
to ensure high power quality and efficiency. Besides, such a
solution rises a number of concerned issues, especially, zero
sequence circulating current (ZSCC) which will distort the
performance of the system. This study proposes a finite set control
model predictive method for suppressing the ZSCC, and
controlling currents with rapid transient response. The causes of
the zero-sequence circulating current are presented in detail. The
proposed current controller is realized by minimizing the cost
function and pick the optimal vector to generate the control
requirement. Finally, Simulation results show that the proposed
control scheme achieves to ensure power quality, suppression of
circulating currents, and also maintains the DC-link voltage
constant.
Index Terms— Photovoltaic grid-connected inverter, Parallel
operation, circulating current, finite control set, predictive control,
DC link voltage.
I. INTRODUCTION
R ecently, because of high electricity demand in the world,
renewable energy based distributed generations (DGs) are
being more and more developed, Photovoltaic (PV) system
comes within this development [1-2]. This is often connected to
the power grid. Therefore, three-phase voltage source inverters
play an important role in PV grid systems. For high power
generation systems, where efficiency is required, reliability is
expected, and high-power quality should be maintained, power
electronic interfaces are the key solution. In this subject, due to
the technical limitations of the switching devices, the use of a
single-inverter based solution to deliver the high PV power to
the grid is often limited. Hence, it is needed to use another more
flexible architecture.
978-1-7281-0521-5/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Therefore, to increase power level and reliability of the system,
parallel inverters are usually adopted.
Thus, offering modularity, reliability, high efficiency, and
redundancy [2-4]. However, when parallel inverters are
connected in the same dc link and same ac bus, circulating
currents problem will occur between inverters. Generally, the
major cause of emerging this undesired current might be the
disparity in the parameters of the filters, different switching
frequencies, tolerance of hardware devices, and dead-times [4-
5]. The presence of circulating current leads to distort the output
currents of each inverter, makes the switching devices stressed,
the power loss is increased, as well as the overall system
efficiency is lowered.
To deal with this issue, several methods have been
investigated and reported in literature. Traditionally, the most
widely way to deal with the zero-sequence circulating current
(ZSCC) issue, is to install isolating transformers in the ac side
of the inverter [6]. The method succeeds to definitely stop the
ZSCC from circulating through inverters. However, it does cost,
increases the system size, and transformers also produce both
copper and core losses. In [7]- [9], it has been introduced a (PI)
controller to modify the distribution of zero vectors in each
switching period of space vector PWM. But the PI performance
is sensitive to the disparities of the parameter system. In
previous work, various PWM methods are presented to handle
the circulating current. In [10]- [12] it consists of adding zero-
sequence voltage (ZSV) into parallel modules in the way to
suppress the ZSCC. In [13]- [14] another circulating current
PWM method for parallel inverters was proposed, which
prevents the ZSCC by eliminating its path in the harmonic-
elimination region in each inverter or between inverters.
However, it stresses the switches, which increases the
conduction losses. Another introduced approach in [15-16],
which essentially controls the two parallel two level inverters as
one three level inverter. It is capable to eliminate ZSCC.
However, using this method brings deferential currents that
might distort the system. Also, when more than two inverters
are connected in parallel, the application of this method on
parallel system becomes too complicated.
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In this work, a control based on finite control set model switching states, take on binary “1” and “0”, are presented in
predictive (FCS-MPC) is proposed. Predictive control is largely Appendix - Table I.
used in power electronics. Because, it is easy to implement, The equations of the system in three-phases (abc) frame can
ensures fast dynamic response, uses a few adjustment of be given as:
parameters, and low frequency [17], [18]. in this paper, the
proposed method is used to control the power delivered from 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑗
𝐿𝑗 = 𝑑𝑎𝑗 𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑎𝑗 − 𝑒𝑎
PV system to the grid. It is also used to minimize circulating 𝑑𝑡
currents flows through the used parallel system. This control 𝑑𝑖𝑏𝑗
𝐿𝑗 = 𝑑𝑏𝑗 𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑏𝑗 − 𝑒𝑏 (2)
scheme predicts the future currents, then, uses the cost function 𝑑𝑡
that minimizes the error between the predicted currents and their 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑗
references in each sampling time. { 𝐿𝑗 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑐𝑗 𝑉𝑑𝑐 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑐𝑗 − 𝑒𝑐
This paper is ranged as follows. In Section II, modeling of
circulating current of two parallel inverters is analyzed, and, in where 𝑑𝑘𝑗 is the phase duty cycle of the inverter 𝑗 (𝑗 =
Section III, the control of circulating current is presented. 1,2); 𝑘 (𝑘 = 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐). 𝑒𝑘 and 𝑖𝑘𝑗 present phase currents of the
Section IV simulation results validate the effectiveness of inverter 𝑗, respectively; 𝐿𝑗 , 𝑟𝑗 are the parameters of the output L
control scheme. Finally, section V is dedicated to the filters. The ZSCC can be calculated as:
conclusion.
𝑖𝑧𝑗 = (𝑖𝑎𝑗 + 𝑖𝑏𝑗 + 𝑖𝑐𝑗 )/√3 (3)
PV panel DC boost
iin Parallel GC VSI
After applying Park transformation, the model of parallel
idc
system in (dqz) frame can be written as:
vdc ia1
L1 ,r ea
eb
ec
𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑗 1
= [ 𝑣𝑑𝑗 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑑𝑗 + 𝐿𝑗 𝜔𝑖𝑞𝑗 − 𝑒𝑑 ]
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑗
𝑑𝑖𝑞𝑗 1
= [ 𝑣𝑞𝑗 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑞𝑗 − 𝐿𝑗 𝜔𝑖𝑑𝑗 − 𝑒𝑞 ] (4)
𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑗
𝑑𝑖𝑧𝑗 1
i = [ 𝑣𝑧𝑗 − 𝑟𝑗 𝑖𝑧𝑗 ]
a L2,r { 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝑗
2
where 𝑣𝑑𝑗 , 𝑣𝑞𝑗 are the output voltages of the inverter 𝑗, 𝑣𝑧𝑗 is
the common voltage. 𝑖𝑑𝑗 , 𝑖𝑞𝑗 are the phase currents of the
inverters, and 𝑖𝑧𝑗 is the zero-sequence circulating current.
Fig. 2 reveals the zero-sequence circulating current dynamical
Fig. 1. The schematic of the studied system. model of parallel system.
iz
II. THE SYSTEM MODELING L1 + L2 r1 + r2
Fig. 1. describes a photovoltaic system, wherein two parallel
vz1 vz 2
three-phase VSIs with common DC and AC buses are connected
to the grid through output L filter.

