Digital Signal

Processing
(15B11EC413)
Lecture 18: Implementation of
Discrete-Time Systems (IIR)

Dr. Hemant Kumar

Table of Contents
• Difference Equation
• Direct Form Structure
• Transposition
• Cascade-Form Structures
• Parallel-Form Structures
• Example
Difference Equation

and

The difference equation is combination of all zero filter and all pole filter

Gives all pole

filter

Gives all zero

filter
Direct Form Structure

Can be viewed as cascaded system

where and

Direct
Form-I
Requires

All zero All pole

Direct Form Structure
Reversing the order first putting input in all pole filter then to all zero filter

Then, system can be realized using single delay line leading to

another structure called Direct form-II
Direct Form Structure

This structure requires

Maximum of M or N memory locations

This realization is also called canonic as it

minimizes number of memory locations
Transposition

Can be represented as
Cascade-Form Structures

Where,
Parallel-Form Structures

And
Example
Determine the cascade and parallel realizations for the system described by the system function

For cascade system

 10

Parallel form
References
• J. G. Proakis & D. G. Manolakis, Digital Signal Processing,
Principles, Algorithms and Applications, Fourth edition, PHI, 2007.