BEEE Module 2 DC Machines

Topic for the class: DC Machines
Module II : DC Machines
Date & Time :20/05/2020 2:00PM
Sri K Manohar
Assistant Professor
Department of EECE
GITAM Institute of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045.
Email: mkintali@gitam.edu
Textbooks
For Entire For Module II and III For Module I only

syllabus only
Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University Course
Thursday, May 4, 2023 Code:19EEE131 : Course Title Basic Electrical and Electronics 2
Engineering
Fundamentals of Electrical
Machines
Course objectives
Impart a basic knowledge of electrical quantities such as current, voltage,
power, energy and frequency to understand the impact of technology in a
global and societal context.
1. Provide working knowledge for the analysis of basic DC and AC
circuits used in electrical and electronic devices.
2. To explain the working principle, construction, applications of thermos,
Analysis & measuring instruments.
3. Highlight the importance of transfer in voltage and current of electric
power.
Engineering
Learning Outcomes
•Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to

 describe the constructional features of DC machines (L1)
 analyze EMF and torque expressions of DC machine (L4)
 demonstrate the performance characteristics of different types of dc
machines (L3)
 explain types of starters used for starting of dc motors (L2)
 estimate losses and efficiency of electrical machine (L2)

Engineering
Syllabus Module 1 : DC Machines
(10L + 6P)
•DC Machines: Constructional features, induced EMF and torque
expressions, different types of excitation, performance
characteristics of different types of dc machines, Starters: 2-point,
3-point starters, losses and efficiency, efficiency by direct loading.

Engineering
Magnetic Field Sources
Magnetic Field
Magnetic Sources
Field Sources
Electromagnet
Fleming’s Right-hand Thumb Rule
If you wrap your fingers

around the coil in the
direction of the current, your
thumb points north.
Fleming’s Left-hand Rule
Faradays laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Whenever there is a change in
the number of field lines passing
through a loop of wire a voltage
(emf) is induced (generated).
The magnitude of the emf

induced in a conducting loop
is equal to the rate at which
the magnetic flux through
the loop changes with time
Lenz ‘s law
There is an induced current in a closed

conducting loop if and only if the
magnetic flux through the loop is
changing. The direction of the induced
current is such that the induced magnetic
field always opposes the change in the
flux.
"Russian physicist
(1804-1865)
1834 Lenz’s Law
DC Generators
DC Generator
DC Motor
D.C. GENERATORS PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. when a

conductor move in a magnetic field in such a way conductors cuts across a
magnetic flux of lines and e.m.f. produces in a generator and it is defined by
faradays law of electromagnetic induction e.m.f. causes current to flow if the
conductor circuit is closed.
First Law :
Whenever the magnetic flux linked with a circuit changes, an e.m.f. is always
induced in it.
or
Whenever a conductor cuts magnetic flux, an e.m.f. is induced in that
conductor.
Second Law :
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkages.
Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction
A changing magnetic flux through a loop or

loops of wire induces an electromotive force
(voltage) in each loop.
Lenz’s Law
“The induced currents in a conductor are in such a

direction as to oppose the change in magnetic field that
produces them..”
OR
“The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is
such that it opposes the cause of producing it..”
Fleming's Right Hand Rule
E.M.F
• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

• The First finger (four finger) represents Field.
• The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current
Fleming's Right Hand Rule
The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied
for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field

2.A System of conductors
3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
• Magnetic field :-
Permanent Magnet
(or)
Electro Magnet (practical)
• Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in
slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor
• Relative motion:-
By Prime Mover
Turbine
I.C Engine (Internal combustion)
Simple loop generator
Basic Generator
Generators
with slip ring
Generators
Basic operation of the generator

As the loop rotates, the magnetic flux
through it changes with time
This induces an e.m.f and a current in
the external circuit
The ends of the loop are connected to
slip rings that rotate with the loop
Connections to the external circuit are
made by stationary brushes in contact
with the slip rings
with split ring
with split ring
Working Principle of D.C Generator
Schematic diagram of a simple DC Generator

1st half cycle(00 to 1800 ) Path of current ABR1B1MLR2B2CD
2st half cycle(1800 to 3600) Path of current DCR2B1MLB2R1BA
DC Generators, cont
• The output voltage always
has the same polarity
• The current is a pulsating
current
• To produce a steady current,
many loops and
commutators around the
axis of rotation are used
– The multiple outputs are
superimposed and the output
is almost free of fluctuations
Unidirectional current wave shape
Resultant current wave shape when number of

conductors used result current wave shape
DC Machine Construction
 Yoke:
 Rotor:
 Stator:
 Field electromagnets:
 Pole core and pole shoe:
 Brushes:
 Shaft:
 Armature:
 Coil:
 Commutator:
 Bearings:
shaft
S
Main parts of a 4-pole d. c machine

This image is talen from BL Thereja , Electrical Technology Vol 2 Text book
1)Yoke:-
- Acts as frame of the machine
- Mechanical support
- low reluctance for magnetic flux
- High Permeability
-- For Small machines -- Cast iron—low cost
-- For Large Machines -- Cast Steel (Rolled steel)
Large DC machine Small DC machine

2)Field Magnets:-
a) Pole core (Pole body) :- --Carry the field coils
--Rectangle Cross sections
-- Laminated to reduce heat losses
--Fitted to yoke through bolts
b) Pole shoe:- Acts as support to field poles
and spreads out flux
Pole core & Pole shoe are laminated of annealed steel
(Of thickness of 1mm to 0.25 mm)
2)Field Magnets:-
c) Field coils (Magnetizing coils):- -- Provide excitation
(exciting coils) I . e field flux
--Number of poles depends speed of armature on and the
output for which the machine designed
--Frame to used for design for exciting coils
Different types of fields
i) Separately Exciting
ii) Self Exciting
Armature core
3)Conductor system:-
a) Armature core (Armature):-
-- To support armature windings
--To rotate conductors in a magnetic field
-- it is cylindrical or drum shaped is built
--Made of high permeability silicon steel
stampings (of 0.5 mm thick)

-- Each stamping is separated from its
neighboring one by thin varnish as insulation
--Laminated to reduce eddy current losses
-- A small air gap between pole pieces and
armature so that no rubbing between them
-- High grade silicon steel used to reduce
i) Hysteresis loss
ii) Eddy current loss
-- Ventilating ducts are provided to dissipate
heat to dissipate heat generated by above losses
b) Armature Winding:-
Main flux cuts armature and hence E.M.F is induced
--winding made of Copper (or) Aluminum
4) Commutator:--Hard drawn copper bars segments insulated from each
other by mica segments (insulation)
-- Between armature & External circuit
-- Split-Rings (acts like Rectifier AC to DC )
5)Brushes and brush gear:-
Carbon, Carbon graphite, copper used to Collects current
from commutation (in case of Generator)
6)Shaft and bearings:-

Shaft-- Mechanical link between prime over and armature
Bearings– For free rotation
Rotor of a dc machine
Cutaway view of a dc machine

Armature Winding
Armature Winding is classified into two types:
 Lap winding
 Wave windings
Armature winding
Armature winding
Lap Winding:
 are used in machines designed for low voltage and high current
armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current
Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles
The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel.
 This parallel connection allows current capacity of each winding to be
added and provides a higher operating current.
No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

Armature winding
Wave winding :

are used in machines designed for high voltage and low current

their windings connected in series

When the windings are connected in series, the voltage of each
winding adds, but the current capacity remains the same

are used is in the small generator.

