Professional Documents
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MODULE 1
DC GENERATORS
D.C. GENERATORS-CONSTRUCTION & OPERATION
DC Generators
Principle of operation
Action of Commutator
Constructional details of DC Machine
Types of DC generators
EMF Equation
DC Generator
DC motor
D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
E.M.F
Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Simple loop generator
Basic Generator
Generators
Simple loop generator
with slip ring
Generators
Yoke:
Rotor:
Stator:
Field electromagnets:
Pole core and pole shoe:
Brushes:
Shaft:
Armature:
Coil:
Commutator:
Bearings:
Construction details of DC generator
Cross section view of dc machine
shaft
S
Main parts of a 4-pole d. c machine
Practical Dc Machine
1)Yoke
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
--windings are insulated each other
4)commutator
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each
other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
5&6 Bearings and Brushes
5)Brushes and brush gear:-
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current
from commutation (in case of Generator)
Rotor of a dc machine
DC Machine Construction
Lap winding
Wave windings
Armature windings
Lap Winding:
are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel. This
permits the current capacity of each winding to be added and provides a
higher operating current.
No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles
Wave winding:
are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current
G VL
Ia=IL
E=Vt+ IaRa +BCD
shunt wound
L
VL
G
series wound
G VL
compound wound
long shunt short shunt
L L
VL
G G VL
L
L
The Practical DC Generator
The following are the three most important characteristics in a D.C. generator:
Critical field resistance is a term that is associated with a DC Shunt generator. The
value of resistance of shunt field winding beyond which the self generator fails to
build up its voltage is known as " critical resistance
at a given speed it is the maximum field resistance with which the shunt generator
excite. Shunt generator will build up voltage only if field circuit resistance is less
than critical field resistance.
How to Draw O.C.C. at Different Speeds?
If we are given O.C.C. of a generator at a constant speed N 1 then we can easily
draw the O.C.C. at any other constant speed N2.Fig (3.11) illustrates the
procedure. Here we are given O.C.C. at a constant speed N1.It is desired to find
the O.C.C. at constant speed N2 (it is assumed that n1 < N2)For constant
excitation, E α N.
E2/E1=N2/N1
As shown in Fig. (3.11), for If = OH, E1 = HC. Therefore, the new value of e.m.f. (E2)
for the same If but at N2i.
E2=HC ×( N2/N1) = HD
Critical Speed (NC)
The critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum speed below which it fails to
excite.
Therefore , Speed α Critical resistance
In order to find critical speed, take any convenient point C on excitation
axis and erect a perpendicular so as to cut Rsh and R’sh lines at points B and
A respectively. Then,
BC/AC =NC/N
or NC = N ×(BC/AC)
Conditions for Voltage Build-Up of a Shunt Generator
(ii) The connections of the field winding should be such that the field current
strengthens the residual magnetism.
(iii) The resistance of the field circuit should be less than the critical resistance. In
other words, the speed of the generator should be higher than the critical speed.
Open circuit characteristics of Separately Excited D.C.
Generator
Internal and External Characteristics
Characteristics of Shunt Generator
Characteristics of Series Generator
Compound Generator Characteristics
Armature Reaction
The effect of magnetic field set up by armature current on the distribution of flux under main
poles of a generator. The armature magnetic field has two effects:
(i) It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux
i) These are used for speed control of D.C motors over a large range.
ii) These are used in areas where a wide range of terminal voltage is required
i) shunt generators :-
i) These are used as exciters for exciting the field of synchronous machines and
separately excited D.C generators
ii) These are used for battery charging because it’s terminal voltage are almost constant or
can be kept constant.
iii) Commonly used in ordinary lighting purposes and power supply purposes.
ii) series generators:-
i) These are used for series arc lighting
ii) Series incandescent lighting
iii) As a series booster for increasing the voltage across the feeder to compensate the
resistance drop of the line. because of their rising characteristic.
iv) Special purposes such as supplying the field current for regenerative breaking of D.C
locomotives (railway service).
v) Constant current for welding.
Friction losses:-
Frictional losses due to bearings
Windage losses:- Windage losses due to air gap between armature and
pole shoe
Stray losses(Rotational losses):-
magnetic losses and mechanical losses are collectively known as stray losses
Losses are classified in to two types:-
i) Constant losses (standing losses)(Wc)
--Field cu losses is constant
--for shunt and compound generator are constant losses
so, stray losses+ shunt cu losses are combined called
“constant losses”
ii) Variable losses:-The losses which varies with the load called
“variable losses”
-- Armature cu losses is know as “variable losses”
-- In series generator shunt field cu losses also
variable losses (IL=Ise=Ia)
So, Total losses=Armature copper losses + WC
=Ia2Ra+Wc=(I+Ish)2Ra+Wc
Total losses=Variable losses+ Constant losses
Efficiency of D.C Generator
Efficiency of generator is defined as the ratio of output power to input power
Efficiency (η) =output ×100
input
input=output+ losses (or) output=input-losses
For D.C generator input mechanical & output electrical