D.C.

GENERATORS
DC Generator
 D.C. GENERATOR’S PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy. when a conductor move in a magnetic field in such
a way that the conductor cuts across the magnetic flux and
e.m.f. is induced in the conductor, is defined by faradays
law of electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes current to
flow if the conductor circuit is closed.
First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit
changes, an e.m.f. is always induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f.
is induced in that conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the
rate of change of flux linkages.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction

A changing magnetic flux through

a loop or loops of wire induces
an electromotive force (voltage) in
each loop.
Fleming's Right Hand Rule

E.M.F

• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
Fleming's Right Hand Rule

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fpzl
Zq_wDL4
The following are the basic requirements to be
satisfied for generation of E.M.F

1.A uniform Magnetic field

2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors

Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Simple loop generator
Simple loop generator
with slip ring

https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=mq2zjmS8UMI
Simple loop generator
with split ring
Simple loop generator
with split ring
DC Generators, cont
The output voltage always has
the same polarity
The current is a pulsating
current
To produce a steady current,
many loops and commutators
around the axis of rotation are
used
◦ The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the output is
almost free of fluctuations
Unidirectional current wave shape

Resultant current wave shape when number of

conductors is increased
 Constructional Details Of DC Machine

Yoke:
Rotor:
Stator:
Field electromagnets:
Pole core and pole shoe:
Brushes:
Shaft:
Armature:
Coil:
Commutator:
Bearings:
 Construction details of DC generator
Cross section view of dc machine

shaft
S
Practical Dc Machine
1)Yoke
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)

Large DC machine Small DC machine

 2)pole cores and pole shoes
2)Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
 2)pole cores and pole shoes
2)Field Magnets:-
c) Field coils (Magnetizing coils):- -- Provide excitation
(exciting coils) I . e field flux
--Number of poles depends speed of armature on and the
output for which the machine designed
--Frame to used for design for exciting coils
Different types of fields
i) Separately Exciting
ii) Self Exciting
3)Armature core
3)Conductor system:-
a) Armature core (Armature):-
-- To support armature windings
--To rotate conductors in a magnetic field
-- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built
--Made of high permeability silicon steel
stampings (of 0.5 mm thick)
-- Each stamping is separated from its
neighboring one by thin varnish as insulation
--Laminated to reduce eddy current losses
-- A small air gap between pole pieces and
armature so that no rubbing between them
-- High grade silicon steel used to reduce
i) Hysteresis loss
ii) Eddy current loss
-- Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate
heat to dissipate heat generated by above losses

b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
--windings are insulated each other
 4)commutator
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each
other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
 5&6 Bearings and Brushes
5)Brushes and brush gear:-
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current
from commutation (in case of Generator)

6)Shaft and bearings:-

Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature
Bearings– For free rotation
DC Machine Construction
DC Machine Construction

Rotor of a dc machine
Generators

D.C Generators A.C Generators

(Alternators)

Cummulatitave differentially Cummulatitave differentially

Clasifications of Generators
Separately excited generators

Ia=IL
E=Vt+ IaRa +Vb
shunt wound
L

VL
G
series wound

L
VL
G

Ia=Isc=IL

Eg=Vt +IaRa+IaRse
Eg=Vt+Ia(Ra+Rse)
Compound Wound(Long Shunt)
Short Shunt
Applications of D.C Generators
Separately excited generators

i) These are used for speed control of D.C motors over a large range.
ii) These are used in areas where a wide range of terminal voltage is required

Self excited generators

i) shunt generators :-
i) These are used as exciters for exciting the field of synchronous machines and separately
excited D.C generators
ii) These are used for battery charging because it’s terminal voltage are almost constant or
can be kept constant.
iii) Commonly used in ordinary lighting purposes and power supply purposes.
Total losses in a D.C Machine
The total losses in a dc machine are
1.Cu losses
2.Iron losses
3.Mechanical losses
4. Stray Losses
Copper losses are mainly due to the current passing through the
winding. 1.Armature cu losses (30 to 40% of full load losses)
Cu losses 2. field cu losses(20 to30% of full load losses)
3.Brush Contact losses
Armature cu losses=Ia2 Ra
Iron losses (Magnetic losses) (20 to 30% of full load losses)
1)Hysteresis losses
2)Eddy current losses
Eddy current losses:-
when the armature core rotates, it cuts the magenetic flux hence an e.m.f
induced in in the body of the core according to faradays law of electro magnetic
induction. This e. m.f through small sets up large current in the body of the core
due to its mall resistance. This current is known as “Eddy Current”
-These core laminations are insulated from each other by a thin coating of
varnish. Due to the core body being one continuous solid iron piece
The magnitude of eddy current is large. As armature cross sectional area is large it’s
resistance is small. hence eddy current losses is large.
Mechanical losses ( 10 to 20% of full load losses)
1.Friction losses
2.Windage losses

Friction losses:-
Frictional losses due to bearings

Windage losses:- Windage losses due to air gap between armature and pole
shoe
Stray losses:-
There are small losses present which are called
as stray losses or miscellaneous losses. These
losses are difficult to account. They are usually
due to inaccuracies in the designing and
modeling of the machine. Most of the times,
stray losses are assumed to be 1%
1. Ashunt generator delivers
450 A at 230 V and the
resistance of the shunt field
and armature are 50 Ω and
0.03 Ω respectively. Calculate
the generated e.m.f?
Solution
Next Problem
A 4-pole, long-shunt lap-wound compound generator delivers a load
current of (50 A) at (500 V). The armature resistance is (0.03 Ω), series
field resistance is (0.04 Ω) and shunt field resistance is (200 Ω). The brush
drop may be taken as (1V). Determine the e.m.f. generated.
I sh =500/200 =2.5 A
I a = Ish + I = 50 + 2.5 = 52.5 A
Series field drop = 52.5× 0.04 = 2.1V Armature drop =
52.5×0.03 = 1.575V
Brush drop = 2×1 = 2V
e.m.f Eg = 500 + 2.1+1.575 + 2 = 505.67 V