No of parallel path, A=2,
Armature winding
Armature winding
Armature winding
EMF equation of a d.c generator
Let  = flux/pole in Weber
Z =Total number of armature conductors
=No. of slot × No. of conductors/slot
P= No. of generator poles
A =No. of parallel paths in armature
N= Armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r. p. m)
E= e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature
Generated e.m.f Eg= e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel
paths i.e E
Average e.m.f generated/conductor = d  volt
dt
Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d  = P wb
EMF equation of a d.c generator
No. of revolutions/sec=N/ 60
Time for one revolution , dt= 60 /N sec
According to Faraday’s Law of electro magnetic induction
E.M.F generated/conductor = d= PN volts
dt 60
No. of conductors (in series) in one parallel path= Z / A
E.M.F generated/path=  PN × Z Volts

60 A
Generate E.M.F, Eg= Z N × P Volts
60 A
For
i) Wave winding A = 2
ii) Lap winding A = P
Numericals on EMF equation of d.c generator
Emf Equation Eg=

1. Calculate the emf generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having
65 slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200r.p.m. The
flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
Ans:
Emf Equation Eg=

1. Calculate the emf generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having 65
slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200r.p.m. The flux per
pole is 0.02 Wb.
Ans: Eg=
P=4, =0.02 Wb, N=1200 r.p.m,
Z=12x65
=780 , A=2
Eg=(4x0.02x780x1200)/(60x2)=624
Emf Equation Eg=

2. A 6-pole lap-wound dc generator has 600 conductors on its armature.
The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. Claculate (i) The speed at which the
generator must be run to generate 300V (ii) What would be the speed if
the generator were wave-wound ?
Solution:
(i)
Emf Equation Eg=
2. A 6-pole lap-wound dc generator has 600 conductors on its armature. The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. Claculate (i)
The speed at which the generator must be run to generate 300V (ii) What would be the speed if the generator
were wave-wound ?
Solution:
(i) Lapwound:
Eg=
N== = 1500 r.p.m.
(ii) Wave wound:

Eg=
N== = 500 r.p.m.
Emf Equation Eg=
3. An 8-pole lap-wound armature rotated at 350 r.p.m is required to generate 260 V. The useful
magnetic flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. If the armature has 120 slots calculate the number of
conductors per slot.
Solution:
Eg=
Z=
Emf Equation Eg=
3. An 8-pole lap-wound armature rotated at 350 r.p.m is required to generate 260 V. The useful magnetic
flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. If the armature has 120 slots calculate the number of conductors per slot.
Solution:
Eg=
Z== = 890.
i.e no of conductors/slot =890/120= 7.14

This value must be a even number
Hence conductor /slot =8
Emf Equation Eg=
4. The armature of a 6-pole, 600 r.p.m lap-wound generator has 90 slots. If each coil has 4 turns.
Calculate the flux per pole required to generate an e.m.f. of 288 volts.
Solution:
Eg=
Each turn has two active conductors and 90 coils are required to fill 90 slots
Z=?
Emf Equation Eg=
Solution:
Eg=
Z=90x4x2=720.
Φ== = 0.04 Wb.

Generators
D.C Generators A.C Generators

(Alternators)
Cummulatitave differentially Cummulatitave differentially

Types of d.c Generators
1)Separately excited generators
2)Self excited generators
i) shunt wound
ii) series wound
iii) compound wound

a) long shunt
b) short shunt
Clasification of Generators
Separately Excited d.c Generators
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is
supplied from an independent external d.c. source
(e.g., a battery etc.) is called a separately excited
generator.
Fig. shows the connections of a separately excited

generator.
The voltage output depends upon the speed of

rotation of armature and the field current (Eg = Pf
ZN/60 A).
The greater the speed and field current, greater is the

generated e.m.f.
It may be noted that separately excited d.c. generators

are rarely used in practice. The d.c. generators are
normally of self-excited type.
Separately Excited d.c Generators
G VL
Ia=IL
E=Vt+ IaRa +BCD
Self-Excited d.c Generators
A d.c. generator whose field magnet winding is supplied current from the
output of the generator itself is called a self-excited generator. There are
three types of self-excited generators depending upon the manner in which
the field winding is connected to the armature, namely;
(i) Series generator
(ii) Shunt generator
(iii)Compound generator
Series wound Generator
In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature winding so that whole armature
current flows through the field winding as well as the load.
Since the field winding carries the whole of load current, it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance.
Series generators are rarely used except for special purposes e.g., as boosters.
Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)
Terminal voltage, V = EG - I(Ra + Rse)
Power developed in armature = EgIa

Series wound Generator
L
G VL
Shunt wound Generator
In a series wound generator, the field winding is connected in series with armature winding so that whole
armature current flows through the field winding as well as the load.
Since the field winding carries the whole of load current, it has a few turns of thick wire having low resistance.
Series generators are rarely used except for special purposes e.g., as boosters
Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)
Terminal voltage, V = EG - I(Ra + Rse)
Power developed in armature = EgIa

Shunt wound Generator
L
VL
G
Compound wound Generator
In a compound-wound generator, there are two sets of field windings on each pole—one is in series and the other in
parallel with the armature.
A compound wound generator may be:
(a) Short Shunt in which only shunt field winding is in parallel with the armature winding [See Fig. (i)].
(b) Long Shunt in which shunt field winding is in parallel with both series field and armature winding [See Fig (ii)].
long shunt short shunt
L L
VL
G G VL
L L
Brush Contact Drop
Brush Contact Drop It is the voltage drop over the brush contact resistance
when current flows.
Obviously, its value will depend upon the amount of current flowing and
the value of contact resistance.
This drop is generally small.

The Practical DC Generator
 The actual construction and operation of a

practical dc generator differs somewhat from
our elementary generators
 Nearly all practical generators use
electromagnetic poles instead of the
permanent magnets used in our elementary
generator
 The main advantages of using
electromagnetic poles are:
 (1) increased field strength and
 (2) possible to control the strength of the
fields. By varying the input voltage, the field
strength is varied. By varying the field
strength, the output voltage of the
generator can be controlled.
Four-pole generator (without armature)

D.C. Generator Characteristics
The following are the three most important

characteristics in a D.C. generator:
1. Open Circuit Characteristics (Eo/IF)

2. Internal Characteristics (E/Ia)
3. External Characteristics (V/Ia)
Open circuit characteristics of Separately Excited D.C.
Generator
Internal and External Characteristics
Characteristics of Shunt Generator
Characteristics of Series Generator
Compound Generator Characteristics
Armature Reaction
 The effect of magnetic field set up by armature current

on the distribution of flux under main poles of a
generator. The armature magnetic field has two effects:
(i) It demagnetizes or weakens the main flux
(ii) It cross-magnetizes or distorts.

