Canada

Canada's legal system is composed of both common law and civil law elements. As of 2019,[8] the
professional degree required to become a common law lawyer is a Juris Doctor (J.D.). Formerly, this
degree was called a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B., Legum Baccalaureatus in Latin), but the name was phased
out. LL.B. holders were often given the chance to convert their degrees to the new designation. Despite
having the word "Doctor" in the name, the J.D. remains a second-entry undergraduate programme,
requiring some years of undergraduate study before applicants are eligible. For Quebec, where
provincial law is a hybrid of French-heritage civil law for civil matters and common law for public,
criminal, and federal law matters, the professional degree is often called the Bachelor of Civil Law
(B.C.L.) in English, and has other designations at various institutions in Quebec. Prior to getting called to
the bar in one of Canada's provinces or territories, degree-holders must complete bar exams and
articling terms (professional apprenticeships with practising lawyers) or the equivalent thereof.[9]

For graduate academic study in law, the master's level designation is the Master of Laws (LL.M., Legum
Magister in Latin). Doctoral-level legal research degrees vary in title by institution, but the designations
include the Doctor of Juridical Science (S.J.D., Scientiae Juridicae Doctor in Latin), Doctor of Philosophy in
Law (Ph.D., Philosophiae Doctor in Latin), or Doctor of Laws (LL.D., Legum Doctor in Latin) for common
law-based doctorates and the Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.) for civil law-based doctorates.

The degree of Doctor of Laws (LL.D., Legum Doctor in Latin) is reserved at some universities for honorary
use.