SY 1

U18EEI4207

Electrical Drives and control

UNIT 1 - DC MACHINES

Introduction and Construction

Dr.M.NIRMALA
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
 Overview of this Lecture

• Introduction to DC Generator

• Introduction to DC Motor

• Construction of DC Machine

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 2

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 3
Cross sectional View of DC Machine

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 4

 DC Machine

DC – Machine are basically classified into two types

1. DC –Generator
2. DC -Motor

A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy

into direct current electricity.

A DC motor is an electrical machine which converts Electrical energy into

mechanical energy.

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 5

 Main parts of DC-Machine
(Generator and Motor)

1. Yoke
2. Poles and pole shoes
3. Field winding
4. Armature core
5. Armature winding
6. Commutator and brushes
7. End housing , Bearings and Shaft

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 6

Construction of 4 pole DC Machine
Cross sectional View

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 7

 1.Yoke

• The outer frame of a DC

machine is called as yoke.
• It is made up of cast iron or
cast steel.
• It provides a low reluctance
path for magnetic flux
• It provides mechanical
strength to the whole assembly
and also carries the magnetic
flux produced by the field
winding.
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 8
2. Field System :Poles and Pole shoes
• Field system consists of the following parts :
Pole cores, Pole shoes
• Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of
bolts or welding.
• Pole core and shoes are made of thin cast
steel or wrought iron laminations which are
riveted together under hydraulic pressure.
The poles are laminated to reduce the Eddy
Current loss.
• They carry field winding and pole shoes are
fastened to them.
• Pole shoes serve two purposes;
• i) They support field coils and
• (ii) spread out the flux in air gap uniformly
• due to its large cross-sectional area
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 9
 3. Field winding or Stator winding
• They are usually made of copper.
• Field coils are former wound and
placed on each pole and are
connected in series.
• When direct current passes through
the field winding, it magnetizes the
poles, which in turns produces the
flux.
• Two types : series field and shunt
field winding
• They are wound in such a way that,
when energized, they form alternate
North and South poles.

4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 10

 4. Armature core
• Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine.
• The armature core of DC machine is cylindrical in shape and keyed to the
rotating shaft.
• At the outer periphery of the armature has grooves or slots which
accommodate the armature winding It is cylindrical in shape with slots to carry
armature winding.
• The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy
current losses.
• Armature core is laminated with a stamping of about 0.3 to 0.5 mm thickness.
Each lamination is insulated from the other by a coating of varnish.High
permeability silicon steel(reduce hysteresis loss) and laminations (reduce the
eddy current loss).
• Purpose of Armature core
It houses the conductors in the slots.
It provides
4/19/2021 an easy path for the magnetic flux.EEE, KCT
Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, 11
5. Armature winding or Rotor winding
1. It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in armature slots.
2. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the
armature core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods;
1. lap winding or
2. wave winding.
4. Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used.
(A double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry two different
coils.)
Lap Winding: The successive coils overlap each other. In lap winding, the
conductors are connected in such a way that the number of parallel paths(A)
are equal to the number of poles(P).(A=P).
Appln: Low voltage and High current application
Wave Winding :
No.of parallel paths A=2. Appln: High voltage and Low current application
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 12
 6. Commutator and Brushes
• Commutator :Cylindrical in shape and made of wedge shaped
copper segments, which are insulated from each other.
• Each commutator segment is connected to armature
conductors by means of a cu strip called riser. No. of segments
= No. of coils
• Connect with external circuit and it converts alternating
current into unidirectional current (AC-DC).

• Brushes are used to collect or conduct current from or into

the armature.
• The purpose of the brush is to ensure electrical connections
between the rotating commutator and stationary external load
circuit. It is made of carbon and rest on the commutator.
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 13
7. End housing, Bearings and shaft
• End Housings
End housings are attached to the ends of the Mainframe and provide support to the
bearings. The front housings support the bearing and the brush assemblies whereas
the rear housings usually support the bearings only.

• Bearings
The ball or roller bearings are fitted in the end housings. The function of the
bearings is to reduce friction between the rotating and stationary parts of the
machine. Mostly high carbon steel is used for the construction of bearings as it is
very hard material.

• Shaft
The shaft is made of mild steel with a maximum breaking strength. The shaft is used
to transfer mechanical power from or to the machine. The rotating parts like
armature core, commutator, cooling fans, etc. are keyed to the shaft.
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 14
 Note :

Construction of
DC motor
and
DC Generator
are same
4/19/2021 Dr.M.NIRMALA, AP-III, EEE, KCT 15