Commutation
 It is the process of converting A.C generated voltage in
the armature conductors to D.C for external load.
Commutation process in interpoles in DC machine
Applications of D.C Generators
Separately excited generators
i) These are used for speed control of D.C motors over a large range.
ii) These are used in areas where a wide range of terminal voltage is required
Self excited generators
i) shunt generators :-
i) These are used as exciters for exciting the field of synchronous machines and separately
excited D.C generators
ii) These are used for battery charging because it’s terminal voltage are almost constant or
can be kept constant.
iii) Commonly used in ordinary lighting purposes and power supply purposes.
ii) series generators:-
i) These are used for series arc lighting
ii) Series incandescent lighting
iii) As a series booster for increasing the voltage across the feeder to compensate
the resistance drop of the line. because of their rising characteristic.
iv) Special purposes such as supplying the field current for regenerative breaking of
D.C locomotives (railway service).
v) Constant current for welding.
iii) compound generators:-

i) Compound generators are used where constant terminal voltages have to be
maintained for different loading conditions.
ii) Cumulatively compound generators:-These are for domestic lighting purposes
and to transmit energy over long distance and for heavy power service such as electric
railways.
iii) Differential compound generator:- The use of this type of generators is very rare
and it is used for special application like arc welding.
Armature of a DC Motor
The center rotating part of the

motor is called the “Armature
Consists of Laminated core and

Winding
Thinner laminations : 0.4 -0.5 mm

thick : High resistance ; small current
;less I^2 R loss
Air Ducts : Cooling
Key way :Self locking of the

laminations to the shaft
Armature Winding
• Slots are punched to core to provide conductors ,these slots
are rectangular in shape
• Copper windings fill the slots in the iron core of the armature
• Coil Winding s should be in such a way to improve the
mechanical ,thermal ,electrical strength of the machine –
improves service life of the machine
• Small m/c coil : “ Enameled Copper Wire”
large m/c coil : “ Double cotton covered copper wire”
 Coils are Baked - to improve firmness and Dielectric
Strength.
 Coils are placed such that one side is under N-pole and the
other is under S-pole.
 Wood/Fiber used to hold the coils in slots
Armature with slots
Field winding
Rotor and rotor winding
Armature with coils
Commutator
• Converts Bi-directional current to Uni-directional current
• Collection of current from armature
• Cylindrical assembly of wedge shaped copper segments insulated from one
another and with the shaft by thin mica /macanite sheets.
• Segments are connected to armature winding through Risers /comutator
lugs.
• Risers have ‘V’ grooves.
Commutator action
Output of commutator
Brushes
Collect current from Commutator
Rectangle shape
Material – carbon /graphite
Housed in brush holder

Inter-poles /Commutating Poles
• Material –wrought
iron /Mild steel
• To improve
commutation under
loading condition
• Solid poles –small
machines
• Laminated poles for
large machines.
Losses in DC Machine
Total Losses in a DC machine
Constant Losses Variable Losses

•
No load Core losses Mechanical Copper Loss Stray load loss
Hysterisis Eddy current

Stator Rotor Cu Brush
Cu loss Loss Contact
Loss
Windage Frictional
Brush Friction Bearing Friction

All these losses appear as heat and
thus raise the temperature of the
machine.
They also lower the efficiency of the

machine
Constant losses
 A machine is normally designed to run at constant voltage and variable or
constant speed
 The losses remain nearly constant in the working range of the machine are
named as constant losses.
1. No-Load Core losses

 Losses caused by changing the flux densities in the iron core
 Confined to armature
 When armature rotates ,flux density in the volume of core varies cyclically
in magnitude as well as direction resulting in following core losses
(a) Eddy current loss
• In addition to the voltages induced in the conductors ,there are

also voltages induced in the core due to its small resistance
causing small circulating currents to flow.
• These are called eddy currents and power loss due to their flow is
called eddy current loss.
• Wh= k V2 f2 t2 B2max Watts
• Reduce eddy currents by laminating the core

(b) Hysteresis loss
• Caused due to reversal of magnetization of the core

• W= η f V B1.6max Watts.
To reduce these hysteresis losses :
1]Select a core of low η.
2]Material with high electrical resistivity
2. Mechanical Losses
These losses are due to friction and windage.
(i) friction loss e.g., bearing friction, brush friction etc.

(ii) windage loss i.e., air friction of rotating armature.
These losses depend upon the speed of the machine.

But for a given speed, they are practically constant.
Variable copper losses
The losses vary with the load supplied by the machine are called
variable losses.
1] Armature copper loss (Rotor copper loss) –Ia2 R a
2]Stator copper loss(field copper loss) –
 Shunt machine – R shIsh2 -- -Almost remains constant
 Series machine - R seIse2
3] Brush drop –Practically constant of 1 - 2 V .It will be included in armature copper loss
Stray load losses
• Losses that vary with load but cannot be related to current .
(a) Copper stray load loss : Due to non uniform distribution of current in conductors
– increases effective resistance of the conductor
– teeth of the core get saturated
–more flux pass down the slots through copper conductors setting up eddy currents.
(b) Core stray load losses :
 Due to flow of currents ,the flux pattern in teeth and core gets
distorted
 Flux density distribution will be non uniform
 Under loaded condition ,teeth are highly saturated ,more flux

leaks through the stator frame causing eddy current loss
Total Losses =Constant losses+ variable losses
= Wi + Wc
(Friction+ Iron+ windage losses ) + (armature + field copper loss)

DC Machines- Direction of Power Flow and Losses
Power stages in a DC generator
Mechanical Iron and Electrical Power Electrical Power

Copper
Power Input
Friction
Loss
Developed in Losses
Output (V*I)
Armature (Eg*Ia)
DC Machines- Direction of Power Flow and Losses
Power stages in a DC motor
Mechanical Power Mechanical

Electrical Power Copper Iron &
Developed in Friction Power
Input (V*I) Losses loss
Armature (Eb*Ia) Output
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
For Generator :
For Maximum Efficiency
Variable Loss =Constant Loss

DC Motors
147
SUMMARY AND LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this unit you:

 Will learn about the operation of direct current motors, different types of
DC motors and their applications
 Should be able to calculate
 Analyse the performance and principle of operation of DC motors.
 Calculate the torque speed characteristics for: -
Shunt wound DC motors
Series wound DC motors
Separately excited DC motors
148
CONTENT
 DC Motor Construction
 Principle of Operation
 Induced emf in the Armature
 Torque
 Armature Terminal Voltage
 Methods of Connection
 Shunt Wound DC Motor
 Series Wound DC Motor
 Separately Excited DC Motor
149
THE WORLD’S 1ST MACHI
150
THE WORLD’S 1ST MACHINE
Faraday’s Magic
151
SOME MACHINE TERMINOLOGY
Electric machines can be classified in terms of their energy
conversion characteristics.
Generators convert mechanical energy from a prime mover
(e.g., an internal combustion engine) to electrical form.
Examples of generators are those used in power-generating plants, or
automotive alternator.
Motors convert electrical energy to mechanical form.
Electric motors provide forces and torques to generate motion in countless
industrial applications.
For Example Machine tools, robots, punches, presses, mills, and propulsion
systems for electric vehicles are but a few examples of the application of electric
machines in engineering.
152
SOME WINDINGS TERMINOLOGY
Distinction can be made between different types of windings characterized by the nature of
the current they carry.
 If the current serves the purpose of providing a magnetic field and is independent of
the load, (it is called a magnetizing, or excitation, current) the winding is termed a
field winding.
(nearly always DC and are of relatively low power, since their only purpose is to
magnetize the core).
 However, if the winding carries only the load current, it is called an armature.
In DC and AC synchronous machines, separate windings exist to carry field and armature
currents.
153
MOTORS/GENERATORS CONSTRUCTION
A Motor/Generator are made of

