Hexagon Documentation Site Export-3

Hangers
Indicates that you are supplying hanger data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking
Hangers on the Classic Piping Input dialog box. You can fully define the hanger data, or the
hanger can be designed by CAESAR II:
To specify default values for all hangers in a model, see Hanger Design Control Data.
Any changes you type in the Hangers tab of the Piping Input auxiliary panel override
the global values you specify in the Hanger Design Control Data dialog.
To create a spring can, see Spring Can with Friction Builder.
The software provides catalogs for more than 35 spring hanger vendors.
For information on controlling the display of hangers, see Hangers.
For more information on how CAESAR II selects hangers, see Hanger Sizing Algorithm
Node
Specifies the node number to which the hanger is connected.
CNode
Specifies the connecting node number. This value is used only when the other end of the
hanger is to be connected to another point in the system, such as another pipe node.
Design Data
There are two sections on the Hanger tab in the Piping Input auxiliary panel.
Design Data
Specifies the hanger data if you need CAESAR II to design the hanger for you.
Predefined Hanger Data
Specifies the hanger data if you know the hanger information.
Hanger Table
Specifies the active hanger table.
The software provides the following hanger tables:
1. Anvil 14. BHEL 27. NHK
2. Bergen Pipe Supports Inc 15. CASTIM 2000 (formerly 28. PSSI GmbH
(formerly Bergen Power) Flexider)
3. Power Piping 16. Carpenter & Paterson 29. Seonghwa
4. NPS Industries 17. Bergen Pipe Priv Ltd 30. Mitsubishi

(India) (formerly Pipe
Supports Ltd)
5. Lisega 18. Witzenmann 31. Yamashita
6. Fronek 19. Sarathi 32. Sanwa Tekki
7. Piping Technology 20. Myricks 33. Techno Industry
8. Capitol 21. China Power 34. Hesterberg
9. Piping Services 22. Pipe Supports USA 35. Spring Supports Mfg. Co.
10. Basic Engineers 23. Quality Pipe Supports 36. Senior
11. Inoflex 24. PiHASA 37. Unison (Korea)
12. E. Myatt & Co. 25. Binder 38. Wookwang
13. Sinopec 26. Gradior
Additional design options are available if you use the following check boxes.
Extended Range
Cold Load
Hot load centered (if possible)
You can globally set the hanger data for a model from the Hanger Design Control Data,
accessed by clicking Hanger design criteria in the piping input. Specify the default hanger
table that appears in this dialog by specifying the Default Spring Hanger Table configuration
setting in Configuration Editor > Database Definitions. For examples of incorporating
spring hanger designs into your models, see the Hangers section in the CAESAR II
Application Guide.
Extended Load Range Springs
CAESAR II includes the maximum load range to permit the selection of less expensive
variable support hangers in place of constant effort supports when the spring loads are just
outside the manufacturers recommended range. Extended load ranges are the most extreme
ranges on the spring load table. Some manufacturers build double-spring supports to
accommodate this range. Others adjust the top or bottom travel limits to accommodate either
end of the extended table. Make sure that the manufacturer can supply the spring before you
use the maximum ranges. Use of the extended range often eliminates the need to go to a
constant effort support.
Most manufacturers do not support an extended range. If you select Extended

Range for a hanger with springs that do not support an extended range, the software returns
the standard spring table and ranges.
Cold Load Spring Hanger Design
Cold load spring hanger design is a method of designing the springs in which the hot (or
operating) load is supported in the cold (or installed) position of the piping. This method of
spring design offers several advantages over the more usual hot load design:
Hanger stops are easier to remove.
There is no excessive movement from the neutral position when the system is cold or
when the stops are removed.
Spring loads can be adjusted before the system is brought up to temperature.
Some feel that the cold load approach yields a much more dependable design.
Operating loads on connected equipment are lower in some system configurations. A

hot vertical riser anchored at the bottom turning horizontally into a nozzle connection is
a typical configuration resulting in this load-reduction. The spring to be designed is at
the elbow adjacent to the nozzle. Operating loads are lower because the difference
between the hot and cold loads counters the moment produced by the vertical thermal
expansion from the anchor.
The disadvantages to cold load design are:
In some systems, the loads on rotating equipment may be increased by a value

proportional to the spring rate times the travel in the hot condition.
Most installations are done on a hot load design basis.
Middle of the Table Hanger Design (Hot Load Centered)
Many designers prefer that the hot load be centered as closely as possible to the middle of
the spring table. This provides as much variability as possible in both directions before the
spring bottoms out when the system is hot. This design was necessary prior to effective
computer modeling of piping systems, when the weights at hangers were approximated by
chart methods or calculated by hand. Activating this option does not guarantee that spring hot
loads are at the middle of the spring table, but CAESAR II makes every effort to move the hot
load to this position. The CAESAR II design algorithm goes to a higher size spring if the
design load is closer to the middle of the larger spring's range, but never switches spring
types. This option, when it is effective, can only result in a one-size larger spring. CAESAR II
attempts to move the hot load to the next higher spring when it is within 10% of the maximum
travel range for the spring. If the new spring is not satisfactory, then CAESAR II uses the old
one.
Tag (Hanger Tag)
Specifies the hanger identifier or name. Type to manually create a new name. You can import
and export tags through a .pcf file or a neutral file.
The tag:
Displays in piping input, model graphics, and Isogen.
Exports to applicable output reports and MDB files.
Duplicates with the restraint or hanger when you duplicate the element.
Available Space (neg. for can)
Specifies the amount of room above or below the pipe where you can install the hanger or
spring can. If the value is negative, then CAESAR II assumes that a spring can is to be
installed. If the value is positive, then CAESAR II assumes that a hanger is to be in installed.
Typical units (depending on your unit system):
in
mm
cm
The software creates hangers or cans for a location only if they can be installed in the space
allotted. The precise definition of available space varies with the manufacturer.
This is the available vertical clearance for the hanger or spring can:
Leave the Available Space box blank or set to zero if available space is not an important
design criterion.
When the available space is the governing factor in a hanger design, several smaller springs
are typically chosen in place of one large spring.
Allowable Load Variation (%)
Specifies the limit on the allowed variation between the hot and cold hanger loads. Type the
value as a percentage. For example, type twenty five percent as 25.0.
If this value is not specified, the only limit on load variation is that inherent in the spring table.
This is approximately 100% when the hot load is smaller than the cold load and 50% when
the hot load is larger than the cold load. Hot loads are smaller than cold loads whenever the
operating displacement in the Y direction is positive. The default value for the load variation is
25%.
The Allowable Load Variation value is the percentage variation from the hot load:
or as may be more familiar:
For a cold load design, the denominator is Cold Load.
Rigid Support Displacement Criteria
Specifies the minimum amount of travel for hanger design. This is a cost saving feature that
replaces unnecessary springs with rigid rods.
in
mm
cm
The hanger design algorithm operates by first running a restrained weight case. The load to
be supported by the hanger in the operating condition is determined from this case. After the
hanger design load is known, the software runs an operating case with the hot hanger load
installed. This analysis determines the travel at the hanger location. If this determined hanger
travel is less than the Rigid Support Displacement Criteria, then a rigid Y-support is
selected instead of a spring for the location.
The software does not apply the criteria if you leave the Rigid Support Displacement
Criteria box blank or zero.
A typical value is 0.1 in.
You should insert a single directional restraint instead of a rigid rod in some
cases. Rigid rods are double-acting restraints. In some cases, these can develop large hold
down forces that do not really exist because the support has lifted off, or because the rigid rod
has bowed slightly. When this condition develops, you should rerun the hanger design
inserting single directional restraints where rigid rods were put in by CAESAR II.
Do not replace hangers with rigid rods in very stiff parts of the piping system. These parts are
usually associated with rotating equipment or vessel nozzles that need to be protected.
Maximum Allowed Travel Limit
Specifies the maximum amount of travel for hanger design. CAESAR II selects a constant
effort support if the design operating travel exceeds this limit, even though a variable support
from the manufacturer table would have been satisfactory in every other respect.
in
mm
cm
You can design a constant effort hanger by specifying a very small number for the Maximum
Allowed Travel Limit. A value of 0.001 typically forces CAESAR II to select a constant effort
support for a location.
No. Hangers at Location
Specifies the number of hangers at a location.
Type a positive number to indicate the exact number of hangers at that location.
Leave the box blank to indicate that CAESAR II place as many hangers as necessary to
make the installation work.
Type a negative number to indicate the maximum number of hangers that you accept. For
example, if you want to use as few springs as possible with a maximum limit of five springs,
type -5.
For information on the display of multiple hangers, see Hangers.
Allow Short Range Springs
Indicates that hanger design allows short range springs.
CAESAR II gives you the option of excluding short range springs from consideration from the
selection algorithms. Short range springs are considered specialty items in some instances
and are not used unless their shorter length is required for clearance reasons. Clear this
check box in this case.
If this option is not selected, CAESAR II selects a mid-range spring over a short-range spring.
The software assumes that mid-range springs are more standard, readily available, and in
general cheaper than their short-range counterparts.
If the default should be that short-range springs are used wherever possible, then check the
box on the Hanger Design Control Data dialog box.
Operating Load (Total at Loc.)
Overrides the operating load that CAESAR II is calculating.
lb
This value is normally specified when you think that loads on a piece of equipment are
reduced if a hanger in the vicinity of the equipment is artificially caused to carry a
proportionately larger part of the total load. This operating load is the hot load that the hanger
is designed to support after it undergoes any travel due to the thermal expansion of the
piping. CAESAR II's calculated hanger operating loads may be read from the hanger table
printed in the output processor. The column is titled HOT LOAD. The value also appears in
this table. Type the total operating load that you want to use at the location. For example, if
there are two hangers specified at the location and each should carry 500 lb., then the
operating load specified should be 1,000 lb.
Hanger Hardware Weight
Specifies any additional weight that must be supported by the hanger that exists between the
hanger and the pipe. This weight could affect the hanger design if the magnitude of this
weight is great enough.
lb
N
Multiple Load Case Design Option
Specifies the design option to use for spring hanger sizing calculations when multiple thermal
operating load cases exist. Each load case is a temperature and pressure combination
defined in Operating Conditions.
You can base the design on one or more operating conditions. For example, a two-pump
installation where only one pump operates at a time is a good application for multiple load
case design.
1 - Operating Case #1
through
9 - Operating Case #9
Designs the hanger for the selected operating load case.
10 - Maximum Load
Designs the hanger for the maximum load from the operating load cases included in No. of
Hanger Design Operating Load Cases.
11 - Maximum Travel
Designs the hanger for the maximum travel from the operating load cases included in No. of
Hanger Design Operating Load Cases.
12 - Avg Load & Travel
Designs the hanger for the average load and average travel from the operating load cases
included in No. of Hanger Design Operating Load Cases.
13 - Max Load & Travel
Designs the hanger for the maximum load and maximum travel from the operating load cases
included in No. of Hanger Design Operating Load Cases.
Maximum load and maximum travel can be from different operating cases and can result in
conservative hanger design.
You can use options 10 to 13 if there is more than one operating state for the hangers.
To use these options, you must define more than one design operating load case in No.
of Hanger Design Operating Load Cases on the Hanger Design Control Data dialog
box.
No. of Hanger Design Operating Load Cases sets a global value for the model. You
can override the global value for a specific hanger on the Hangers auxiliary panel.
For more information on how CAESAR II selects hangers, see Hanger Sizing Algorithm
Free Restraint at Node
Specifies the node number for the equipment where the restraint is freed. You can also
specify the corresponding free code to tell CAESAR II which of the restraint or anchor
directions to free. For nozzles that are further removed from the hanger usually only the Y
direction should be freed. Anchors or restraints simulating equipment connections that are in
the immediate vicinity of the hanger are usually freed during the hanger design restrained
weight run so that loads normally going to the equipment nozzle are carried by the hanger.
Hangers are commonly used around equipment nozzles to support the weight of the pipe as it
thermally expands away from the nozzle. The hanger can usually be designed to take almost
the full weight of the pipe between the anchor and the hanger if the anchor is freed when
making the restrained weight calculation. The pipe going to the anchor is treated just like a
free end, but only for the hanger weight calculation only.
The Free Restraint at Node box works in conjunction with the Free Code box. If the Free
Code is not specified for an anchor, then the software assumes that the anchor is completely
free for the restrained weight run.
The restrained Weight hanger design pass is the first analysis step in the hanger design. It is
run automatically by CAESAR II. The following steps comprise the restrained weight run:
1. Putting rigid Y restraints at each hanger location.
2. Removing anchors and restraints that are to be freed.
3. Running the weight analysis to find the hot hanger loads.
Nonlinear restraints are not freed during hanger design.

