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DC Machine Introduction and Construction:

Introduction and Construction:
 DC machines are rotating electrical machine which can be either operated
as motor or generator.
 Two types: DC generator and DC motor
 A DC generator converts mechanical power (mechanical energy) into DC
electrical power, whereas, a DC motor converts d.c electrical power into
mechanical power. So known as electromechanical energy conversion
device.
Major two parts:
 Stator: Field system / field poles
 Rotor: Armature/ armature windings/conductor system ( armature must be
in rotor in DC machine)
Main parts of DC machine construction:
a) Yoke
b) Field poles and field windings
c) Armature and armature winding
d) Commutator and carbon brushes
Fig. Commercial picture and schematic of DC machine

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Introduction and Construction: Introduction and Construction:

 The constructional parts of DC machine is shown:
1) Yoke:
 the yoke is the outer cover of the machine supporting and protecting the
internal parts.
 It is made of low reluctance ’ material like silicon steel or cast iron.
 It provides mechanical protection of whole machine.
 Provides larger outer surface for better cooling of machine.
 It provides mechanical supports for filed poles and provides path for
magnetic flux.

2) Field poles:
 Field poles are iron core projected from yoke.
 The upper part, connected to yoke is the pole core and lower wider part is
pole shoe. And both made of laminated steel.
 The purpose of the pole core is to provide flux and to support the field
windings.
 pole shoe is stretched so as to reduce reluctance and provide uniform air
gap along the armature core and also to provide uniform flux distribution
Fig. cross sectional view of 4 pole DC machine in the air gap.

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3) Field winding:
 They are usually made of copper. Field coils
are former wound and placed on each pole
and are connected in series.
 when DC current is passed through these
coils, they wil magnetize the pole core
and produce magnetic flux or field.
4) Armature:
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6) Commutator and carbon brushes:
 The commutator, which rotates with the armature, consists of a set of
copper segments which are insulated from each other.
 Each commutator segment is connected to the ends of the armature coils.
 Brushes are usually made from carbon or graphite. They rest on
commutator segments and slide on the segments when the commutator
rotates keeping the physical contact to collect or supply the current.
 It converts the induced alternating current in the armature conductor into
the unidirectional current in the external load circuit in DC Generator
action.
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 Armature is rotating part or rotor of machine, cylindrical in shape , with
central shaft.
 The armature core has grooves or slots on its outer surface.
 The armature is built up of thin laminated circular steel disks for reducing
eddy current losses. It may be provided with air ducts for the axial air flow
for cooling purposes.
5.) Armature winding:
 It is enamel insulated copper wire/coil wound on the slot of armature core.
 The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also from the
armature core.
 Armature winding can be wound by one of the two methods; lap winding
or wave winding. Double layer lap or wave windings are generally used. A
double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry two different
coils.
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 DC current is collected from the armature winding by means of two or
more carbon brushes mounted on the commutator and are fixed.
 Thus , current produced in the armature winding is passed to the
commutator and then to external circuit by means brushes in dc generator.
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Let, v= linear velocity of conductor

Working principle of DC Generator w= angular velocity of conductor
 The working principle of DC generator is based on law of electromagnetic θ= wt= angle moved in time ‘t’
induction.
= angle between v and B
 When the field winding of dc machine is supplied by DC current, field pole
We have, the magnitude of emf is
will produce magnetic field.
e = BlvSinθ ----------------(1)
 And when the armature of dc machine is rotated by mechanical force (may
be Turbine, diesel engine) at a constant speed, the armature conductor cuts
the magnetic flux produced by field poles.
 Therefore, according to Faraday's Laws of electromagnetic induction, EMF
will induce/ develop in the conductor/ coil.
 If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will
circulate within the path.
 The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.
 Let us consider a two poles machine with a single coil of armature as shown
in the figure. The direction of induced emf is found by Fleming’s right rule.