 Stator: This is the stationary part
Separated by an air gap
 Rotor: This is the rotating part
154
MOTORS/GENRATORS CONSTRUCTION
 The rotor and stator each consist of

 Magnetic core,
 Electrical insulation, and
 Windings necessary to establish a magnetic flux (unless this is created by a permanent
magnet).
 The rotor is mounted on a bearing-supported shaft, which can be connected to:

 Mechanical loads (functioning as a motor), or
 A prime mover (functioning as a generator) by means of belts, pulleys, chains, or other
mechanical couplings.
 The windings carry electric currents that generate magnetic fields

(by virtue of Faraday’s law)
155
PARTIALLY WOUNDED MOTORS CONSTRUCTION
+ + + =
Rotor: Stator DC Machine
Commutator Brushes
Armature Mechanical Electrical Produces an
conductor are rectifier connector external flux
connected to the
converts ac to between
Commutator
dc armature and
power
Made of copper
segment Pressure is
insulated by adjusted using
mica the spring
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 When a current carrying conductor
is placed in a magnetic field, the
conductor experience a mechanical
force.
 Direction is given by Flemings left

hand rule
( F- B; S-I; T- M)
 Magnitude is F=B.I.L
Consider a motor with one pair of poles, an armature with a single

Explanation
conductor coil and a commutator with only two segments,

If is field current supplied to the field winding to establish the main field
between the poles N and S.
Ia is armature current via the carbon brushes. This current produces
157
magnetic fields around the armature conductors
FLEMING LEFT HAND RULE
Magnitude is F=BIL
158
Magnetic field due to Stator and Filed Stator and Filed Magnetic interaction
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
INDUCED EMF IN THE ARMATURE
 As the coil rotates an emf is induced in each conductor which opposes the externally
supplied armature current, Ia.
 The external supply must overcome this emf if the machine is to continue motoring and
deliver mechanical power through its shaft.
 Faraday’s Law states that the
emf induced in a conductor = rate of change of flux linkages
 Taken over a period of time

Average emf induced in conductor = total flux linkage
total time of linkage
So, When conductor 1 is close to N-pole:

Total flux emanating from that pole = 
Average emf induced in conductor1 = total flux linkage
total time of linkage
Therefore, if the coil rotating at n rev sec-1
Each conductor will be close to a particular pole 2n times per rotation
172
Each conductor will link with its magnetic flux for sec per rotation
 Number of poles affects the induced emf
 Machines have several pairs of poles.
 For a machine with p pole pairs, the average emf in each conductor is given by:
 average emf induced = total flux per pole

in a conductor total time conductor is under a pole
Total emf induced = average emf induced  number of armatur

in armature winding in one conductor conductors in series
E = 2pn  As
The number of poles (2p) and the number of armature conductors in series (As) are constant
for a particular machine. Therefore k = 2p As
E = kn Volts
Since the angular velocity,  = 2n

173
TORQUE
Electrical power delivered = Armature emf  Armature current
to the armature
Pa = E Ia
This power creates the torque to make the armature rotate.
Electrical torque developed = Electrical power delivered to the armature

in the armature Angular velocity
Remember: Power is the rate at which work is done; Work done in 1 s = force × distance
Power = work done / time taken
Mechanical torque|at the shaft = Electrical torque - “Lost” torque|due to frictional and other losses
174 The “lost” torque is small and will be ignored

ARMATURE TERMINAL VOLTAGE
 The figure represents an equivalent circuit of an armature

 E is the induced emf
 Ra is the armature resistance
 The armature terminal voltage is given by:
Va = E + IaRa
175
METHODS OF CONNECTION
The field and armature windings may be connected to:

Independent supplies - separately excited
Common supply - self excited
 Shunt wound: The field and armature windings are connected

in parallel
 Series wound: The field and armature windings are in series
 Compound wound: Has two field windings;

o One connected parallel with the armature and
o Other in series with the armature
176
SHUNT WOUND DC MOTORS
Field Winding:
Where, S is the reluctance,

N is the number of turns in the coil and
i is the coil current.
Armature Winding:
Armature terminal voltage, V = E + I aR a
V = kn + IaRa V : External supply voltage

are normally constant,
hence keeping If and
Rf : field winding resistance hence  constant.
with  constant, let K1 = k V = K1n + IaRa
177
SPEED CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
From Last Slide
178
TORQUE CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
179
TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
We had:
The torque-speed curve shows that shunt motors can be used to drive fairly constant
speed from no load to full torque
180 Therefore, ideal for use with machine tools, pumps, compressors etc.
EXERCISE
 A 220V dc shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.8 and field winding
resistance of 220. The motor field characteristic [k versus field current] is
shown in Figure
a) Calculate the field current
If the motor drives a constant load torque of 17.5Nm, calculate
b) armature current
c) speed
181
SOLUTION
Speed = 37.1 rev sec-1

= 2225 rev min-1.
182
SERIES WOUND DC MOTORS
In the series motor current, I flows through both field and armature windings so:
V = E + I(Ra + Rf)
let R = Ra + Rf  V = E + IR
 E = V - IR
183
SPEED CURRENT CHARACTERISTICS
All dc motors, flux,   field winding current
For Series wound motor   I;  = K3I
N.B. this assumption only applies for low currents.
E = k n
E = kK3In
E = K4In where K4 = kK3
 V = K4.I.n + I.R
184
TORQUE CURRENT AND TORQUE SPEED CHARACTERISTICS
 The series motor is a variable speed machine

ideally suited to drive permanently coupled loads.
 They are often used for electric traction and lifts.
They must never be used on “no load” as the speed
will become dangerously high.
185
EXERCISE
A 220V dc series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.2 and 0.5
respectively. When running at 1000 rev min -1 the motor draws 10A from the
supply. Calculate the torque delivered.
SOLUTION
186
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS
For accurate speed control it is advisable to use a separately excited motor

i.e. Armature and Field Windings supplied through independent dc rectifiers
 The diode rectifier supplies constant field current maintaining a fixed value of flux, .
 The controlled rectifier (supplying the armature winding) provides a fully variable
armature terminal voltage, Va.
187
SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTORS, EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
V a = E + I aR a But, E = k..n  Va = kn + IaRa
 Ra is usually small so Va > IaRa. Thus with  constant the speed n, is almost
directly proportional to Va.
 Used for accurate speed control.
188
DC MOTORS CONCLUSION
Today we learnt about