Free Code
Specifies the directions in which the anchor or restraint is released. When an anchor or
restraint should be released for the restrained weight run, type the node number for that
anchor in the Free Restraint at Node box and specify the free code describing the directions
to be released in the Free Code box on the same hanger dialog box. The available free codes
are as follows:
Free the anchor or restraint in the Y direction only.
Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and X directions only.
Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and Z directions only.
Free all translational degrees of freedom for the anchor or restraint. (X,Y, and Z)
Free all translational and rotational degrees of freedom for the anchor or restraint. (X, Y,
Z, RX, RY, and RZ)
The last option usually results in the highest adjacent hanger loads, but you should only use
that option when the horizontal distance between the hanger and the anchor is within about 4
pipe diameters.
Predefined Hanger Data
Specifies predefined hanger data. When you use the Predefined Hanger Data section on the
hanger dialog box and there is more than one hanger at the location, use the No. of Hangers
at Location box in the Design Data section to specify the number of hangers. Then, type the
spring rate and pre-load applicable to a single hanger. There is no reason to try to compute
the equivalent spring rates or theoretical loads.
Pre-defined hanger data can be specified in one of two ways:
Specify all information for the hanger.
Specify only the spring rate for the hanger.
If you specify all information, and the restraint configuration for the node is completely
defined, then it is not included in the hanger design algorithm.
For a position to be completely pre-defined, one of the following conditions must apply:
Spring rate and theoretical cold load
Constant effort support load
Spring Rate
Specifies the spring rate.
Theoretical Cold (Installation) Load
Specifies the cold load for the hanger. If you type both the spring rate and the cold load, the
hanger location is completely predefined, and CAESAR II does not perform analysis level
design for the hanger.
Resetting Loads on Existing Spring Hangers
If only the spring rate is given, CAESAR II assumes that you want to rerate the spring at the
given location. The software reads the old spring rate from the existing hanger and inputs it
directly to CAESAR II. Leave the Theoretical Cold Load box blank for the rerate. If more
than a single spring exists at the location, then type the total number of springs in the No. of
Hangers at Location box in the Design Data section. CAESAR II assumes that the load is
distributed evenly among multiple springs at the same point.
CAESAR II goes through its normal hanger design procedure to calculate the load and travel
for all proposed hanger locations including the location with springs to be reset. The stiffness
of the reset springs is not used for this redesign. After CAESAR II sizes the springs, it makes
a comparison with the user-defined spring rates. If the selected spring rate is within 5% of
your existing spring rate, CAESAR II lists the spring's figure number and size in the output
report. If the selected spring rate is more than 5% of your value, no manufacturer's data is
listed. In either case, CAESAR II uses the spring rate that you typed in all following analyses.
It is up to you to confirm that the new hot and cold loads are within the existing spring's
working range.
The primary use of the rerate capability is to find new installed loads for old springs. Springs
might be rerated after the shutdown of a unit that has been operating continuously for a long
period, or after mechanical or process changes are made to a piping system.
Constant Effort Support Load
Specifies the support load for a constant effort hanger and defines the hanger location. This
value is also included in all hanger design runs and all analysis cases following the hanger
cases that include the hanger preload force set in their formulation.
GUID
Displays the software-assigned GUID for the hanger.
GUID is a display-only value in the Hangers list input. For more information, see List.
Nozzle Flex
Indicates that you are supplying nozzle data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking
Nozzle Flex on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
The Nozzles tab in the Piping Input auxiliary panel controls options for flexible nozzle
connections. When you type values in this dialog box tab, CAESAR II automatically calculates
the flexibilities and adds them to the active element. CAESAR II calculates nozzle loads
according to your specified criteria. You can select WRC 297, API 650, PD 5500, or Custom
in the Nozzle Type box.
WRC 297
Performs nozzle flexibility calculations according to WRC 297.
Current nozzle flexibility calculations are in accordance with the Welding Research Council
Bulletin No. 297, issued August 1984 for cylinder-to-cylinder intersections.
After error checking, CAESAR II displays all useful WRC curve data on the Errors and
Warnings dialog. You can use these values to define the illustrated nozzles in the WRC 297
bulletin. It is sometimes helpful to know just how close a nozzle is to one of the several
asymptotic limits or to a curve boundary.
You can see the WRC 297 computed data only during the error checking process.
Nozzle Node
Specifies the node number located at the nozzle intersection with the vessel shell. There
should only be a single piping element connected to this node. There should be no restraints
acting on the node.
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, the nozzle element must be normal to the vessel shell.
If you want to model hillside nozzles and latrolets, the first (and possibly very short) nozzle
element that comes from the vessel must be perpendicular to the vessel to keep the local
stiffness properly oriented. The second, longer nozzle element can then go off on the true
centerline of the nozzle.
For Custom, you can directly define a lateral nozzle, a hillside nozzle, or a nozzle on the
vessel head. The nozzle and vessel centerlines may be at varying angles to each other with a
minimum angle of 20 degrees. The nozzle and vessel centerlines cannot be colinear.
When you type a nozzle node number, CAESAR II scans the current input data for the node
and fills the corresponding values in the Nozzle Outer Diameter and Nozzle Wall Thickness
boxes.
A valid nozzle node has the following properties:
Only a single element connects to the nozzle node.
The nozzle node is unrestrained and does not have displacements specified for any of
its degrees of freedom.
The software automatically includes nozzle flexibilities in the piping system analysis through
software-generated restraints. CAESAR II establishes six restraints for each flexible nozzle
input.
If you define a vessel node number, then the vessel node acts like a connecting node for each
of the six restraints. Vessel nodes are subject to the same restrictions shown above for nozzle
nodes.
You should not put a restraint or an element between the nozzle node and any
specified vessel node. CAESAR II creates the required connectivity from the nozzle flexibility
data and any additional stiffnesses between these two nodes erroneously add to the nozzle
stiffnesses.
Vessel Node (Optional)
Specifies the node number on the vessel surface at the point where the nozzle intersects the
vessel shell. This is optional. If you do not specify this value, then the nozzle node is
connected by the stiffnesses to a point fixed rigidly in space. If you specify this value, then the
nozzle node is connected by the stiffnesses to the vessel node. Specify the vessel nodes
when you want to model through the vessel from the nozzle connection to the skirt or
foundation.
A vessel can be any type of vessel, tank, heat exchanger, vessel head (not just the
shell), or any other equipment.
Vessel Centerline Direction Cosines VX, VY, VZ
Specifies the direction vector or direction cosines which defines the center-line of the vessel.
The nozzle direction cosines are taken from the current element's delta dimensions. The
vessel cosines act as a local reference vector similar to equipment nozzles in the Nozzle Lmt
Check.
For example, a vertical vessel in a Y-up coordinate system, these entries would read:
Vessel Centerline Direction Cosine VX - <blank>
Vessel Centerline Direction Cosine VY - 1.0
Vessel Centerline Direction Cosine VZ - <blank>
PD 5500 allows nozzles on cylinders or spheres.
Fax - Axial (Nozzle) (radial stiffness)
Mi - In-plane Bending (longitudinal stiffness)
Mo - Out-of-Plane Bending (circumferential

stiffness)
Mt - Torsional (Nozzle) (torsional stiffness)
D - Direction cosine of shell


stiffness)
Represents a nozzle on any type of head. D - Direction cosine of head
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, if the centerlines of the nozzle and vessel are
collinear, the software flags this as an error.
For the custom option you are not limited to radial nozzles. For Custom, you can
directly define a lateral nozzle, a hillside nozzle, or a nozzle on the vessel head. The
nozzle and vessel centerlines may be at varying angles to each other with a minimum
angle of 20 degrees. The nozzle and vessel centerlines cannot be colinear.
Nozzle Outer Diameter
Specifies the outside diameter of the nozzle.
in
mm
cm
CAESAR II fills this field automatically using the corresponding pipe diameter. You can
override this value because it does not have to be equal to the diameter of the pipe used to
model the nozzle.
For Custom, this field is not used by the software. It is for information only and
provides a way to document the basis for stiffness calculations performed by another method.
Nozzle Wall Thickness
Specifies the wall thickness of the nozzle.
in
mm
cm
CAESAR II fills this field automatically using the corresponding pipe wall thickness. You can
override this value because it does not have to be equal to the wall thickness of the pipe
element used to model the nozzle.
Distance to Stiffener or Head
Specifies the distance along the vessel centerline from the center of the nozzle opening in the
vessel shell to the closest stiffener or head in the vessel which significantly stiffens the
vessel's cross-section against local deformation normal to the shell surface. This value is
optional and is ignored for spherical vessels.
1 - Distance to Stiffener or Head
2 - Distance to Opposite Stiffener
in
mm
cm
Distance to Opposite Stiffener
vessel shell to the closest stiffener or head in the vessel on the opposite side from Distance to
Stiffener or Head. This value is optional and is ignored for spherical vessels.
in
mm
cm
Vessel Outer Diameter
Specifies the outside diameter of the vessel.
in
mm
cm
Vessel Wall Thickness
Specifies the wall thickness of the vessel at the point where the nozzle connects to the
vessel. Do not include the thickness of any reinforcing pad.
in
mm
cm
Vessel Pad Thickness
Specifies the thickness of any reinforcing pad at the nozzle.
in
mm
cm
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, this thickness is added to the vessel wall thickness
before the software performs nozzle stiffness calculations.
Vessel Temperature (Optional)
Specifies the estimated temperature of the vessel or nozzle junction.