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 In such a situation we have two problem,

Wt =θ Emf E = 2BlvSinθ
θ= 0o E=0
a) The voltage across the load is AC rather than DC.
b) Physical problem i.e. load has to be rotated along the armature.
θ= 30o E = 2Blv* 0.5= +0.5 Em
θ= 90o E = 2Blv* 1= +Em
So, these problem can be eliminated by using the split ring (commutator) and
carbon brushes arrangement.
θ= 150o E = 2Blv* (0.5)= 0.5 Em
θ= 180o E = 2Blv* (0)= 0
θ= 210o E = 2Blv* (-0.5)= -0.5 Em
θ= 360o E = 2Blv* (0)= 0

 Thus, nature of emf induced is e= EmSinθ, which is sinusoidal voltage

Thus, during 0 to 180 rotation, the current flow will be

BA -> R1-> B1-> bulb(PQ) –> B2 -> R2 -> DC
Thus, during 180 to 360 rotation, the current flow will be
CD -> R2-> B1-> bulb(PQ) –> B2 -> R1 -> AB

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 Thus, in above two cases, Working principle of DC Motor:

the direction of current through  The working principle of dc motor is based on the fact that “whenever the
the load (bulb) is from P to Q current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it will exert some
i.e. unidirectional. mechanical force” and this mechanical force is converted into mechanical
torque and motor continues to rotate.
 And the voltage will be like this.
 The force is given by, F=BIL Sinθ, N and direction of force can be found by
the output voltage is pulsating DC. suing Fleming’s Left hand Rule.
 Thus, when field winding is supplied by dc current, it will produce magnetic
flux and when armature is supplied by dc source through commutator and
brush arrangement, the armature conductor produces continuous rotation.
Now,
If there are large no of armature
 Actually, the current in armature produces its own magnetic field and the
conductors, then output voltage interaction between main field and this field causes the production of
becomes more and more smooth torque and motor rotates.
like DC.
 The torque production is illustrated by following demonstration:
Let us suppose, the armature has one single turn of coil i.e. two conductors.

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Let, EMF Equation of DC Generator

Let, a dc generator, whose armature is rotated by a prime mover.
Suppose the following quantities,
P = number of field poles
Ø = flux produced per pole in Wb (weber)
Z = total no. of armature conductors
N = rotational speed of armature in
revolutions per min. (rpm)
Note:
Describe self , the cases of force produced Now, according to Faradays laws of EMI,
With the help of above picture. Average emf generated per conductor is given by, e= dΦ/dt
Flux cut by one conductor in one revolution = dΦ = PΦ
Number of revolutions per second (speed in RPS) = N/60
so, time for one revolution = dt = 60/N (Seconds)
Then,emf induced/generated per conductor = dΦ/dt =

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Now, if A= number of parallel path Example:

in armature winding, then
No. of conductor in series = Z/A
So, total emf generated across
the carbon brush,

Note,
for lap winding, A=P
For wave winding A=2

This is the emf equation of DC generator.

Factors affecting value of EMF/ voltage generated:
Magnetic flux, Φ
Speed of armature, N
Hence,

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Circuit model of DC machine and types : a) Separately excited dc generator:

a) Armature circuit B) Field circuit Excitation current is supplied by a separate DC source. It has no electrical
connection with the armature circuit.
a) Self excited dc generator
Field winding is excited by the DC current generated by the armature of
the machine.
No external DC source is required and field winding and armature winding
have electrical connection and according to the connection, self excited
generators are further classified.

Excitation:
The supply of dc current to the field winding of dc generator is known as
excitation. Depending upon different method of excitation dc generator is
classified as:

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Classification of DC machines :
Note,

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Types of DC Motor: Separately excited dc generator:

Let,
Vf= excitation voltage
If = field current
Rf = resistance of field winding
Ra = resistance of armature winding
Eg = internal emf generated
V= load terminal voltage
IL = load current
Ia = Armature cuurent
Now, relations are:
If brush drop is known,

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Series and shunt dc generator Compound generator

Relations: Relations: Relations: Relations:

and

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Problem#1 Solution#1:

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Back EMF in DC Motor: Now,

 When the armiger motor rotates, the armature conductor cuts the From above equation,
magnetic flux produced by field poles. Multiplying by current on both sides, we get
 Then, according to faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, an emf will
induce across the armature conductor. -------(3)
 The direction of this emf is opposed to the applied voltage (V), this EMF is Here,
known as back emf.
VIa = electrical power input to the armature.
 The magnitude of back EMF is given by
I2aRa = copper loss in the armature.
Eb Ia = Mechanical power developed by the armature
Thus, Total electrical power supplied to the armature = Mechanical power
developed by the armature + losses due to armature resistance
 Here, the applied voltage V pushes the current into the armature and the The above equation (3) is called power equation of DC motor.
back EMF Eb opposes the flow of current.
 However, some current flows through the armature winding which is given
by

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Role of Back EMF: Torque developed by dc motor:

 Back emf protect the armature conductor from being short circuit during Let, N = speed of armature in RPM
the normal operation. if there is no back EMF, the armature will draw very r= radius of armature
high current.
Then, work done by the force in one complete rotation is
I.e.
W= F*2πr
Time for one rotation = 60/N Sec
This current is beyond the capacity of conductor and it will damage
the armature windings. Power developed by armature conductor = rate of work done
 The back EMF helps to produce required amount of torque according i.e.
to change in load.
 back EMF acts as energy converting opposing agent. Now, when armature rotates it cuts the magnetic field continuously, so emf
will induce across the armature coil, known as back EMF and given by

So, power developed by armature can also be expressed as

Pa = Eb * Ia ----------------------------------(3)

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Analysis of DC Shunt motor

Now, derive Pm as,
From equation 1,2 and 3, we can write

Again, From eq (3), obtain power eq. as

Note,
Here, parameters: Z,P, A, are constant for a given DC machine.
Thus, it is seen that torque developed by armature is proportional to the
product of armature current and strength of field pole i.e. flux per pole
Here,
Electrical power supplied to armature =
Power input = mechanical power developed Mechanical power developed by armature
+ losses in the armature + loss in the field. + losses in armature windings

Above eq. (6) and (7) is called power

equation of DC Motor.

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Assignment:
Write the mathematical equations of Characteristics of DC Generators:
following types: 1. No load characteristics (open circuit characteristics, OCC)
 This characteristic shows the relation between generated emf at no load
(E0) and the field current (If) at a given fixed speed.
 The O.C.C. curve is just the magnetization curve and it is practically similar
for all type of generators. The data for O.C.C. curve is obtained by operating
the generator at no load and keeping a constant speed. Field current is
gradually increased and the corresponding terminal voltage is recorded.
 For shunt or series excited generators, the field winding is disconnected
from the machine and connected across an external supply.

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2. load characteristics or external characteristics: b) DC series Generator

 It is the curve shows the relation between terminal voltage (V) and the
load current (IL). Terminal voltage V is less than the generated emf Eg due
to voltage drop in the armature circuit. This characteristics is not
a) DC shunt Generator/ separately excited dc generator: linear due to series field.
V decreases due to increase
in load current but
At the same time, E also
Increases due to flux
Increase
As field current and
armature current same.
At overload condition,
the voltage starts decreasing due to excessive demagnetizing effect of
armature reaction and saturation effect.

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Voltage Build up in DC shunt Generator

C) DC compund Generator: Self Describe:
By adjusting the series turns, V can be controlled in different ways:
 If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so that, increase in load current
causes increase in terminal voltage then the generator is called to be over
compounded.
 If series winding amp-turns are adjusted so that, the terminal voltage
remains constant even the load current is increased, then the generator is
called to be flat compounded.
 If the series winding has lesser
number of turns than that would
be required to be flat
compounded, then the generator
is called to be under compounded.

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Critical resistance (Rc): Conditions for Voltage Build up:

 Critical resistance is the value of field winding resistance above which voltage
build up process will not take place for a given speed or OCC curve.
 At critical resistance value, the Rf line is just tangent to OCC curve.
critical speed (Nc):
 It is the speed at which the given Rf line is tangent to the OCC curve i.e. at this
speed Rf line becomes critical resistance.
 It is noted that below this speed, voltage building process will not take place.
In Brief, the following condition must be satisfied for voltage
buildup in a self-excited generator.
 There must be sufficient residual flux in the field poles.
 the field terminal should be connected such a way that the field
current increases flux in the direction of residual flux.
 The field circuit resistance should be less than the critical field
circuit resistance.

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Calculation of critical speed:

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