 DC motors
 The three types of DC motors
 Shunt wound DC motors
 Series wound DC motors
 Separately excited DC motor
 and their applications
 We also touched on how to:
 Analyse the performance and principle of operation of DC
motors.
 Calculate the torque speed characteristics for the three
189 different types
PROBLEMS
Q1 A 240V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances 0.2  and 320  respectively. The motor
drives a load at a speed of 950 rev min-1 and the armature current is 50A. Assuming that the flux is
directly proportional to the field current, calculate the additional resistance necessary in the field circuit
to increase the speed to 1100 rev min-1 while maintaining the armature current constant.
Calculate the speed of the machine with the original field current and an armature current of 90A.
50.5 , 917 rev min-1
Q2 A 230V dc shunt motor has armature and field resistances of 0.3  and 140  respectively. Calculate
the induced emf and the torque developed by the motor when it runs at a speed of 800 rev min-1 and the
armature current is 2A.
To drive a larger load at 1000 rev min-1 an additional resistance, R is connected in series with the field
winding. In this situation the armature current is 30A. Calculate the new induced emf and torque and
the value of R. Assume that the flux is directly proportional to the field current.
229.4V, 5.48Nm; 221V, 63.3Nm, 41.7 
Q3 A 240V dc series motor has armature and field resistances of 0.5  and 1  respectively. When
running at 1200 rev min-1 the motor draws 15A from the supply. Calculate the torque delivered.
A 2  resistor is connected in series with the motor. The torque is adjusted so that the armature
current remains unchanged. Calculate the new speed and torque. 26Nm; 1034 rev min-1; 26Nm
Q4 A 550V dc series motor with an armature resistance of 0.35  and and field resistance of 0.15  drives
a load at a speed of 750 rev min-1. The supply current is 74A. Calculate the load torque.
The load torque is doubled and the supply current rises to 110A. Calculate the new speed and power
output. 483.3Nm; 537.8 rev min-1; 54.45 kW
190
Starters to DC motor
Necessity of a starter to DC motor
At starting, when the motor is stationary, there is no back e.m.f. in the

armature . Consequently, if the motor is directly switched on to the mains,
the armature will draw a heavy current (Ia= V/Ra) because of small
armature resistance.
Example : 5 H.P., 220 V shunt motor has a full-load current of 20 A and an

armature resistance of about 0.5Ω. When motor is directly switched on to
supply, it take an armature current of 220/0.5 = 440 A which is 22 times the
full-load current.
This high starting current may result in:
(i) Burning of armature due to excessive heating effect,
(ii) damaging the commutator and brushes due to heavy
sparking,
(iii) excessive voltage drop in the line to which the motor is
connected.
Connection of Starting resistance in all types of Motors
Three point Starter
Starter connected to shunt motor
(i) when the supply fails, thus preventing the armature being directly across
the mains when this voltage is restored. For this purpose, we use no-volt
release coil
(ii) when the motor becomes overloaded or develops a fault causing the motor
to take an excessive current. For this purpose, we use overload release coil
Drawback : The no-volt release coil is connected in series with the shunt field
circuit so that it carries the shunt field current. While exercising speed
control through field regulator, the field current may be weakened to such
an extent that the no-volt release coil may not be able to keep the starter
arm in the ON position. This may disconnect the motor from the supply
when it is not desired. This drawback is overcome in the four point starter
Four Point Starter
Series Motor Starter, No-Load release
Shunt Motor Starter, No-Voltage release
Speed Control of a DC Motors
Factors Controlling the Speed
Speed can be controlled by varying
Flux/pole, Φ (Flux Control)
Resistance Ra of armature circuit

(Rheostatic Control)
Applied voltage V (Voltage Control)

Variation of Flux or Flux Control Method
Field Control Method DC Shunt Motor
Also called flux control method

Field Control Method DC Series Motor
Diverter field control
Tapped field control
Series -Parallel control
Armature Diverter
1. Diverter field control
Inductively wound
diverter resistor used
to avoid oscillations in
speed
A diverter resistor
will control the field
current ,hence
reduces the field
Ampere Turns.
2. Tapped field control
Flux or current is
increased by including
number of turns in field
winding
When all turns are
included ,motor runs at
lower speeds
App- Electric Traction
3.Series-parallel control
4.Armature diverter
 To get speed lower
than the normal speeds

Armature or Rheostatic Control Method
Laboratory set up for speed control of DC machine
Voltage Control Method
1. Multiple Voltage Control
The shunt field of the motor is connected permanently to a fixed exciting
voltage, but the armature is supplied with different voltages by connecting it
across one of the several different voltages by means of suitable switchgear.

2. Ward Leonard control
A Ward Leonard drive is a high-power amplifier in the multi-kilowatt range,

built from rotating electrical machinery.
The motor, which turns at a constant speed, may be AC or DC powered.
The generator is a DC generator, with field windings and armature windings.

A Ward Leonard drive unit consists of a motor and generator with shafts coupled
together .
The input to the amplifier is applied to the field windings, and the output comes
from the armature windings.
The amplifier output is usually connected to a second motor, which moves the
load, such as an elevator.
With this arrangement, small changes in current applied to the input, and thus
the generator field, result in large changes in the output, allowing smooth speed
control.
Working principle of DC motor
Working principle of DC motor
Force in DC motor
Armature winding
There are 2 types of winding
Lap and Wave winding
Lap winding Wave winding
A=P A=2
The armature It is used in low

windings are current output
divided into and high voltage.
no. of sections
equal to the no 2 brushes
of poles
Field system
It is for uniform magnetic field within
which the armature rotates.
Electromagnets are preferred in
comparison with permanent magnets
They are cheap , smaller in size ,
produce greater magnetic effect and
Field strength can be varied
Field system consists of the
following parts
Yoke
Pole cores
Pole shoes
Field coils
Armature core
The armature core is cylindrical
High permeability silicon steel
stampings
Impregnated
Lamination is to reduce the eddy
current loss
Commutator
Connect with external circuit
Converts ac into unidirectional current
Cylindrical in shape
Made of wedge shaped copper segments
Segments are insulated from each other
Each commutator segment is connected to
armature conductors by means of a cu strip called
riser.
No of segments equal to no of coils
Carbon brush
Carbon brushes are used in DC machines
because they are soft materials
It does not generate spikes when they contact
commutator
To deliver the current thro armature
Carbon is used for brushes because it has
negative temperature coefficient of resistance
Self lubricating , takes its shape , improving
area of contact
Brush rock and holder
Carbon brush
Brush leads (pig tails)
Brush rocker ( brush gear )
Front end cover
Rear end cover
Cooling fan
Bearing
Terminal box
EMF equation
Let,
Ø= flux per pole in weber
Z = Total number of conductor
P = Number of poles
A = Number of parallel paths
N =armature speed in rpm
Eg = emf generated in any on of the
parallel path
EMF equation
Flux cut by 1 conductor
in 1 revolution =P*φ
Flux cut by 1 conductor in
60 sec = P φ N /60
Avg emf generated in 1
conductor = PφN/60
Number of conductors in
each parallel path = Z /A
Eg = PφNZ/60A
Types of DC Generator
• DC generators are generally classified
according to their method of excitation .
Separately excited DC generator
Self excited D C generator

Further classification of DC Generator
Series wound generator
Shunt wound generator
Compound wound generator
Short shunt & Long shunt
Cumulatively compound
&
Differentially compound
Characteristics
No load saturation characteristic (Eo/If)
Internal or Total characteristic (E/ Ia)
External characteristic (V/I)

Critical field resistance
For appreciable generation of emf, the
field resistance must be always less
certain resistance, that resistance is
called as the critical resistance of the
machine .
General terms used in Armature reaction
• Magnetic neutral axis :