ºF
ºC
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, you must also type a valid vessel material number in
the corresponding field. The software uses the estimated temperature to calculate the hot
modulus-of-elasticity.
For Custom, this field is not used by the software. It is for information only and provides a
way to document the basis for stiffness calculations performed by another method.
Vessel Material (Optional)
Specifies the vessel material number.
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, this is an optional field. You must pair the vessel
material number with a valid vessel temperature. The allowed vessel material number can be
any valid material number from the material database. This value corresponds to the pipe
materials used in the dialog box. If the vessel temperature and the vessel material number
are left blank or zero, then the software uses an elastic modulus of 29.0E6 psi.
For Custom, this field is not used by the software and is for information only.
API 650
Performs nozzle flexibility calculations according to API 650.
CAESAR II can also calculate nozzle flexibilities according to Appendix P of API 650, "Design
of Carbon Steel Atmospheric Oil Storage Tanks."
Nozzle Node
acting on the node.
boxes.
input.
nodes.
stiffnesses.
Tank Node (optional)
Specifies the node number on the tank surface at the point where the nozzle intersects the
tank shell.
This is optional. If you do not specify one, then the nozzle node is connected by the
stiffnesses to a point fixed rigidly in space. If you type this value, then the nozzle node is
connected by the stiffnesses to the tank node.
Specify the tank node when you want to model through the tank from the nozzle connection to
the foundation.
Check.

stiffness)


stiffness)
in
mm
cm
model the nozzle.
in
mm
cm
Distance to Tank Base
Specifies the height of the nozzle from the centerline of the nozzle to the base of the tank.
in
mm
cm
Reinforcing
Specifies the location of the reinforcing. Select Shell or Nozzle.
Tank Outer Diameter
Specifies the outside diameter of the storage tank. API 650 Addendum 1 does not
recommend these computations for diameters less than 120 feet.
in
mm
cm
Tank Wall Thickness
Specifies the wall thickness of the storage tank at the point where the nozzle connects to the
tank. Do not include the thickness of any reinforcing pad.
in
mm
cm
Tank Modulus of Elasticity
Specifies the hot modulus of elasticity for the tank.
lb/in²
N/mm²
KPa
If this value is left blank, the software uses a default value of 0.2950E+08 lb/in² or
0.2034E+06 N/mm².
Tank Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
Specifies the coefficient of thermal expansion of the plate material of the tank. Values are
listed in engineering handbooks or the appropriate section of the API 650, App P. If this value
is left blank, the software assumes a value of zero.
in/in/ºF x 1.0E6
mm/mm/ºC x 1.0E6
cm/cm/ºC x 1.0E6
Temperature Change
Specifies the change in temperature from ambient to the maximum that the tank normally
experiences.
ºF
ºC
For example, if the maximum summertime temperature is 107F, then the temperature change
would be 107 – 70 = 37, where 70 is the default ambient temperature defined in configuration
and environment. You would type 37 in this box. If this value is left blank, the software
assumes a value of zero.
Fluid Height
Specifies the liquid level of the fluid in the storage tank. This value must be greater than the
nozzle height.
in
mm
cm
Fluid SG
Specifies the specific gravity of the stored liquid. This value is unitless.
Set Displacement Vector
Specifies the displacement vector to assign to the calculated displacements. If you select one
among D1 to D9, the calculated displacements become the boundary conditions of the
current job, and CAESAR II can use them for the stress analysis. If you have already
specified displacements on the Classic Piping Input dialog box, CAESAR II uses the
calculated displacements to replace the original displacements. If you select None, CAESAR
II does not use the calculated displacements for the stress analysis.
PD 5500
Performs nozzle flexibility calculations according to PD 5500.
CAESAR II can also calculate nozzle flexibilities according to Appendix G of the PD 5500
Specification for Unfired Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels.
Nozzle Node
acting on the node.
boxes.
input.
nodes.
stiffnesses.
foundation.
Vessel Centerline Direction Cosine VX, VY, VZ
If the centerlines of the nozzle and vessel are collinear, CAESAR II flags this as an
error.
in
mm
cm
model the nozzle.
Distance to Stiffener or Head
vessel shell to the closest stiffener or head in the vessel which significantly stiffens the
vessel's cross-section against local deformation normal to the shell surface. This value is
optional and is ignored for spherical vessels.
in
mm
cm
Distance to Opposite Stiffener
vessel shell to the closest stiffener or head in the vessel on the opposite side from Distance to
Stiffener or Head. This value is optional and is ignored for spherical vessels.
in
mm
cm
Vessel Type
Specifies the type of vessel. Select Cylinder or Sphere.

in
mm
cm
in
mm
cm
in
mm
cm
Vessel Temperature (Optional)
Specifies the estimated temperature of the vessel or nozzle junction.
ºF
ºC
For WRC 297, API 650, and PD 5500, you must also type a valid vessel material number in
the corresponding field. The software uses the estimated temperature to calculate the hot
modulus-of-elasticity.
For Custom, this field is not used by the software. It is for information only and provides a
way to document the basis for stiffness calculations performed by another method.
Custom
Allows you to define flexibility values that you calculate using another method. You can also
define informational properties that are included in reports.
Nozzle Node
acting on the node.
boxes.
input.
nodes.
stiffnesses.
foundation.
Check.

stiffness)


stiffness)
Axial (Nozzle)
Specifies the radial stiffness in the direction axial to the nozzle, as calculated using another
method.

stiffness)


stiffness)
If you do not define a stiffness value, the software uses the default rigid stiffness.
In-Plane Bending
Specifies the longitudinal stiffness at the nozzle and along the run of the pipe, as calculated
using another method.

stiffness)

stiffness)

For a nozzle in the center of the head,

in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness are
the same due to symmetry.
For a hillside (off-center) nozzle, you

should apply stiffness in the proper
direction.
Out-of-Plane Bending
Specifies the circumferential stiffness at the nozzle and across the pipe cross-section, as
calculated using another method.

stiffness)

stiffness)

For a nozzle in the center of the head,

in-plane and out-of-plane stiffness are
the same due to symmetry.
For a hillside (off-center) nozzle, you

should apply stiffness in the proper
direction.
Torsional (Nozzle)
Specifies the torsional stiffness on the nozzle, as calculated using another method.

stiffness)

stiffness)
in
mm
cm
model the nozzle.
in
mm
cm
in
mm
cm
in
mm
cm
in
mm
cm
Displacements
Defines displacement data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking Displacements on

the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
in
mm
cm
Rotation units: degrees
The Displacements tab controls displacements for up to two nodes (Node 1, Node 2) for
each element. Type a value to specify the displacement allowed in a direction. Specify 0.0 to
fully restrain the node in a direction. Specify no value to allow free movement of the node in a
direction.
Free
Indicates that the direction is undefined and free for all nine possible vectors. Free is the
default value for all degrees of freedoms at each node before you define any values.
After you define a value for a direction on one vector, Free changes to Fixed for the
same direction on the remaining vectors.
Fixed
If a displacement value is entered for any direction on a vector, indicates an undefined and
fixed displacement for the remaining vectors.
Fix DOFs
When you define a value for any direction, sets the remaining Free fields of the vector to the
fixed value of 0.00.
Specifying no value for directions for all nine vectors models the node as free to move in
all directions.
Specifying 0.00 for all directions is the same as defining an ANC anchor restraint.
Example
1. Define directions on one vector. 2. Click Fix DOFs.

For information on controlling the display of displacements, see Displacements.
Node 1, Node 2
Specifies the node number where the displacement is defined. Do not place a restraint at this
node.
Vector 1, Vector 2, ... Vector 9
Specifies displacements for up to nine vectors, each corresponding to an operating

temperature. For each vector, you can define the six degrees of freedom in the global X, Y
and Z directions.
Type a value to specify the displacement allowed in a direction. Specify 0.0 to fully restrain
the node in a direction. Specify no value to allow free movement of the node in a direction.
Free
Indicates that the direction is undefined and free for all nine possible vectors. Free is the
default value for all degrees of freedoms at each node before you define any values.
After you define a value for a direction on one vector, Free changes to Fixed for the
same direction on the remaining vectors.
Fixed
If a displacement value is entered for any direction on a vector, indicates an undefined and
fixed displacement for the remaining vectors.
Fix DOFs
When you define a value for any direction, sets the remaining Free fields of the vector to the
fixed value of 0.00.
If an imposed displacement is specified for a degree-of-freedom, then that degree-of-freedom