A) DC-link Fig. 2. Dynamic model of ZSCC in parallel inverters.

The DC link equation can be written as: noting that:

𝑑𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑧 = 𝑖𝑧1 = −𝑖𝑧2 (5)

𝐶𝑑𝑐 = 𝑖𝑑𝑐 − 𝑖𝑖𝑛 (1)
𝑑𝑡 Therefore, from (4), (5), the ZSCC dynamic equation can be
obtained as:
B) VSI system and circulating current
In ideal operation, if the inverters are identic and when there 𝑑𝑖𝑧
=
1
[(𝑣𝑧1 − 𝑣𝑧2 ) − (𝑟1 + 𝑟2 ) 𝑖𝑧 ] (6)
exists no difference between their parameters, no circulating 𝑑𝑡 (𝐿1 +𝐿2 )

current will flow. But, a small difference in the parameters may

lead to a large circulating current through them. To describe the III. THE CONTROL OF CIRCULATING CURRENT
mathematical model of the inverter, it is important to show the This section presents the proposed control strategy. Since the
relationship between switching signals and grid voltages. The input source is a PV generator, it is necessary needed to use the
three control signals named 𝑑𝑎𝑗 , 𝑑𝑏𝑗 , and 𝑑𝑐𝑗 from 8 (23 ) MPPT controller in order to extract its maximum power. As

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illustrated in Fig. 5, the overall control consists of an outer loop

with PI controller for regulating the DC link voltage between strartup
boost converter and two parallel inverters, it also includes inner
controller based on FSC-MPC to control the line-currents
injected to the grid and minimize the circulating current through Mesure: i(k), e(k)
inverters.
X=0
A) DC-link voltage regulation

As (1) shows, the DC voltage loop is a first order system. The X+1
control loop for regulating the DC link voltage can be designed
with a PI controller as: Predict i(k+1) (14)
∗
𝑖𝑑𝑐 = 𝑖𝑖𝑛 − 𝐺(𝑆) (𝑣𝑑𝑐 ∗ − 𝑣𝑑𝑐 ) (7) Cost func g. (12)

𝑘 Extract optimal
where 𝐺(𝑆) = 𝑘𝑝 + 𝑖 values
𝑆
and 𝑣𝑑𝑐 ∗ is the voltage reference. The voltage will track its
reference to control the active currents of inverters. Repeat for next
X<=8?
no
sampling time
B) Reference current calculation
yes
Considering that inverter losses are neglected, the active Applying optimal
vector vx
power injected to the grid can be expressed as:
∗
𝑃 ∗ ≈ 𝑣𝑑𝑐 𝑖𝑑𝑐 = 𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑑 + 𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑞 (8) Fig. 4. Flow diagram of the predictive current control.