• It is perpendicular to the lines of force between the two
opposite adjacent poles.
• Leading pole Tip (LPT) :
• It is the end of the pole which first comes in contact with the
armature.
• Trailing pole tip :
• It is the end of the pole which comes in contact later with the
armature.
Armature Reaction
Interaction of Main field flux with Armature
field flux
Effects of Armature Reaction
It decreases the efficiency of the machine
It produces sparking at the brushes
It produces a demagnetising effect on the
main poles
It reduces the emf induced
Self excited generators some times fail to
build up emf
Armature reaction remedies
1.Brushes must be shifted to the new position of
the MNA
2.Extra turns in the field winding
3.Slots are made on the tips to increase the
reluctance
4. The laminated cores of the shoe are staggered
5. In big machines the compensating winding at
pole shoes produces a flux which just opposes
the armature mmf flux automatically.
Commutation
The change in direction of current takes
place when the conductors are along the
brush axis .
During this reverse process brushes short
circuit that coil and undergone
commutation
Due to this sparking is produced and the
brushes will be damaged and also causes
voltage dropping.
Losses in DC Generators
1. Copper losses or variable losses
2. Stray losses or constant losses
Stray losses : consist of (a) iron losses or core
losses and (b) windage and friction losses .
Iron losses : occurs in the core of the machine
due to change of magnetic flux in the core .
Consist of hysteresis loss and eddy current
loss.
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Losses
Hysteresis loss depends upon the frequency ,
Flux density , volume and type of the core .
Eddy current losses : directly proportional to

the flux density , frequency , thickness of the
lamination .
Windage and friction losses are constant due to
the opposition of wind and friction .
Applications
• Shunt Generators:
• a. in electro plating
• b. for battery recharging
• c. as exciters for AC generators.
Series Generators :
A. As boosters
B. As lighting arc lamps
DC Motors
Converts Electrical energy into Mechanical
energy
Construction : Same for Generator and
motor
Working principle : Whenever a current
carrying conductor is placed in the
magnetic field , a force is set up on the
conductor.
Back emf
The induced emf in the rotating armature
conductors always acts in the opposite
direction of the supply voltage .
According to the Lenz’s law, the direction of the
induced emf is always so as to oppose the
cause producing it .
In a DC motor , the supply voltage is the cause
and hence this induced emf opposes the
supply voltage.
Classification of DC motors
DC motors are mainly classified into
three types as listed below:
Shunt motor
Series motor
Compound motor
Differential compound
Cumulative compound
Torque
The turning or twisting force about an
axis is called torque .
P = T * 2 πN/ 60
Eb Ia = Ta * 2 πN/ 60
T ∞φIa
Ta ∞ I2a
Characteristic of DC motors
T/ Ia characteristic
N/ I a characteristic
N/T characteristic
Speed control of DC motors
• According to the speed equation of a dc motor
• N ∞ Eb/φ
• ∞ V- Ia Ra/ φ
• Thus speed can be controlled by-
• Flux control method: By Changing the flux by
controlling the current through the field winding.
• Armature control method: By Changing the armature
resistance which in turn changes the voltage applied
across the armature
•
Flux control
• Advantages of flux control:
It provides relatively smooth and easy control
Speed control above rated speed is possible
As the field winding resistance is high the field current
is small. Power loss in the external resistance is small .
Hence this method is economical
• Disadvantages:
Flux can be increased only upto its rated value

High speed affects the commutation, motor operation
becomes unstable
Armature voltage control method
The speed is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across the armature .
Voltage across armature can be controlled by
adding a variable resistance in series with the
armature
Potential divider control :
If the speed control from zero to the rated speed is
required , by rheostatic method then the voltage
across the armature can be varied by connecting
rheostat in a potential divider arrangement .
Starters for DC motors
Needed to limit the starting current .

1. Two point starter
2. Three point starter
3. Four point starter
Testing of DC machines
• To determine the efficiency of as DC motor , the output and
input should be known.
• There are two methods.
The load test or The direct method
The indirect method
• Direct method: In this method , the efficiency is
determined by knowing the input and output power of the
motor.
• Indirect method: Swinburne’s test is an indirect method of
testing DC shunt machines to predetermine the effficency ,
as a motor and as a Generator. In this method, efficiency is
calculated by determining the losses .
EFFICIENCY OF A DC MACHINE
The power that a d.c machine receives is called the input and
the power it gives out is called the output.
Therefore, the efficiency of a d.c machine like that of any energy

transferring device is
Efficiency=
Output= Input-Losses and
Input=Output+Losses
Engineering
Efficiency=
Efficiency=
The most obvious method of determining efficiency of a d.c machine is to

directly load it and measure the input power.
Then we can use equation “Efficiency= ‘’ to determine efficiency of the

machine.

Engineering
The power that a d.c machine receives is called the input and the power it gives out is called the output.
Therefore, the efficiency of a d.c machine like that of any energy transferring device is
Efficiency=
Output= Input-Losses and Input=Output+Losses
i.E efficiency of a d.c machine can also be expressed in the following forms as
Efficiency=
Efficiency=
The most obvious method of determining efficiency of a d.c machine is to directly load it and measure
the input power. Then we can use equation “Efficiency= ‘’ to determine efficiency of the machine.

Engineering
EFFICIENCY BY DIRECT LOADING

Engineering
TESTING OF A DC MACHINE
• Q:- Why testing are required ?

Engineering
TESTING OF A DC MACHINE
• Q:- Why testing are required ?
• Ans-Machines are tested for finding out losses, efficiency and temperature rise.
• For small m/c we used DIRECT LOADING test and

• for large shunt m/c, INDIRECT METHOD are used.

Engineering
TESTING METHODS ARE
• Simple / Direct test.
• Swinburne’s / Indirect Method test.
• Hopkinson’s / Regenerative / Back - to - Back / Heat –run test.

Engineering
Simple / Direct test
• This method is suitable only for SMALL DC machine
• In direct method the DC machine is subjected to rated

load and the entire o/p power is wasted.
• The ratio of output power to input power gives the

efficiency of DC machine
• Belt pully arrangement attached to spring S1 and S2
• Loads on pulley adjusted by hand wheels H1 and H2.

Engineering
•In brake test a brake is applied to a water-cooled pulley
mounted on the motor shaft as shown in figure.
•Net pull on the rope=(S1-S2)kg-Wt

• =(S1-S2)x 9.81 newtons
• If r is the radius of the pulley in metres, then shaft torque

Tsh developed by the motor is
•Tsh=(S1-S2)x 9.81xr newton-metre

Engineering
•If speed of the pulley is N r.p.m then,
•Output power=
• = watts
•V= Supply voltage in volts

•I=Current taken by the motor in amperes
•i.e Input to motor =VI watts
•Efficiency=

Engineering
•In brake test a brake is applied to awater-cooled pulley mounted on the motor shaft as
shown in figure.
•Net pull on the rope=(S1-S2)kg-Wt
• =(S1-S2)x 9.81 newtons
• If r is the radius of the pulley in metres, then shaft torque Tsh developed by the motor
is
•Tsh=(S1-S2)x 9.81xr newton-metre
•If speed of the pulley is N r.p.m then,
•Output power=
• = watts
•V= Supply voltage in volts
•I=Current taken by the motor in amperes
•i.e Input to motor =VI watts
•Efficiency=

Engineering
NUMERICAL A full load break test on a small d.c m/c shunt motor ,give the following data Spring
balance readings 25 kg & 9 kg Out side pulley diameter 19.5 cm Belt thickness 0.50 cm Motor
speed 1500 rpm Applied voltage 230 v Line current 12.5 A Calculate the shaft torque, shaft power
& motor efficiency at rated load.