is considered restrained for all load cases whether or not they contain that displacement set.
You can import displacements into the CAESAR II model from a file. For more
information, see Import/Export Displacements from File.
Flange Checks
Indicates that you are supplying flange data to evaluate an in-line flange. Select or clear this
option by double-clicking the Flange check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
You can read the values for the Flange Class/Grade and Gasket Diameter, G boxes from a
file if you select ASME - 2003 from the Flange Pressure Ratings dialog box. The G values
are located in the ASME-2003.G text file in the system folder under the application data folder.
Flange evaluation is based on a specific load case temperature. To evaluate the flanges
in a model, specify the operating temperature at which the software evaluates the
flanges in the Flange Analysis Temperature box on the Load Cases tab of the Static
Analysis - Load Case Editor.
Flange evaluation can be performed for individual load cases and for ABS and MAX
load combination cases. For more information, see Combination Method.
From, To, Both
Specifies whether the flange is on the From end, the To end, or both ends of the element.
Peq/NC-3658.3 Selection
Specifies whether to evaluate the flanges using the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method or
the ASME B&PVC Section III Subsection NC-3658.3 method.
Peq
Evaluates the flanges using the Kellogg Equivalent Pressure Method.
Peq = 16M/(p)G3 + 4F/(p)G2 + PD £ Pressure Rating
Where:
Peq = equivalent pressure (for checking against flange rating)
M = bending moment on flange
G = diameter of effective gasket reaction
F = axial force on flange
PD = design pressure
NC-3658.3
Evaluates the flanges using the ASME B&PVC Section III Subsection NC-3658.3 equation
(12) method. The software rearranges the equation so that the factored moment is less than
the limit:
(36,000/3125) * Mfs / (C * Ab) < Min(Sy, 36000 psi) in U.S. customary units
(250/21.7) * Mfs / (C * Ab) < Min(Sy, 250 MPa) in SI units
Where:
Mfs = Bending or torsional moment (whichever is greater) acting on the flange
Sy = Yield strength of flange material at design temperature
C = Bolt circle diameter
Ab = Total cross-sectional area of bolts
For the ASME B&PVC Section III Subsection NC-3658.3 equation (13) method for
dynamic events (Mfd), double the limit.
Read from File
Displays the Flange Pressure Ratings dialog box. Click this button to read Temperature-
Pressure Rating data from a file (ASME and DIN flanges are shipped with CAESAR II).
As an alternative to reading from a file, you can type the data directly into the table.
You can create your own data files by following the format described in the CAESAR II
documentation.
Values for both Flange Class/Grade and Gasket Diameter, G can be read from a file if you
select ASME – 2003 from the Flange Pressure Ratings dialog box. The G values are in the
text file ASME-2003.G located in the system folder of your application data directory.
Flange Class/Grade
Displays the flange class and material grade. Typically, flanges are identified by pressure
class and material grade, but you can type anything in this box. If the flange Temperature-
Pressure Rating data is read in from a file, then CAESAR II automatically builds a flange
name made up of the File Name, the Pressure Class, and the Material Class.
Gasket Diameter, G / Bolt Circle
Displays the gasket diameter.

in
mm
cm
Values for Gasket Diameter, G can be read from a file if you select ASME – 2003 from the
Flange Pressure Ratings dialog box. The G values are in the text file ASME-2003.G located
in the system folder of your application data directory. This box does double duty depending
on which analysis technique is active.
Peq Method
Specify the diameter at the location of the gasket load reaction. From ASME Section VIII,
Division 1, Appendix 2, (except as noted in sketch (1) of Fig 2-4), G is defined as (see Table
2-5.2):
when b0 is less than or equal to 1/4, G equals the mean diameter of the gasket contact
face
when b0 is greater than 1/4, G equals the outside diameter of the gasket contact face,
less 2b.
When using the Peq method with the Stoomwezen Piping Code, use the bolt circle
diameter instead of the gasket load reaction diameter (see chapter D0701 of the Code RToD).
The results of this Peq Method are considered by Stoomwezen to be conservative.
NC-3658 Method
Specify the bolt circle diameter. This value is the diameter of the circle that passes through
the bolt centers.
Flange evaluation is based on a specific load case temperature. To evaluate the

flanges in a model, specify the operating temperature at which the software evaluates the
Temperature-Pressure Table
Specifies temperature and pressure values. Use this table to define the flange Temperature-
Pressure rating as a function of temperature for a material grade. You can type up to 24
temperature-pressure pairs. These values must be typed in ascending temperature order.
Pressure - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
lb/in²
Bar
KPa
MPa
Temperature - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
ºF
ºC

Bolt Area (Ab)
Specifies the total cross-sectional area of the bolts at the root of thread or the section of least
diameter under stress.
in
mm
cm
Flange Yield Strength, SYC, SY1-SY9
Specifies the flange yield stress at the cold (ambient) temperature and at each of the
operating temperatures, for use in calculating the flange allowable stress.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²

Nozzle Lmt Check
Indicates that you are supplying equipment data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking
Nozzle Lmt Check on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Equipment nozzle evaluation is one of the most important tasks in analyzing a piping system.
The various nozzle loads, when subjected to the operating criteria of the piping system, must
be less than their associated allowable loads. Verification of the nozzle loads is a time-
consuming task, which cannot be performed until the pipe stress requirements are met.
CAESAR II enables you to define overall nozzle limits. This permits CAESAR II to perform a
first pass screening. Actual detailed nozzle evaluation can then be focused on those nozzles
that fail this initial screening.
Example
To illustrate this procedure, consider the limits defined for a nozzle displayed below:
The data above specifies the nozzle limits and how the resulting loads (from the analysis) are
compared to the limits. After the analysis has been performed and the results are available,
you can select the specific load case the nozzle must be evaluated against as well as the
Nozzle Check report. For more information on the Nozzle Check report see the Equipment
Report.
Nozzle Limit Check is a first pass at qualifying the equipment nozzles. This is a
simple check based on the limits defined on this dialog box. This screening is not a substitute
for the more rigorous checks of the actual equipment standards.
Node
Specifies the node number representing the equipment nozzle to be checked. The node
should have a restraint or a displacement in the CAESAR II model, because this node
represents an equipment nozzle.
Comparison Method
Specifies the method used to compare the actual nozzle loads to the defined limits. Available
choices are:
Absolute
Each load is compared directly to the corresponding limit. That is, FX to FX_allowable, FY to
FY_allowable, and so on.
|Fa| £ |Fal|
|Fb| £ |Fbl|
|Fc| £ |Fcl|
|Ma| £ |Mal|
|Mb| £ |Mbl|
|Mc| £ |Mcl|
SRSS
The square root sum of the squares (SRSS) of each load divided by the corresponding
allowable is compared to 1.0.
Forces
and
Moments
Unity Check
The sum of the three forces and three moments, each divided by their respective allowables
is compared to 1.0.
and
Ref Vector X, Y, Z
Specifies the three components or direction cosines of the reference vector. The reference
vector is used with the current element orientation to define the local coordinate system ABC
for this equipment check. See Axis B, in the Forces - Moments fields. The vector must be
perpendicular to the current pipe element. This vector need not be unity.
Examples:
( 0, 1, 0 ) - the reference vector is in the global "Y" direction
( 1, 0, 0 ) - the reference vector is in the global "X" direction
( 0.7071, 0, 0.7071 ) - the reference vector is skewed 45 degrees in the global X-Z
plane.
For the Equipment Limits Check, the angle between the pipe element and the
equipment reference vector should be 90. If you are trying to model an API-610 end nozzle on
a horizontal pump, set the reference vector to the CAESAR II global vertical axis.
Read from File
Displays the Open dialog box. Select an equipment file (some files are shipped with CAESAR
II) from which to read force and moment data. If the file contains multiple nozzle types, select
a nozzle type in the Select a Nozzle Type dialog box to complete the data import into the
Forces - Moments fields. Alternatively, you can enter the data directly into the fields.
Forces - Moments
Specifies the three components of the force and the three components of the moment for the
load limits.
Forces - Typical units (depending on your unit system):

lb
Moments - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
in•lb
Nm
The load limits are based on the local coordinate system ABC, where: axis A is defined by the
current element (From to To is positive), axis B is defined by the reference vector, and axis C
is the cross product of A and B (the right-hand rule). For more information on the use of these
limits (Fal, Fbl, Fcl, Mal, Mbl, Mcl), see Comparison Method.
Pipe/nozzle axis
Major equipment axis (the longitudinal direction of a vessel, or the pump shaft direction.)
Other perpendicular direction.
Loading Conditions
Indicates that you are defining loads acting on the pipe. Select or clear these options by
double-clicking the applicable check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
These loads may be individual forces or moments acting at discrete points, distributed
uniform loads (which can be specified on force per unit length, or gravitational body forces), or
wind loadings (wind loadings are entered by specifying a wind shape factor—the loads
themselves are specified when building the load cases. The uniform load and the wind shape
factor check boxes are unchecked on subsequent input screens. This does not mean that the
loads were removed from these elements; instead, this implies that the loads do not change
on subsequent screens.
You can specify uniform loads in g-values by setting a parameter in the Special
Execution Options. For more information, see Configuration and Environment.
Forces/Moments
Indicates that you are supplying force and moment data. Select or clear this option by double-
clicking the Forces/Moments check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
Forces - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
lb
Moments - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
in•lb
Nm
This auxiliary database tab controls imposed forces or moments for up to two nodes per
element. You can use up to nine force vectors.
For information on controlling the display of forces and moments, see Forces.
Node
Specifies the node number where the forces and moments act.
Vector 1, Vector 2, ... Vector 9
Specifies the three components of the force and the three components of the moment for a
vector. You can type as many as nine vectors. The components of the force and the moment
are along the global X, Y, and Z directions.
Uniform Loads
Defines uniform load data. Select or clear this option by double-clicking the Uniform Loads
check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
The software defines the uniform load as force per unit length of pipe (F/L) unless
you specify gravitational loading (G) as a load multiplier.
lb/in
kN/m
N/m
N/cm
N/mm
The Uniform Loads tab controls up to nine uniform load vectors. These uniform loads are
applied to the entire current element, as well as all subsequent elements in the model until
you change it.
UX, UY, and UZ
Specifies the X, Y, and Z components of each uniform load vector. You can type components
for up to nine vectors.
G's
Specifies a uniform load in terms of gravitational loading. You most often use uniform loads in
g’s for static earthquake loadings. You can specify g's individually for each vector.
Seismic Wizard
Opens the Seismic Wizard.

You can specify G’s as the default for each vector by selecting Uniform load in G’s
for Environment > Special Execution Parameters . For more information, see Special
Execution Parameters.
Examples
For uniform loading in force per unit length (F/L), you can specify a snow load of 8.0 pounds
per foot (assuming units of pounds per inch in a Y-up coordinate system) as follows:
UX UY UZ G's
1 -8/12 ¨
or as:
UX UY UZ G's
1 -.6667 ¨
For uniform load in G’s, you can specify a 1.0g load in the horizontal X direction as:
UX UY UZ G's
1 1.0 þ
You can specify a 1.0g load in the minus Y direction, which is the same as the pipe weight
load in Y-up coordinate system.
UX UY UZ G's
1 -1.0 þ
Wind / Wave
Indicates that you are supplying environmental load data. Select or clear this option by
double-clicking the Wind/Wave check box on the Classic Piping Input dialog box.
This auxiliary panel tab indicates whether this portion of the pipe is exposed to wind or wave
loading. The pipe cannot be exposed to both.
Selecting Wind exposes the pipe to wind loading; selecting Wave exposes the pipe to wave,
current, and buoyancy loadings; selecting Off turns off both types of loading.
This dialog box tab is also used to specify the Wind Shape Factor when Wind is specified.
The dialog box tab is used to specify various wave coefficients when Wave is specified. The
software automatically computes the wave coefficients if you leave these boxes blank.
Entries on this auxiliary panel tab apply to all subsequent piping, until changed on a later
element.
Specific wind and wave load cases are built using the Static Load Case Editor.
Wind Loads
Indicates that you are supplying wind load data. Wind load data is distributive and applies to
the current and all following elements until you change it.
Wind Shape Factor
Specifies the coefficient as defined in ASCE 7 in Figure 6-21 for chimneys, tanks, and similar
structure. A value of 0.5 to 0.65 is typically used for cylindrical sections. Activating the wind
option activates the Wind Load Input tab, which is accessed from the Load Case Editor
during static analysis.
Refer to the respective wind code standard for the applicable wind shape factor,
specific to that code.
Wave Loads
Indicates that you are supplying wave load data.