The instantaneous reactive power can be calculated as

𝑑𝑖 𝑖(𝑘 + 1) − 𝑖(𝑘)
follows: = (12)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑄 ∗ = 𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑑 − 𝑒𝑞 𝑖𝑞 (9)
The proposed cost function is written as:
where, 𝑒𝑑 , and 𝑒𝑞 are the dq components of PCC voltage, 𝑖𝐿𝑑 , ∗ (𝑘
|𝑖𝑑1 + 1) − 𝑖𝑑1 (𝑘 + 1)|2
and 𝑖𝐿𝑞 are the dq components of the load current. ∗ (𝑘 2
|𝑖𝑞1 + 1) − 𝑖𝑞1 (𝑘 + 1)|
Using (8), and (9) to calculate the reference currents 𝑖𝑑∗ , 𝑖𝑞∗
∗ (𝑘
,then , dividing them over two in order to make the two inverters 𝑔 = |𝑖𝑑2 + 1) − 𝑖𝑑2 (𝑘 + 1)|2 (13)
∗ (𝑘 2
sharing the same currents. |𝑖𝑞2 + 1) − 𝑖𝑞2 (𝑘 + 1)|
[|𝑖𝑧∗ (𝑘 + 1) − 𝑖𝑧 (𝑘 + 1)|2 ]
𝑖∗ 1 𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑞 𝑃∗
( 𝑑∗ ) = 2 2 (−𝑒 𝑒𝑑 ) (𝑄 ∗ ) (10)
𝑖𝑞 𝑒𝑑 +𝑒𝑞 𝑞 It uses the dynamical model of the system (4) to predict the
future behavior of the currents to be controlled and the predicted
The reference currents for each inverter are calculated as currents are presented in (14). The controller uses this
follows: information to minimize the cost function ‘g’, described in (13),
∗ ∗
𝑖𝑑∗ ∗ ∗
𝑖𝑞∗ to be close to zero. The switching state of possible eight states
𝑖𝑑1 = 𝑖𝑑2 = & 𝑖𝑞1 = 𝑖𝑞2 = (11)
2 2 which would minimize the cost function at next sampling time
(k+1) is selected, then, this optimal switching state is applied
C) Proposed currents control strategy during (k+1) period.
From (4) and (13), the discrete form of the model is written as:
The proposed predictive current control scheme is explained
by the flow diagram depicted in Fig. 4. 𝑟𝑗 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑖𝑑𝑗 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑖𝑑𝑗 (𝑘)[1 − ] + [ 𝑣𝑑𝑗 (𝑘) − 𝑒𝑑 (𝑘)] + 𝐿𝑗 𝜔𝑖𝑞𝑗 (𝑘)
The dynamical model should be discretized to predict future 𝐿𝑗 𝐿𝑗
inductors currents. It can be obtained by a forward Euler 𝑖𝑞𝑗 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑖𝑞𝑗 (𝑘)[1 −
𝑟𝑗 𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
] + [ 𝑣𝑞𝑗 (𝑘) − 𝑒𝑞 (𝑘)] − 𝐿𝑗 𝜔𝑖𝑑𝑗 (𝑘) (14)
approximation: 𝐿𝑗 𝐿𝑗
(𝑟1 + 𝑟2 )𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑖 (𝑘 + 1) = 𝑖𝑧 (𝑘)[1 − ]+ [ 𝑣 (𝑘) − 𝑣𝑑2 (𝑘)]
{ 𝑧 (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) (𝐿1 + 𝐿2 ) 𝑑1

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iPV Boost idc iin Inv #1

L1,r iabc1 Lgrg eabc1
ea iga
eb igb
PV vdc
ec

D iabc2 iLabc
6
iPV vPV Inv #2 L2,r

MPPT & PWM AC load Additional load

DC-link regulation 6
vdc vdc edq
vdc
*
- 6 impulse 6 impulse PLL
PI P*
+

for inv#2 for inv#1

id*1 
*
abc edq idq id1 dqz iabc1
eabc 3 dq Eq.(11) 1/ 2 iq*1 iq1 abc
id* 2 iz
 MPC current
control id 2 
iq*2
iLabc
3 abc iLdq iq 2 dq iabc 2
dq * i =0
* abc
Eq.(10) Q z
edq

Fig. 5. The control bock of parallel inverters.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS part, the line currents are unbalanced and offset each from other.
But after applying the zero-sequence control at 0.3 sec, the
To verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, ZSCC is totally eliminated. Fig. 7(b) shows the ZSCC
a simulation of a PV system connected to grid with two parallel component in each inverter (𝑖𝑧1 , 𝑖𝑎𝑧2 ). With applying the ZSCC
inverters is built on MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation is control, this powerfully reduced which makes the performance
carried out under unequal operation. The two inverters have of system higher, ensures power sharing in the system, and turn
different filter inductances. The parameters are listed in the system stable.
Appendix - Table II. Because of that sampling time
𝑇𝑠 and filter parameters remain constant during the simulation,
the observed switching frequency is 𝑓𝑠𝑤 = 2550 𝐻𝑧 . In the
following, the effect of ZSCC on the whole system and its
compensation is first analyzed. Then, two typical tests are
realized to show the performance of the proposed control
system under irradiation or load change.