Engineering
balance readings 25 kg & 9 kg Out side pulley diameter 19.5 cm Belt thickness 0.50 cm Motor
speed 1500 rpm Applied voltage 230 v Line current 12.5 A Calculate the shaft torque, shaft power
& motor efficiency at rated load.
SOLUTION
Shaft torque=(S1-S2)×Effective radius
Shaft power=ω×Shaft torque
Motor i/p=Vti=
ή(motor efficiency at rated load)=output/input= shaft power/ Motor input

Engineering
balance readings 25 kg & 9 kg Out side pulley diameter 19.5 cm Belt thickness 0.50 cm Motor speed
1500 rpm Applied voltage 230 v Line current 12.5 A Calculate the shaft torque, shaft power & motor
efficiency at rated load.
SOLUTION
Shaft torque=(S1-S2)×Effective radius
=(25.9)[(19.5/2)+(0.5/2)]×(1/100)kg-m
=16×0.1×9.81 Nm=15.7 Nm
Shaft power=ω×Shaft torque
=[(2π×1500)/60]×15.7=2470w
Motor i/p=Vti=230×12.5=2875w
ή(motor efficiency at rated load)=[2470/2875]×100=85.6%

Engineering
DISADVANTAGES
Limited to small machines
The spring balance readings are not steady.
Friction torque does not remain constant for a particular setting of handwheels H1&H2
Large power is dissipated which makes expensive
For machines of large rating , large loads are not available

Engineering
Applications of DC Motors:
Shunt Motor:
Blowers and fans
Centrifugal and reciprocating pumps
Lathe machines
Machine tools
Milling machines
Drilling machines
Series Motor tor:
Cranes
Hoists , Elevators
Trolleys
Conveyors
Electric traction
Vacuum cleaners
hair driers
Cumulative compound Motor:
Rolling mills
Punches
Shears
Heavy planers
Elevators
Numericals on EMF equation of DC generator
Emf Equation Eg=

1. Calculate the emf generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having
65 slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200r.p.m. The
flux per pole is 0.02 Wb.
Ans:
Emf Equation Eg=

1. Calculate the emf generated by 4-pole wave wound generator having 65
slots with 12 conductors per slot when driven at 1200r.p.m. The flux per
pole is 0.02 Wb.
Ans: Eg=
P=4, =0.02 Wb, N=1200 r.p.m,
Z=12x65
=780 , A=2
Eg=(4x0.02x780x1200)/(60x2)=624
Emf Equation Eg=

2. A 6-pole lap-wound dc generator has 600 conductors on its armature.
The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. Claculate (i) The speed at which the
generator must be run to generate 300V (ii) What would be the speed if
the generator were wave-wound ?
Solution:
(i)
Engineering
Emf Equation Eg=
2. A 6-pole lap-wound dc generator has 600 conductors on its armature. The flux per pole is 0.02 Wb. Claculate (i)
The speed at which the generator must be run to generate 300V (ii) What would be the speed if the generator
were wave-wound ?
Solution:
(i) Lapwound:
Eg=
N== = 1500 r.p.m.
(ii) Wave wound:

Eg=
N== = 500 r.p.m.
Emf Equation Eg=
3. An 8-pole lap-wound armature rotated at 350 r.p.m is required to generate 260 V. The useful
magnetic flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. If the armature has 120 slots calculate the number of
conductors per slot.
Solution:
Eg=
Z=
Emf Equation Eg=
3. An 8-pole lap-wound armature rotated at 350 r.p.m is required to generate 260 V. The useful magnetic
flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. If the armature has 120 slots calculate the number of conductors per slot.
Solution:
Eg=
Z== = 890.
i.e no of conductors/slot =890/120= 7.14

This value must be a even number
Hence conductor /slot =8
Emf Equation Eg=
Solution:
Eg=
Z=?
Emf Equation Eg=
Solution:
Eg=
Z=90x4x2=720.
Φ== = 0.04 Wb.

Numericals on DC Shunt, series and Compund generator
1) A 100 KW, 240 V Shunt generator has afield resistance of 55Ω and
armature resistance of 0.067Ω Find the full load generated voltage
Solution:
IL
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=
Eg=V+IaRa
=
1) A 100 KW, 240 V Shunt generator has afield resistance of 55Ω and
armature resistance of 0.067Ω Find the full load generated voltage
Solution:
IL=416.7 A
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=416.7+4.36= 421.1 A
Eg=V+IaRa
=240+421.1X0.067= 268.2 V
2) A 30 KW, 300V d.c Shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.05Ω and 100
Ω respectively. Calculate the total power developed by the armature when it delivers full
load output.
Solution:
IL
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=
Eg=V+IaRa
=Power developed by armature =EgIa
= kW.
Numericals on DC Shunt, series and Compound generator
2) A 30 KW, 300V d.c Shunt generator has armature and field resistance of 0.05Ω and 100
Ω respectively. Calculate the total power developed by the armature when it delivers full
load output.
Solution:
IL= 100 A
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=100+3= 103 A
Eg=V+IaRa
=300+103X0.05= 305.15 V
Power developed by armature =EgIa
=305.15X103= 31.43X10^3 W= 31.43 kW.
Numerical on DC Shunt, series and Compound generator
3) A compound generator is to supply a load of 250 lamps,each rated at 100 W,250V. The armature , series
and shunt windings have resistances of 0.06Ω, 0.04Ω and 50Ω respectively. Determine the generated e.m.f.
when the machine is connected in (i) Long shunt (ii) Short shunt. Take drop per brush as 1V.
Solution:
(i)In Long Shunt
IL= 100 A
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=100+5= 105 A
Eg=V+Ia(Ra+Rse)+ Total brush drop

=250+105(0.06+0.04)+2X1= 262.5 V
Power developed by armature =EgIa
=305.15X103= 31.43X10^3 W= 31.43 kW.
3) A compound generator is to supply a load of 250 lamps,each rated at 100 W,250V. The armature , series
and shunt windings have resistances of 0.06Ω, 0.04Ω and 50Ω respectively. Determine the generated e.m.f.
when the machine is connected in (i) Long shunt (ii) Short shunt. Take drop per brush as 1V.
Solution:
(iI)In Short Shunt
IL= 100 A
Voltage across shunt, VAB=250+100X0.04=254 V
Ish=
Ia= IL+Ish
=100+5.08= 105.08 A
Eg=VAB+IaRa+ Total brush drop

=250+105.082X1= 262.3 V
Numericals on DC Motor
(1)A 250 V shunt motor takes a load current of 20A. The shunt field and
armature resistances are 200Ω and 0.3Ω respectively.
Determine (i) value of back e.m.f.
(ii) gross mechanical power in the armature.
Solution:
(i) Shunt current, Ish=
Armature current= Ia=IL-Ish=
Back emf Eb=V-IaRa
=
(ii) Mechanical Power developed= Eb.Ia
=
=
(1)A 250 V shunt motor takes a load current of 20A. The shunt field and
Solution:
Armature current= Ia=IL-Ish=
Back emf Eb=V-IaRa
=
=
=
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Engineering
(1) A 250 V shunt motor takes a load current of 20A. The shunt field and
Solution:
Armature current= Ia= IL-Ish=
Back emf Eb=V-IaRa
=_____V
=
=4582.5 W
(1) A 250 V shunt motor takes a load current of 20A. The shunt field and
Solution:
Armature current= Ia= IL-Ish= 20-1.25
Back emf Eb=V-IaRa
=250-18.75X0.3=244.4 V
=244.4x18.75
=4582.5 W
(2) A 230 V shunt motor has an armature circuit resistance of 0.6Ω. If the
full load armature current is 30A and no-load armature current is 4A.
Find the change in back emf from no-load to full load.
Solution:
(i) Eb=V-IaRa
At no load Eb=
At full load Eb=
Change in back emf=
(2) A 230 V shunt motor has an armature circuit resistance of 0.6Ω. If the
full load armature current is 30A and no-load armature current is 4A.
Find the change in back emf from no-load to full load.
Solution:
(i) Eb=V-IaRa
At no load Eb= 230-4X0.6 =227.6 V
At full load Eb=230-30X0.6=227.6 V
Change in back emf=227.6-212=15.6 V
(3) A 4-pole motor is fed at 440V and takes an armature current of 50 A.