Wave load data is distributive and applies to current and all following elements until you
change it.
Drag Coefficient, Cd
Specifies the drag coefficient as recommended by API RP2A. Typical values range from 0.6 to
1.20. Type 0.0 to calculate the drag coefficient based on particle velocities.
Added Mass Coefficient, Ca
Specifies the added mass coefficient. This coefficient accounts for the added mass of fluid
entrained into the pipe. Typical values range from 0.5 to 1.0. Type 0.0 to calculate the added
mass coefficient based on particle velocities.
Lift Coefficient, Cl
Specifies the lift coefficient. This coefficient accounts for wave lift which is the force
perpendicular to both the element axis and the particle velocity vector. Type a value of 0.0 to
calculate the added lift coefficient based on particle velocities.
Marine Growth
Specifies the thickness of any marine growth adhering to the external pipe wall. The software
increases the pipe diameter experiencing wave loading by twice this value.
in
mm
cm
Marine Growth Density
Specifies the density used if you are including the weight of the marine growth in the pipe
weight. If you leave this box blank, the software ignores the weight of the marine growth.

lb/in3
kg/cm3
kg/dm3
kg/m3
Off
Indicates that you do not want wind or wave loads on the current element and all following
elements until you change it.
Materials
Shortcut keys:
F6 - Jumps to Materials
ALT+5 - Opens Edit Materials dialog box
CAESAR II requires the specification of the pipe material’s elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio,
density, and (in most cases) expansion coefficient. The software provides a material database
containing the parameters for many common piping materials. This information is retrieved by
picking a material from the list, by typing the material number, or by typing the entire material
name and then picking it from the match list.
The coefficient of expansion does not appear on the dialog box, but you can review it during
error checking.
Material properties carry forward from one element to the next during the design session. You
only need to type values for those elements in which a change occurs.
Double-click >> to display the Edit Materials dialog box.

Material
Displays the material name from the material database. Materials are specified either by
name or number. All available material names and their CAESAR II material numbers are
displayed in the list. Because this list is quite long, typing a partial material name (such as
A106) allows you to select from matching materials.
Materials 1-17 define generic materials without code allowable stresses.
Material 18 defines a cut short cold spring element.
Material 19 defines a cut long cold spring element.
Material 20 defines Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic (FRP) pipe.
Material 21 represents user-defined material.
Materials 101 and greater define materials specific to the active piping code associated
with a pipe element.
Examples
(CAESAR II number) <material specification per piping code> <material grade>
(104) A106 A
(180) A335 P1
(CAESAR II number) <material specification per piping code> <composition

difference>
(306) API-5L X65
(307) API-5L U70
(CAESAR II number) <material specification per piping code><seamless (S) or

welded (W)>–<maximum thickness in mm>–<fatigue life in thousands of hours>
(406) 1.0345S–16–100
(469) 1.0345S–40–200
When you select a material from the database, the software places the physical properties
and the allowable stresses in the Classic Piping Input dialog.
If you change the temperature or piping code later, the software automatically updates the
allowable stress values.
For user-defined material, type the corresponding properties.
Allowable Stress
Indicates that you are supplying allowable stress data. Select or clear this option by double-
clicking Allowable Stress on the Classic Piping Input dialog. When selected, the Allowable
Stresses auxiliary tab displays in the auxiliary panel tab. Allowable stresses are automatically
updated for material, temperature, and code if available in the material database.
Properties on the Allowable Stresses tab change with the selected piping code.
Allowable stress data is distributive and applies to current and all following elements
until you change it.
Click Fatigue Curves to specify material fatigue curve data.
< f > Allowed Maximum of 1.2
Indicates whether to allow a maximum B31.3 stress range factor, f. Starting with the 2004
edition, B31.3 permits the stress range factor to exceed 1.0 under certain conditions.
On
Allows f to exceed 1.0, up to the limit of 1.2
Off
Limits f to a maximum value of 1.0.

This option is distributive and applies to the current and all following elements until you
change it.
This option is not used for B31.3 Chapter IX.
a_R
For ISO 14692 2017, specifies the long-term axial stress for a partially restrained hydraulic
(R_test) condition.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
For information on failure envelope points, see Figure B.1 of ISO 14692-2:2017.
If you do not specify a value for a_R and h_R, then the software uses a simplified failure
envelope based on other defined envelope points: al(0:1), al(2:1), and hl(2:1).
al(0:1)
For ISO 14692 2017, specifies the long-term axial stress at 0:1 stress ratio. Typically, the axial
stress (hoop stress is 0 at this point) is lower than the axial stress al(2:1) (hoop stress is
double the axial stress at this point).
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
The ratio of these stresses, called bi-axial stress ratio, can range between 0.5 and 0.75
for plain pipe depending on the winding angle and specific pipe type.
If you do not define al(0:1), then you must define a_R and h_R. The software then
calculates al(0:1) from a_R, h_R, al(2:1), and hl(2:1) according to section B.1 in ISO
14692-2:2017.
al(1:1)
Specifies the long-term axial stress at 1:1 stress ratio. According to ISO 14962 2005, hoop
stress has the same value as that for axial stresses at a 1:1 stress ratio, that is hl(1:1)=al(1:1).
However, CAESAR II allows you to type different values for al(1:1) and hl(1:1) for a
generalized failure profile. In this case, CAESAR II displays a warning message in the Error
Checker.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
If you do not define al(1:1) and hl(1:1), the software uses a simplified envelope for
plain pipe.
al(2:1)
Specifies the long-term axial stress at a 2:1 stress ratio. According to ISO 14962, hoop stress
is twice the axial stress at a 2:1 ratio, that is hl(2:1) = 2 * al(2:1). This is a natural condition
when a pressurized pipe is enclosed at both ends. However, CAESAR II allows you to type
different values for hl(2:1) ≠ 2 * al(2:1). In this case, the software displays a warning message
in the Error Checker.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
Allowable Stress Indicator / Pipe Restrained Status
The B31.4,B31.8, and ISO-14692 2017 codes recognize restrained and unrestrained
conditions.
Restrained and unrestrained options define the stress equations used but do not
affect the forces, moments, and displacements calculated for the pipe element. For example,
if you select Restrained Pipeline when the pipe element is not restrained, the software uses
restrained stress equations even though they do not represent the true state of the pipe
element. We recommend that you use the CAESAR II Determines option, which allows the
software to make stress equation selections based on the actual operating conditions.
For B31.4, select an indicator to define the stress equations and allowable values used by the
software:
Restrained Pipeline
Specifies fully restrained pipe, which is locked in position. The pipe is fully restrained beyond
the virtual anchoring at bearing points (such as elbows and tees). Axial stress is defined
without the use of bending moment.
Unrestrained Pipeline
Specifies all piping that is not fully restrained. Unrestrained pipe is free to displace laterally
and to strain axially. Stress calculation is dominated by bending moment.
CAESAR II Determines
Specifies that the software selects the stress equations based on the calculated axial load in
the piping system. The software applies the fully restrained stress calculation when the axial
pipe load is within 2.5% of the limiting load, meaning the pipe is held in place by the restraint
of the soil. The software applies the unrestrained stress calculations when the axial load is
different from the limiting load by more than 2.5%.
The limiting load is the force needed to fully restrain the pipe's axial growth. The axial growth
is due to the thermal expansion and the pressure expansion calculated when a Bourdon
Pressure option is selected in the Configuration Editor or in Special Execution
Parameters.
For information on the code equations used, see B31.4 and B31.4 Chapter XI.
You typically use this option with the Underground Pipe Modeler or when
modeling soil/pipe interaction using restraints. For more information, see Underground Pipe
Modeler.
Inland Riser/Platform
Specifies riser and platform piping on inland navigable waters and instructs the software to
select different sets of allowable values as defined in the Table 403.3.1-1.
For B31.4 Ch XI, B31.8, and ISO 14692 2017, select one of the following indicators:
Restrained Pipeline
Specifies fully restrained pipe, which is locked in position. The pipe is fully restrained beyond
the virtual anchoring at bearing points (such as elbows and tees). Axial stress is defined
without the use of bending moment.
Unrestrained Pipeline
Specifies all piping that is not fully restrained. Unrestrained pipe is free to displace laterally
and to strain axially. Stress calculation is dominated by bending moment.
CAESAR II Determines
Specifies that the software selects the stress equations based on the calculated axial load in
the piping system. The software applies the fully restrained stress calculation when the axial
pipe load is within 2.5% of the limiting load, meaning the pipe is held in place by the restraint
of the soil. The software applies the unrestrained stress calculations when the axial load is
different from the limiting load by more than 2.5%.
The limiting load is the force needed to fully restrain the pipe's axial growth. The axial growth
is due to the thermal expansion and the pressure expansion calculated when a Bourdon
Pressure option is selected in the Configuration Editor or in Special Execution
Parameters.
For information on the code equations used, see B31.4 and B31.4 Chapter XI.
You typically use this option with the Underground Pipe Modeler or when
modeling soil/pipe interaction using restraints. For more information, see Underground Pipe
Modeler.
Design Factor displays on the Allowables tab of List.
Alpha:fab
Specifies the fabrication strain resistance factor (afab).
This option displays for the DNV 2017 code.
Alpha:gw
Specifies the girth weld strain resistance factor (agw). Type a value between 0.6 and 1.0.
If you do not define a value, the software calculates the value based on DNV 2017, section
13.4.10.
Alpha:h
Specifies strain hardening (ah).
Appendix P - OPE Allowable Reduction
Indicates whether the software reduces the Operating Range Allowable value by 15%.
Appendix P in the 2010 Edition of B31.3 requires a reduction of the Operating Range
Allowable value by 15% for materials with ratio of Sy/St > 0.8. The software selects this check
box by default for the B31.3 code. When selected, CAESAR II performs this reduction, when
applicable.
You must set the Implement Appendix P configuration setting to True for CAESAR II to
display this check box on the Allowable Stresses tab of the Classic Piping Input
dialog box. You can find this configuration setting in the SIFs and Stresses > B31.3
Code-Specific Settings section of the Configuration Editor.
This option is not used for B31.3 Chapter IX.
Buried
When selected, specifies that the pipe element is buried.
Burst (opr)
Specifies burst failure during operation. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or High.
Burst (test)
Specifies the burst failure during testing. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or High.
Chemical Resistance (A2)
Specifies the partial factor for chemical resistance, A2. If you do not define this value, the
software uses the default value of 1.0. The maximum value is 1.0.
The following passage is from ISO 14692-3:2002(E) section 7.4.3 Chemical Degradation.
The effect of chemical degradation of all system components from either the transported
medium or the external environment shall be considered on both the pressure and
temperature ratings. System components shall include adhesive and elastomeric
seals/locking rings, if used, as well as the basic glass fiber and resin materials.
The effect of chemical degradation shall be accounted for by the partial factor A2 for chemical
resistance, which is determined according to Annex D in ISO 14692-2:2002. If the normal
service fluid is water, then A2 = 1. Reference shall be made to manufacturers' data if
available.
In general, the aqueous fluids specified in the qualification procedures of ISO 14692-
2:2002 are among the more aggressive environments likely to be encountered.
However, strong acids, alkalis, hypochlorite, glycol, aromatics and alcohol can also
reduce the properties of Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) piping components; the effect
depends on the chemical concentration, temperature and resin type.
The information from the manufacturers' tables is based on experience and laboratory
tests at atmospheric pressure, on published literature, raw material suppliers' data, and
so on. Chemical concentrations, wall stresses, reinforcement type and resin have not
always been considered. Therefore, the tables only give an indication of the suitability of
the piping components to transport the listed chemicals. In addition, the mixing of
chemicals may cause severe situations.
Code
Specifies the piping code. CAESAR II uses B31.3 by default. You can change this default
setting in the configuration. The following table lists the piping codes. You can find their
current publication dates in the CAESAR II Quick Reference Guide.
B31.1 Transportation codes
B31.3 B31.4
B31.3, Chapter IX B31.4, Chapter XI
B31.5 B31.8
B31.9 CAN/CSA Z662
Norwegian TBK-6 GPTC/Z380
ASME Sect III NC (Class 2) PD 8010-1
ASME Sect III ND (Class 3) Offshore codes
Navy 505 B31.4, Chapter IX
BS 806 B31.8, Chapter VIII
EN-13480 CAN/CSA Z662, Chapter 11

