System Realization

Unit-1
 System Realization
• Systems may be continuous-time systems or discrete-time systems.
Discrete-time systems may be FIR (Finite Impulse Response) systems
or IIR (Infinite Impulse Response) systems.
• FIR systems are the systems whose impulse response has finite
number of samples and IIR systems are systems whose impulse
response has infinite number of samples.
• Realization of a discrete-time system means obtaining a network
corresponding to the difference equation or transfer function of the
system.
Realization of Discrete-Time Systems
• To realize a discrete-time system, the given difference equation in time
domain is to be converted into an algebraic equation in z-domain, and
each term of that equation is to be represented by a suitable element (a
constant multiplier or a delay element).
• Then using adders, all the elements representing various terms of the
equation are to be connected to obtain the output.
• The symbols of the basic elements used for constructing the block
diagram of a discrete-time system (adder, constant multiplier and unit
delay element) are shown in Figure
Realization of Discrete-Time Systems
Example: Construct the block diagram for the discrete-time systems
whose input- output relations are described by the following difference
equations:
(a) y(n) = 0.7x(n) + 0.3x (n  1)
(b) y(n) = 0.5y(n 1) + 0.8x(n) + 0.4x(n 1)
Sol:
(a) y(n) = 0.7x(n) + 0.3x (n  1)
Taking Z-transform on both side of the difference function
Y(z) = 0.7X(z) + 0.3z-1X (z)
(b) y(n) = 0.5y (n  1) + 0.8x(n) + 0.4x(n  1)
Taking Z-transform on both side of the difference function
Y(z) = 0.5z-1Y(z) + 0.8X(z) + 0.4z-1X(z)
Structures for Realization of IIR Systems
• IIR systems are systems whose impulse response has infinite number
of samples. They are designed by using all the samples of the infinite
duration impulse response.
The different types of structures for realizing
IIR systems are:
1. Direct form-I structure
2. Direct form-II structure
3. Transposed form structure
4. Cascade form structure
5. Parallel form structure
6. Lattice structure
7. Ladder structure
The main advantage of re-arranging the sets of difference equations (i.e. the main
criteria for selecting a particular structure) is to reduce the computational
complexity, memory requirements and finite word length effects in computations.
1. Direct form-I structure
• Direct form-I realization of an IIR system is nothing, but the direct
implementation of the difference equation or transfer function. It is the
simplest and most straight forward realization structure available.
• The direct form-I structure is in two parts. The first part contains only zeros
[that is, the input components either x(n) or X(z)] and the second part contains
only poles [that is, the output components either y(n) or Y(z)]. In direct form-I,
the zeros are realized first and poles are realized second.
Limitations of direct form-I
• Since the number of delay elements used in direct form-I is more than (double)
the order of the difference equation, it is not effective.
• It lacks hardware flexibility.
• There are chances of instability due to the quantization noise.
Direct form-II structure
• The Direct form-II structure is an alternative to direct form-I structure. It is
more advantageous to use direct form-II technique than direct form-I, because
it uses less number of delay elements than the direct form-I structure.
• In direct form-II, an intermediate variable is introduced and the given transfer
function is split into two, one containing only poles and the other containing
only zeros.
Advantage of the direct form-II over the direct form-I

• The number of delay elements used in direct form-II is less than that
of direct form-I.

Limitations of direct form-II

• It also lacks hardware flexibility
• There are chances of instability due to the quantization noise
Example
Direct form-I
Direct form-II
Transposed Form Structure
• It is practically true that if we reverse the direction of all the branch
transmittances and interchange the input and the output in the
structure or signal flow graph, the system remains unchanged.
• The transposed structure or transpose form or reverse structure is
obtained by reversing the direction of all branch transmittances and
interchanging the input and output in the direct form structure.
• The transposed structure remains valid, provided:
1. The branch transmittances are untouched.
2. The direction of all the branches in the structure is reversed.
3. The roles of the input and output are reversed.
Procedure to realize transposed form
structure of IIR system
• First realize the given difference equation or transfer function by using
the direct form structure.
• Reverse or transpose the direction of signal flow and interchange the
input and output nodes.
• Replace the junction points by adders and adders by junction points.
• Fold the structure, which is the transposed form realization of an IIR
system
Example
Cascade Form Realization
• The cascade form structure is nothing, but a cascaded or series
interconnection of the sub transfer functions or sub system functions
which are realized by using the direct form structures (either direct
form-I or direct form-II or a combination of both).
• Hence, in cascade form realization, the given transfer function H(z) is
expressed as a product of a number of second order or first order
sections as indicated below:
• Therefore, the cascade form realization is also called a series structure
in which one sub transfer function is the input to the other transfer
function and so on.
Parallel Form Realization
• Parallel form structure is nothing, but the parallel connection of sub-
transfer functions or sub-system functions, which is decomposed by
using the partial fraction method.
• In parallel form realization, by partial fraction expansion, the transfer
function H(z) is expressed as a sum of first and second order sections.
Example