Key concepts related to cognitive learning theory

Cognitive learning theory is a psychological framework that focuses on how people process
information, think, and learn. Here are some terms related to cognitive learning theory:

1. Cognition: Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in acquiring, processing,

storing, and using information. It encompasses thinking, perception, memory, problem-
solving, and decision-making.
2. Schema: A schema is a mental framework or structure that helps individuals organize and
interpret information. Schemas are used to categorize and understand new experiences
and knowledge.
3. Assimilation: Assimilation is the process of incorporating new information into existing
schemas. It involves fitting new experiences or knowledge into pre-existing mental
frameworks.
4. Accommodation: Accommodation is the process of modifying or creating new schemas
to incorporate new information that doesn't fit existing mental structures. It involves
adapting one's understanding to accommodate novel experiences.
5. Information Processing Model: This model views cognitive functioning as analogous to
a computer, with stages such as input (perception), processing (thinking), storage
(memory), and output (behavior or response).
6. Metacognition: Metacognition is the awareness and control of one's own cognitive
processes. It involves monitoring and regulating one's thinking, problem-solving, and
learning strategies.
7. Sensory Memory: Sensory memory is the brief, initial stage of memory where sensory
information is temporarily held and processed. It includes sensory modalities like visual,
auditory, and tactile memory.
8. Working Memory: Working memory is a limited-capacity system that temporarily holds
and manipulates information needed for cognitive tasks. It is essential for problem-
solving and reasoning.
9. Long-Term Memory: Long-term memory is the storage system for retaining information
over an extended period. It has virtually unlimited capacity and stores information for the
long term.
10. Encoding: Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input or information into a
form that can be stored in memory. It involves converting information into a meaningful
and memorable format.
11. Retrieval: Retrieval is the process of accessing and recalling information from memory. It
involves bringing stored knowledge back into conscious awareness.
12. Scaffolding: Scaffolding is a teaching technique in which a more knowledgeable person
(teacher or peer) provides support and guidance to help a learner understand and master
a task or concept.
13. Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The ZPD is a concept developed by Lev
Vygotsky, a key figure in cognitive development theory. It represents the difference
between what a learner can do independently and what they can do with assistance.
14. Cognitive Load: Cognitive load refers to the mental effort required to process
information and complete a task. It can be divided into intrinsic load (related to the
complexity of the task), extraneous load (related to distractions), and germane load
(related to meaningful learning).
15. Executive Functions: Executive functions are higher-order cognitive processes that
include skills like planning, decision-making, self-control, and organization. They are
essential for goal-directed behavior and learning.
Key concepts related to cognitive learning theory

16. Problem-Solving: Problem-solving is the cognitive process of finding solutions to

complex or novel problems. It often involves identifying goals, generating strategies, and
evaluating outcomes.
17. Critical Thinking: Critical thinking is the ability to think analytically, evaluate information
objectively, and make reasoned judgments. It involves assessing evidence, considering
multiple perspectives, and drawing well-supported conclusions.
18. Concept Formation: Concept formation is the process of developing mental
representations of abstract categories or concepts. It involves identifying common
features and characteristics among objects or ideas.
19. Cognitive Development: Cognitive development refers to the age-related changes in
cognitive abilities and processes. The study of cognitive development is central to
cognitive learning theory.
20. Transfer of Learning: Transfer of learning is the application of knowledge or skills
learned in one context to a different but related context. It reflects the idea that learning is
not isolated but can be applied flexibly to new situations.

Understanding these terms can help you grasp the key concepts and principles of cognitive
learning theory, which can be valuable for educators, psychologists, and anyone interested in
understanding how people learn and think.