HPGSL DNV 1996
JPI DNV 2017 (DNVGL-ST-F101)
Swedish Power Piping Code PD 8010-2

(Method 1)
Swedish Power Piping Code

(Method 2)
B31.1 - 1967
Stoomwezen
RCC-M C
RCC-M D
CODETI
FDBR
BS 7159
UKOOA
IGE/TD/12
ISO 14692 2005 & 2017
For information on code compliance considerations, see Technical Discussions.
Collapse
Specifies collapse failure. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or High.
Type
Specifies the material composition of the pipe.

Aluminum
Aluminum alloy or alloy steel containing 9% nickel. For use at temperatures lower than room
temperature.
Austenite
Austenite stainless steel with high nickel content. For use at temperatures higher than room
temperature.
Others
Any material other than aluminum or austenite.
Unspecified
This is the default option.
Condition
Specifies the condition of the pipe during analysis. Select Empty, Water-filled Install,
System Test, or Operation.
Curve Radius
Specifies the installed curve radius when you lay a straight pipe element in an arc.
ft
mm
Cyclic Service (A3)
Specifies the partial factor for cyclic service, A3. If you do not define this value, the software
uses the default value of 1.0. The minimum value is 0.25 and maximum value is 1.0.
ISO 14692-3:2017 uses A3 to scale the long-term envelope to the design envelopes to
account for the effects of cyclic loading.
Cyclic internal pressure loading may be applied with caution to axial loads provided they
remain tensile and is not applicable for reversible loading.
DCC
Specifies the displacement-controlled condition. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or

High.
Design Factor
Specifies the design factor and hoop stress value for B31.4 Ch IX, Table A402.3.5-1. Select
one of the following options:
Design Factor Hoop Stress Factor (F1)
Offshore Pipeline 0.72
Offshore Riser/Platform 0.6
Custom Defines a custom value in the Hoop Stress Factor box.
Design Factor displays on the Allowables tab of List.
Design Lifetime (A0)
For ISO 14692 2017, specifies a factor for design life, A0, for FRP pipe. The software uses A0
as a multiplier for the expected lifetime value of the pipe. For example, an A0 value of 1 with
expected lifetime at the typical default value of 20 years results in a design lifetime of 20
years.
If you want a longer lifetime, then use a smaller value of A0 to reduce the allowable stress
limits. A smaller value of A0 creates a smaller operating envelope, making it harder for the
pipe system to pass requirements imposed by the modified envelope and extending the
design lifetime. You must separately calculate the value of A0 as defined by the code.
If you do not define this value, the software uses the default value of 1.0. The maximum value
is 1.0.
Example
Determine A0 to achieve a design lifetime of 30 years for GRE pipe operating at the default
temperature of 149° F (65° C).
According to the code:
A0 = (20 yrs/30 yrs)^Gxx
where
Gxx = a parameter depending on the resin system and operating temperature
From Table A.1 in ISO 14692-2:2017, Gxx = 0.065
thus
A0 = 0.974
Df
Specifies the shape factor, Df for pipe zone embedment material and compaction. The
software requires a value for Df to calculate the ring bending stress. If you do not define Df,
the software uses the default value of 8.0.
Use the following values for Df, as defined by AWWA-M45, third edition, 2014.
Gravel 1 Sand 2
Pipe Dumped to Slight Moderate to High Dumped to Slight Moderate to High

3 4 3 4
Stiffness
psi kPa Shape Factor, Df
9 62 5.5 7.0 6.0 8.0
18 124 4.5 5.5 5.0 6.5
36 248 3.8 4.5 4.0 5.5
72 496 3.3 3.8 3.5 4.5
1 GW, GP, GW-GC, GW-GM, GP-GC, and GP-GM per ASTM D2487 (includes crushed
rock)
2 SW, SP, SM, SC, GM, and GC or mixtures per ASTM D2487
3 <85% Proctor density (ASTM D698), <40% relative density (ASTM D4253 and
D4254)
4 ³85% Proctor density (ASTM D698), ³40% relative density (ASTM D4253 and
D4254)
DFac
Specifies the system design factor (f) as described in Table 2 of the IGE/TD/12 code. Its value
must be 0.3, 0.5, and 0.67.
If you do not type a value, the software takes the value from the Material Database if
that value is available and applicable.
DNV Wall Thickness Calculator
Displays the DNV Wall Thickness Calculator dialog box. You can calculate DNV 2017
(DNVGL-ST-F101) output for the selected pipe element and estimate required wall
thicknesses based on burst, collapse, and load interaction criteria at defined depths.
For more information, see DNV Wall Thickness Calculator.
Eff
Specifies the longitudinal weld joint efficiency. The field changes according to the current
piping code.
B31.1, B31.1-1967, B31.5
Allowable stress tables include longitudinal weld joint efficiencies where applicable. If Eff is
specified, then values for SC and SH are divided by Eff before they are used in the flexibility
calculations. Eff is ignored in the minimum wall calculation.
B31.3, B31.4, B31.4 Chapter XI, B31.8, B31.8 Chapter VIII, B31.9, NAVY 505, Z662 (J), BS
806 (e), CODETI (z), FDBR (vl), GPTC/Z380
Allowable stress or yield stress tables do not include longitudinal weld joint efficiencies. Eff is
ignored for the flexibility calculations. SH is multiplied by Eff when calculating the minimum
wall thickness.
B31.4 Chapter IX, ASME NC, ASME ND, RCCM-C, RCCM-D
Ignored for both flexibility and minimum wall thickness calculations. The box is disabled for
these codes.
Swedish Method 1, Swedish Method 2, Norwegian TBK 5-6

Circumferential joint factor z and is used in the calculation of the code stresses rather than in
the calculation of the allowables. This applies to both flexibility or minimum wall thickness.
Stoomwezen
Cyclic reduction factor referred to as Cf in the code. CAESAR II does not consider weld joint
efficiency for this code.
BS 7159
Ratio of the hoop modulus to the axial modulus of elasticity Eh/Ea. The software uses a
default value of 1.0, as though the material is isotropic if you leave this box blank.
UKOOA
Replace this box with f2. This is the system design factor. The value is typically 0.67.
IGE/TD/12
Replace this box with Dfac. This is the system design factor (f) as described in Table 2 of the
IFE/TD/12 code. The value must be 0.3, 0.5, and 0.67.
DNV
Replaces this box with usage factor Ns (pressure yielding) from Tables C1 or C2. The value
must be between 0.77 and 0.96.
EN-13480
Ignored for the flexibility calculations. SH is multiplied by Eff when calculating the minimum
wall thickness.
PD-8010 Part 1
Weld joint factor used in determining the allowable hoop stress. See Section 6.4.3.1 for
details.
PD-8010 Part 2
Not used.
ISO 14692
Eff is used in a different way. See the Reference for ISO 14692.
HPGSL
Longitudinal weld joint efficiency.
JPI
Longitudinal weld joint efficiency.
Eh/Ea
Specifies the ratio of the hoop modulus Eh to the axial modulus of elasticity Ea. If you do not
define this value, the software uses a default value of 2.0.
The software uses Eh/Ea to calculate the bend flexibility factor, K-Factor. You can
adjust K-Factor by changing the value of Eh/Ea.
Ehb
Specifies the hoop (circumferential) bending modulus, Ehb. This value is required for
calculating the ring bending stress. If you do not define Ehb, the software uses the value
defined for Eh.
lb/in²
N/mm²
KPa
F1, F2, ... F9
Specifies the stress range reduction factor for most piping codes.
B31.1
Stress range reduction factor is obtained from equation 1c. Consult the applicable piping code
for methods of combining cycle life data where several thermal states exist and where the
number of thermal cycles is high. The software assumes a value of one if you do not type a
value.
B31.3
Stress range reduction factor is obtained from equation 1c corresponding to Fig 302.3.5. If
certain criteria are met, then the stress range reduction factor can exceed 1.0. The number of
cycles can be specified in this box for B31.3. This allows CAESAR II to compute the cyclic
reduction factor according to equation 1c.
B31.4, B31.4 Chapter XI
Stress range reduction factor is obtained from the equation given in Section 403.3.2. The
number of cycles can also be specified in this box for B31.4 which allows CAESAR II to
compute the cyclic reduction factor according to the equation. The fatigue factor cannot
exceed 1.2.
B31.4 Chapter IX
Not used.
B31.8
Stress range reduction factor is obtained from the equation given in Section 833.8(b). The
number of cycles can be specified in this box for B31.8 which allows CAESAR II to compute
the cyclic reduction factor according to this equation.
B31.8 CHAPTER VIII
Not used.
B31.9
References B31.1 for detailed stress analysis. For more information, see Paragraph
919.4.1.b.
CODETI
Called U in the code.
NORWEGIAN
Called fr in the code. This value can be as high as 2.34.