The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.28Ω. The armature is wave
connected with 888 conductors and useful flux per pole is 0.023 wb.
Calculate the speed of the motor.
Solution:
(i) V=Eb+Ia Ra
440=Eb+50X0.28
Eb=
Eb=
N==r.p.m
(3) A 4-pole motor is fed at 440V and takes an armature current of 50 A.

The resistance of the armature circuit is 0.28Ω. The armature is wave
connected with 888 conductors and useful flux per pole is 0.023 wb.
Calculate the speed of the motor.
Solution:
(i) V=Eb+Ia Ra
440=Eb+50X0.28
Eb=440-50X0.28=426 V
Eb=
N===626 r.p.m
(4) The counter e.m.f. of a shunt motor is 227V. The field resistance is
160Ω and field current is 1.5 A. If the line current is 39.5 A. Find the
armature resistance . Also find the armature current when the motor is
stationary.
Solution:
Applied voltage V=Ish.Rsh=
Applied current Ia=IL-Ish=
V=Eb+IaRa
Ra==
At the moment of start up , the armature is stationary so
Eb=0, Ia== ___A
(4) The counter e.m.f. of a shunt motor is 227V. The field resistance is
160Ω and field current is 1.5 A. If the line current is 39.5 A. Find the
armature resistance . Also find the armature current when the motor is
stationary.
Solution:
Applied voltage V=Ish.Rsh=1.5x160=240V
Applied current Ia=IL-Ish=39.5-1.5=38A
V=Eb+IaRa
Ra== =0.342Ω
At the moment of start up , the armature is stationary
so Eb=0, Ia== =701.5A
(5) A 20 KW, 250V d.c shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.1Ω and 125Ω respectively. Calculate the total
armature power developed when running (i) As a generator delivering 20 KW output. (ii) As a motor taking 20 kw input
Solution:
Generator
Motor
(5) A 20 KW, 250V d.c shunt generator has armature and field resistances of 0.1Ω and
125Ω respectively. Calculate the total armature power developed when running
(i) As a generator delivering 20 KW output.
(ii) As a motor taking 20 kw input
Solution: Motor
Generator IL= =80 A
IL= =80 A Ish= =2A
Ish= =2A Ia=IL-Ish=80-2+78 A
Ia=IL+Ish=80+2+82 A Eb=V-IaRa=250+(78x0.1)
Eg=V+IaRa=250+(82x0.1) Eg=242.2V
Eg=258.2V Power developed in armature=Eb.Ia
Power developed in armature=Eg.Ia 242.2x78=18.9x10^3 W=18.9kW
258.2x82=21.17x10^3 W=21.17kW
Numericals on Armature torque of a d.c motor
(2) An armature of a 6-pole machine 75cm in diameter has 664 conductors each having
an effective length of 30cm and carrying a current of 100A. If 70% of total conductors
lie simultaneously in the field of average flux density 0.85 wb/m2, Calculate (i)
armature torque (ii) horse power output at 250 r.p.m
Solution:
Ans: (i) Ta=4445.4 Nm (i)Power output=156 H.P

(1) Calculate the value of torque established by the armature of a 4-pole motor having
774 conductors, two paths in parallel, 24 mwb flux per pole, when the total armature
current is 50 A
Solution:
Ans: Ta=295.35 Nm
(1) Calculate the value of torque established by the armature of a 4-pole motor having
774 conductors, two paths in parallel, 24 mwb flux per pole, when the total armature
current is 50 A
Solution:
Ans: Ta=295.35 Nm
(3) A 230V d.c shunt motor takes a current of 40A and runs at 1100r.p.m If armature
and shunt field resistances are 0.25Ω and 230Ω respectively, Find the torque
developed by the armature
Solution:
Ans: Ta=74.66 Nm
Engineering
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References
[1] D.P.Kothari, I.J.Nagarath, Basic Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, McGraw Hill Education
(India) private Limited, 2017
[2] B.L.Theraja, Fundamentals of Electrical

Engineering and Electronics, S.Chand Publishing,
New Delhi, 2006.
[3] S.K.Bhattacharya, Basic Electrical and

Electronics Engineering, Pearson Education, 2011.

Engineering

BEEE Module 2 DC Machines

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BEEE Module 2 DC Machines

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Topic for the class: DC Machines

For Entire For Module II and III For Module I only

•Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to

Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University Course

Dept of EECE, GIT , GITAM deemed to be University Course

If you wrap your fingers

The magnitude of the emf

There is an induced current in a closed

 DC generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. when a

A changing magnetic flux through a loop or

“The induced currents in a conductor are in such a

• The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

1.A uniform Magnetic field

Basic operation of the generator

Schematic diagram of a simple DC Generator

Resultant current wave shape when number of

Main parts of a 4-pole d. c machine

Large DC machine Small DC machine

stampings (of 0.5 mm thick)

6)Shaft and bearings:-

Cutaway view of a dc machine

Armature Winding is classified into two types:

armatures are constructed with large wire because of high current

Eg: - are used is in the starter motor of almost all automobiles

The windings of a lap wound armature are connected in parallel.

 This parallel connection allows current capacity of each winding to be

added and provides a higher operating current.

No of parallel path, A=P ; P = no. of poles

E.M.F generated/path=  PN × Z Volts

Emf Equation Eg=

Emf Equation Eg=

Emf Equation Eg=

(ii) Wave wound:

i.e no of conductors/slot =890/120= 7.14

Φ== = 0.04 Wb.

D.C Generators A.C Generators

Cummulatitave differentially Cummulatitave differentially

ii) series wound

iii) compound wound

Fig. shows the connections of a separately excited

The voltage output depends upon the speed of

The greater the speed and field current, greater is the

It may be noted that separately excited d.c. generators

(i) Series generator

(ii) Shunt generator

Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)

Terminal voltage, V = EG - I(Ra + Rse)

Power developed in armature = EgIa

Armature current, Ia = Ise = IL = I(say)

Terminal voltage, V = EG - I(Ra + Rse)

Power developed in armature = EgIa

This drop is generally small.

 The actual construction and operation of a

Four-pole generator (without armature)

The following are the three most important

1. Open Circuit Characteristics (Eo/IF)

 The effect of magnetic field set up by armature current

(ii) It cross-magnetizes or distorts.

Self excited generators

iii) compound generators:-

The center rotating part of the

Consists of Laminated core and