A) effect of ZSCC on the system

The simulation results of case when no ZSCC control under

unequal operating conditions are shown in Fig. 6. It can be seen
that the performance of whole system is lowered with the
existing of ZSCC. This last has unbalanced the line currents of
inverters Fig. 6(a), and offset them by DC component which is
sketched on Fig. 6 (b). It has also perturbed the active power as Fig. 6. (a) a-line currents of parallel VSIs are offset because of ZSCC, (b) ZSCC
component, (c) Grid, PV, Lload active powers, under unchanged and changed
observed in Fig. 6(c). load profile, (d) DC capacitors voltages
Fig. 7(a) displays the a-phase line currents (𝑖𝑎1 , 𝑖𝑎2 ) getting
out of each inverter. Without adding the zero-sequence control B) Irradiation change
This test is to show the performance of the proposed control
scheme in injecting/compensating the active/reactive power at

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 CoDIT'19 is technical sponsored by: IEEE Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Society

the PCC under solar irradiation change with adding ZSCC

control. The operating conditions are
• The solar irradiation changes from 1000 W/m² to 700
W/m² at t=0.3 sec, then changes back to 1000 W/m² at
t=0.5 sec, and
• the temperature remains unchanged (25°C) during the
simulation.
• The paralleled inverters are not similar, where they do
not have same output filters.
Fig. 8(a) shows that, before any irradiation changes, the
parallel system injects the maximum power of PV. At t=0.3 the
irradiation drops reducing the PV output power, at the same
time, the lack of the load active power is driven from grid. As
also can be noticed from the increasing of magnitude of the grid
current Fig. 8(b).
The main purpose of the designed control is to deliver the
maximum power generated by PV generator to the grid with two
parallel inverters. This happens only if the grid voltages and Fig. 8. Results before and after irradiation changes: (a) PV power (measure and
injected currents are in phase. Fig. 8(b) clearly reveals that the reference), grid, and load active powers, (b) Grid current and (c) voltage Grid,
load and Parallel VSI reactive powers, (d) DC capacitors voltages
voltage and current are in phase before, during, and after
irradiation change, without any delay, and with smooth An additional load is connected to the PCC at t=0.3 sec and
transient. disconnected at t=0.6 sec. As it can be appreciated, the
proposed FSC-MPC effectively rejects the disturbance with a
settling time of 3 ms.
Fig. 9(a) shows that the additive load power demand is
powered by the grid alone. This interprets why the grid current
increases as in Fig. 9(b). According to Fig. 9(c), the reactive
power of the load is compensated for parallel system. Therefore,
there is no reactive power supplied by the grid. In Fig. 9(d), the
DC-link voltage is remained constant before and after sudden
variation of the load, thus, maintaining the balance of input and
output powers.

Fig. 7. (a) The a-phase currents of each inverter, without and with applying
ZSCC control and (b) zero-sequence current component, without and with
applying ZSCC control.

Therefore, a unity power factor for the parallel system is

achieved. From Fig. 8(c), it is observed that the reactive power
of the load is compensated by the parallel system. There is no
reactive power supplied by the grid. For maintaining the power
balance between PV parallel inverter and the grid, the DC-link
voltage is regulated, and it is kept constant under, during, after
irradiation change as shown in Fig. 8(d).
Fig. 9. Simulation results before and after connection of additional load: (a) PV
C) sudden variation of the load power (measure and reference), grid, and load active powers, (b) Grid current
Here, the simulation is to test the performance of the PV (c), Grid, load and Parallel VSI reactive powers (d) DC capacitors voltages
parallel inverters under sudden load change at PCC.

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V. CONCLUSION (VSI) with Common DC and AC Buses," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl, vol. 53,
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Parameters 𝑃𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑄𝑎𝑑𝑑 𝐿𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑇𝑠 Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 1023–1030,,
Parameters 8KW 8𝐾𝑉𝐴𝑅 50KW 5KVQR 7𝜇𝑠 Sep 1992.
values [16] A. Zorig, S. Barkat, M. Belkheiri, A. Rabhi and F. Blaabjerg, "Novel
Differential Current Control Strategy Based on a Modified Three-Level
SVPWM for two Parallel-Connected Inverters," IEEE Journal of
Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 4, pp.
1807 - 1818, 2017.
REFERENCES
[17] Cortes, J. Rodriguez and and Patricio, predictive control of power
converter and electrical drives, UK: IEEE, WILEY, This edition first
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