DNV
Material ultimate tensile strength at temperature.
CAN Z662
F1 = L - The location factor from Table 4.2
F2 = T - The temperature derating factor from Table 4.4
For F1 = L:
Application CLASS 1 CLASS 2 CLASS 3 CLASS 4
Gas (non-sour)
General & Cased 1.000 0.900 0.700 0.550

crossings
Roads 0.750 0.625 0.625 0.500
Railways 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.500
Stations 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.500
Other 0.750 0.750 0.625 0.500
Gas (sour service)
General & Cased 0.900 0.750 0.625 0.500

crossings
Roads 0.750 0.625 0.625 0.500

Railways 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.500
Stations 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.500
Other 0.750 0.750 0.625 0.500
HVP
General & Cased 1.000 0.800 0.800 0.800

crossings
Roads 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800
Railways 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625
Stations 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800
Other 0.800 0.800 0.800 0.800
LVP
Uncased railway 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.625

crossings
All others 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Class 1 - Location areas containing ten or fewer dwelling units intended for human
occupancy
Class 2 - Location areas containing 11 to 46 dwelling units intended for human occupancy
OR
Buildings with more than 20 persons
Outside areas with more than 20 persons
Industrial installations
Class 3 - Location areas with more than 46 dwelling units intended for human occupancy OR
institutions where rapid evacuation may be difficult
Class 4 - Location areas where buildings intended for human occupancy have 4 or more
stories.
For F2 = T:
Temperature Derating Factor T
up to 120 (C) 1.00
150 0.97
180 0.93
200 0.91
230 0.87
F3 through F9 are not used.
CAN Z662 Chapter 11
F1 - Not used.
F2 = T - Temperature derating factor obtained from Table 4.4

F3 = - FA design factor for Condition A from Table 11.1, column A
F4 = - FB design factor for Condition B from Table 11.1, column B
F5 through F9 are not used.
BS 806
Mean stress to failure in design life at design temperature. F1, F2, ... F9. This value
corresponds to the nine possible thermal states.
FDBR
Identical to B31.1, unless you type the expansion coefficients directly instead of temperatures.
In that case, the software cannot determine Ehot. In this case, type a value of 1.0 in the FAC
box and use these boxes to specify the product of f * Ehot / Ecold for each temperature case.
SWEDISH METHOD 1
Creep rupture stress at temperature. F1, F2 ... F9. This value corresponds to the nine
possible thermal states.
STOOMWEZEN
Creep related material properties as follows:
F1 = Rrg - Average creep stress to produce 1% permanent set after 100,000 hours at
temperature (vm).
F2 = Rmg - Average creep tensile stress to produce rupture after 100,000 hours at
temperature (vm).
F3 = Rmmin - Minimum creep tensile stress to produce rupture after 100,000 hours at
temperature (vm).
BS 7159
Fatigue factor Kn. This value is used inversely compared to other codes so that its value is
greater than 1.0. Kn is calculated as follows:
Kn = 1 + 0.25(As/sn) (log10(n) - 3)
Where:
As = stress range during fatigue cycle
σn = Maximum stress during fatigue cycle
n = number of stress cycles during design life
UKOOA
Ratio r from the material UKOOA idealized allowable stress envelope. This ratio is defined as
sa(0:1)/sa(2:1) as shown on the figure below. One value should be given for each of the
operating temperature cases.
IGE/TD/12
UTS value.
EN-13480
Stress range reduction factor taken from Table 12.1.3-1 (which matches the B31.1 table
above) or computed from equation 12.1.3-4. You can specify the number of cycles in this box
for EN-13480. This allows CAESAR II to compute the cyclic reduction factor according to
equation 12.1.3-4.
GPTC/Z380
Not used.
PD-8010 (Part 1 & Part 2)
Not used.
ISO 14692
F is used in a different way. See the Reference for ISO 14692.
HPGSL
Stress range reduction factor at design temperature.
JPI
Stress range reduction factor at design temperature.

Fac
Specifies the multiplication factor. The field changes according to the current piping code and
is generally used for the transmission and non-US piping codes.
B31.1
Not used.
B31.3
Not used
B31.4, B31.4 Chapter XI
Not used.
B31.4 Chapter IX
Used only when you select Custom for Design Factor. Define a Hoop Stress Factor value in
the range of 0.5 and 0.72.
B31.5
Not used.
B31.8
Not used.
B31.8 Chapter VIII
F1, Hoop stress design factor, according to Table A842.2.2-1 of B31.8. Appropriate values are
0.72 for pipelines or 0.50 for platform piping and risers.
B31.9
Not used.
ASME Sect III, Class 2 and 3
Not used.
B31.1 (1967)
Not used.
Navy 505
Not used
CAN Z662
Indicates whether the pipe is restrained, such as long or buried, or unrestrained.
The equation for pipe under complete axial restraint is:
Stress = (Fac) x abs[ Ea(T2-T1) + (1-n) Shoop ] + (SE + SL)(1-Fac)
Where:
E = elastic modulus
a = thermal expansion coefficient per degree
T2 = operating temperature
T1 = ambient temperature
n = Poisson's ratio
Shoop = hoop stress in the pipe.
SE = expansion stress due to bending
SL = sustained stress due to pressure.
Fac should be 1.0, 0.0, or 0.001. This value should be one for pipe under complete axial
restraint. This value should be one when the pipe is fully restrained, such as buried for a long
distance. The default value for Fac is 0.0. When Fac is 0.001, this indicates to CAESAR II
that the pipe is buried but that the soil supports have been modeled. This causes the hoop
stress component, rather than the longitudinal stress, to be added to the operating stresses if
the axial stress is compressive.
BS806
Not used.
Swedish Power Code, Method 1
Sigma(tn) multiplier. This value is usually 1.5. This value should be 1.35 for prestressed (cold
sprung) piping. The default value is 1.5.
Swedish Power Code, Method 2
Not used.
Stoomwezen
Constant whose value is either 0.44 or 0.5. For more information, see Stoomwezen Section
5.2.
RCC-M C, D
Not used.
CODETI
Not used.
Norwegian
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
Material ultimate tensile strength at room temperature, RM. If this value is not specified, this
factor is not considered to control the expansion stress allowable.
FDBR
Overrides the elastic modulus ratio of EHn/EC (hot modulus/cold modulus) which is
automatically determined by the software. Normally, you can leave this box blank.
The ratio is used to compute the expansion case allowable stress based on the material and
temperature. However, you can type a value greater than zero and less than one to override
the ratio calculated by the software.
To use FBDR, type the hot modulus EHn in Elastic Properties. The software determines the
cold modulus EC and computes the elastic modulus ratio.
FBDR is the only piping code in CAESAR II which uses the hot modulus in the
flexibility analysis.
If you type the thermal expansion coefficient into Temperature, then the software cannot
determine EC. In this case, type a value of 1.0 in Fac and use F1, F2, ... F9 to specify the
product of (f * EHn/EC) for each Temperature case.
BS 7159
Mean temperature change multiplier k as defined in Section 7.2.1 of the code. This should be
0.85 for liquids, 0.8 for gases, and 1.0 for ambient temperature changes. If left blank, this
value defaults to 1.0.
UKOOA
Mean temperature change multiplier k as defined for the BS 7159. If left blank, this value
defaults to 1.0.
IGE/TD/12
Material shakedown factor Ksd described in Table 4 of the IGE/TD/12 code. Typical values are
1.8 for carbon steel and 2.0 for austenitic steel.
HPGSL
Not used.
JPI
Not used.
DNV
Usage factor Nu (pressure bursting) from Tables C1or C2. Values must be between 0.64 and
0.84.
EN-13480
Not used.
GPTC/Z380
Construction design factor from Table 192.111.

PD-8010 Part 1
Same usage as CAN Z662.
PD-8010 Part 2
Not used.
ISO 14692
Fac is used in a different way. See the Reference for ISO 14692.
Fatigue Curves
Displays the Material Fatigue Data dialog box, where you specify cycle and stress values.
Stress - Typical units (depending on your unit system):
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
Use material fatigue curve data to evaluate fatigue load cases and cumulative use scenarios.
The software considers fatigue curves to be specified using a logarithmic interpolation.
IGE/TD/12 provides the opportunity to type up to five fatigue curves, representing fatigue
classes D, E, F, G, and W. Fatigue evaluations are explicitly specified by IGE/TD/12.
CAESAR II offers them as extensions to other codes.
Cycles / Stress
Defines cycles and stresses in pairs. You must type the values in ascending order by cycles.
Type stress values as the allowable stress range rather than allowable stress amplitude. You
can type up to eight cycle-stress pairs.
Read from File
Displays the Open dialog box where you can select a .fat file containing cycle and stress
data. The software provides some .fat files.
Cycle and stress values carry forward (in cycle/stress pairs) to succeeding elements
until you manually change a value. When you change a cycle or stress value, the
software retains the values of the cycle/stress pair even if the values later change in a
preceding element.
The software always replaces a blank field with 0.
Static fatigue cases are evaluated against the full range of the fatigue curve, while
dynamic fatigue cases are assumed to represent amplitudes, and are therefore
evaluated against half of the range of the fatigue curve.
Gamma:c
Specifies the condition load effect factor (gc).
h_R
Specifies the long-term hoop stress for a partially restrained hydraulic (R_test) condition.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
If you do not specify a value for h_R and a_R then the software uses a simplified failure
envelope based on other defined envelope points: al(0:1), al(2:1), and hl(2:1).
The value of h_R must be less than the value of hl(2:1).

Hand Lay
Indicates that the bend is hand-laid. If this box is selected, the software assumes smooth
bends. This affects the calculations of the flexibility factor for the bend.
hl(1:1)
Specifies the long-term hoop stress at 1:1 stress ratio. According to ISO 14692, hoop stress
has the same value as that for axial stresses at a 1:1 stress ratio. That is, hl(1:1) = al(1:1).
However, CAESAR II allows a different value for al(1:1) and hl(1:1) for a generalized failure
profile. In this case, CAESAR II displays a warning message displays in the Error Checker.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
If you do not define al(1:1) and hl(1:1), the software uses a simplified envelope for plain
pipe.
If you specify al(1:1) and leave hl(1:1) blank, the software assumes that hl(1:1) is equal
to al(1:1) and displays a warning message in the Error Checker.
hl(2:1)
Specifies the long-term hoop stress at a 2:1 stress ratio. According to ISO 14692, hoop stress
is twice the axial stress at a 2:1 stress ratio. That is, shl(2:1)= 2*sal(2:1). However, CAESAR II
allows shl(2:1) to have a different value than twice of sal(2:1). In this case, CAESAR II displays
a warning message in the Error Checker.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
If you specify al(2:1) and leave hl(2:1) blank, CAESAR II assumes that hl(2:1) is equal
to twice al(2:1) and displays a warning message in the error checker. For more
information, see al(2:1).
Ksd
Material shakedown factor described in Table 4 of the IGE/TD/12 code. Typical values are:
Carbon Steel: 1.8
Austenitic Steel: 2.0
LCC
Specifies the load-controlled condition. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or High.
Material with Luder Plateau
For tensile stress, specifies a material with a stress-strain curve that includes a Lüder plateau.
A Lüder plateau is a discontinuity due to yield point elongation in the post-yield state of the
stress-strain curve.
Specifies the equivalent stress check usage factor. Define a value between 0.77 and 1.00.
Ns
Specifies the pressure yielding usage factor. Define a value between 0.77 and 0.96.
Nu
Specifies the pressure bursting usage factor. Define a value between 0.64 and 0.84.
Partial Factors for Temperature 1, 2, ... 9
Specifies the partial factor for temperature. Because each operating temperature needs an A1
factor, you may need to specify up to 9 factors if all 9 operating temperatures are defined in a
model. If you do not define these values, the software uses the default value of 1.0. The
maximum value is 1.0.
The following passage is from ISO14692-3:2002(E) section 7.4.2 Design Temperature.
The effect of temperature on reduction of mechanical properties shall be accounted for by the
partial factor A1, which is determined according to Annex D in ISO 14692-2:2002.
The maximum operating temperature of the piping system shall not exceed the temperature
used to calculate the partial factor A1 of the GRP components. If the operating temperature is
less than or equal to 65°C, then A1 is generally equal to 1.0
The effect of low temperatures on material properties and system performance shall be
considered. For service temperatures below 0°C, the principal should consider the need for
additional testing, depending on the resin system. Both qualification as well as additional
mechanical tests should be considered.
Glass Reinforced Plastic GRP materials do not undergo ductile/brittle transition within
the temperature range of this part of ISO 14692. Because of this, there is no significant abrupt
change in mechanical properties at low temperatures. A concern is that at temperatures lower
than –35°C, internal residual stresses could become large enough to reduce the safe
operating envelope of the piping system.
Prop. Buckling
Specifies propagation buckling. Select a safety class of Low, Medium, or High.

Pvar
Specifies the pressure variance.
lb/in²
Bar
KPa
MPa
The field name changes according to the selected piping code.
ASME and RCC-M C, D
Variance in the pressure between operating and peak to be used as the component in
equation 9 above that found from B1 * P * Do / 2tn. Do not type the peak pressure for Pvar.
Type the difference between the operating pressure and the peak pressure.
Swedish Power Code, Methods 1 & 2
Beta for the Seff calculation. If not given, this value defaults to 10%. Type ten percent as 10.0.
Values must be between 0.1 and 25.0. Values specified outside of this range are
automatically adjusted to the outer limit of the allowed range. The definition for beta, as given
in the Swedish piping code in section 5.6.2.1, is the "maximum allowable minus the tolerance
as a percentage of the nominal wall thickness".
Stoomwezen
Cm coefficient in the code whose value is usually 1.0.
Norwegian
Difference between design pressure P (in equation 10.7) and peak pressure Pmaks (in
equation 10.8).
The table that follows defines when each of these parameters is valid input for the piping code
(V) or not required (N).
DNV
Usage factor N for equivalent stress check from Table C4. Values must be between 0.77 and
1.00.
PD-8010 Part 1
Design factor as discussed in Section 6.4.1.2. Typical limits on this value are 0.3 and 0.72,
depending on categories and class locations. This design factor determines the allowable
hoop stress. This value has no units for PD-8010 Part 1.
PD-8010 Part 2
Design factor as discussed in Section 6.4.1 Table 2. Type the value of fd for the hoop stress
evaluation. This value should be either 0.6 (riser/land fall) or 0.72 (seabed/tie-in). CAESAR II
determines the appropriate fd values for the equivalent stress from Table 2. This value has no
units for PD-8010 Part 2.
This value is taken from the Material Database, if available and applicable, unless
you type a value.
ISO 14692
Pvar is used in a different way. See the Reference for ISO 14692.
Qs
Specifies the qualified stress for joints, bends, and tees.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
A qualified stress, Qs, provided by the manufacturer is defined as:
Pq is the qualified pressure;

D is the average diameter of the pipe;
tr is the average reinforced wall thickness of the pipe.
The qualified stress, sqs, for fittings is calculated as:
CAESAR II does not require qualified stress Qs for plain pipe. Qs for pipe = hl(2:1), and
hl(2:1) is required input for plain pipe.
You must enter qualified stress Qs for joints, bends and tees even if these fitting are not
in the piping model. You can type positive values (1000.0 for Qs and 1.0 for r, for
example) to pass the Error Checker.
Specifies the bi-axial stress ratio for bends, tees, and joints. The bi-axial stress r is defined as:
where:
ssh(2:1) is the short-term hoop strength, under 2:1 stress conditions
ssa(0:1) is the short-term axial strength, under axial loading only
In the absence of data from the manufacturer, use the default values:
Short-term
Fitting Component Strength Bi-axial
Stress Ratio (r)*
Bends Filament-wound 0.45

unidirectional 90° and ±
Q°
1.0
Filament-wound and
1.9
hand-lay 1
100% hand-lay
Tees Filament-wound and 1.0

hand-lay 1
Other Hand CSM/WR 1, 9 1.9

laminated
Joints Spigot/Socket Adhesive 1.0

or Mechanical
Connection 0.45
Threaded 1.0
2.0
Flange
Laminated
You can use a higher factor for r if justified by testing according to 6.2.6 ISO 14692-
2-2002.
CAESAR II assumes that the bi-axial stress ratio r is 1.0 for tees according to ISO 14692.
CAESAR II displays a warning message in the Error Checker if the bi-axial stress ratio r is
greater than 20 for bends or joints. You can ignore the warning message.
If a piping system has no joints or bends, the corresponding bi-axial stress ratio r should not
be required. However, you must type a positive value (such as 1.0) for r to get rid of error
messages.
R
Specifies the reaction force or resistance point load.
lb
Sc
Specifies the cold stress value. Typically, this is the cold allowable stress for the specific
material taken directly from the governing piping code. CAESAR II fills this box automatically
after you select the material and piping code. The value of SC is usually divided by the
longitudinal weld efficiency (Eff) before being used.
lb/in2
KPa
N/mm²
See the notes that follow for your selected piping code.
B31.1
Allowable stress tables in Appendix A include the longitudinal weld joint efficiencies where
applicable. Do not use these efficiencies for flexibility stress calculations. If the joint efficiency
(Eff) is given on this dialog box, then CAESAR II divides the SC by the joint efficiency before
using it in the allowable stress equations.
B31.3, B31.3 Chapter IX
Values from tables in Appendix A do not include the joint efficiency. The Eff value should be
zero, blank, or one. The 1980 version of B31.3 included the longitudinal weld joint efficiencies
as part of the tables in Appendix A. If you are using this version of the code, then you should
type a value for Eff in the appropriate box on this dialog box.
B31.4, B31.4 Chapter IX, B31.4 Chapter XI
Not used. The only stress value in B31.4 is the yield stress taken from Table 1 in the
appendix. For more information, see Sy.
B31.5
Values from tables in Appendix A do not include the joint efficiency. The value of Eff should be
zero, blank, or one.
B31.8
Su, the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength.
B31.8 Chapter VIII
Not used. The only stress value in B31.8 is the yield stress taken from Appendix D. For more
information, see Sy.
B31.9
SC is taken directly from I-1. If you define a value for Eff, the software only uses it in the
minimum wall thickness check.
ASME NC and ND
SC is taken directly from Appendix I. If you define a value for Eff, the software ignores it.
Navy 505
There is no mention of joint efficiency in the 505 specification; however, it is implied in

Footnote 1 of Table TIIA. If a joint efficiency is given, then CAESAR II divides SC by the joint
efficiency before using it in the allowable stress equations. Eff should be zero, blank, or one.
CAN Z662
Not used. The only stress value in Z184 is the yield stress specified in the standards or
specification under which the pipe was purchased. For more information, see Sy.
BS 806
0.2% of the proof stress at room temperature from Appendix E. Eff is not used in BS 806. If
you define a value for Eff, the software ignores it.

Hexagon Documentation Site Export-3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hexagon Documentation Site Export-3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hangers

To create a spring can, see Spring Can with Friction Builder.

For information on controlling the display of hangers, see Hangers.

Specifies the node number to which the hanger is connected.

Specifies the hanger data if you know the hanger information.

Specifies the active hanger table.

The software provides the following hanger tables:

1. Anvil 14. BHEL 27. NHK

3. Power Piping 16. Carpenter & Paterson 29. Seonghwa

4. NPS Industries 17. Bergen Pipe Priv Ltd 30. Mitsubishi

5. Lisega 18. Witzenmann 31. Yamashita

6. Fronek 19. Sarathi 32. Sanwa Tekki

7. Piping Technology 20. Myricks 33. Techno Industry

8. Capitol 21. China Power 34. Hesterberg

11. Inoflex 24. PiHASA 37. Unison (Korea)

12. E. Myatt & Co. 25. Binder 38. Wookwang

13. Sinopec 26. Gradior

Hot load centered (if possible)

Extended Load Range Springs

Most manufacturers do not support an extended range. If you select Extended

Cold Load Spring Hanger Design

Hanger stops are easier to remove.

Spring loads can be adjusted before the system is brought up to temperature.

Operating loads on connected equipment are lower in some system configurations. A

The disadvantages to cold load design are:

In some systems, the loads on rotating equipment may be increased by a value

Most installations are done on a hot load design basis.

Middle of the Table Hanger Design (Hot Load Centered)

Tag (Hanger Tag)

Displays in piping input, model graphics, and Isogen.

Exports to applicable output reports and MDB files.

Available Space (neg. for can)

Typical units (depending on your unit system):

Allowable Load Variation (%)

For a cold load design, the denominator is Cold Load.

Rigid Support Displacement Criteria

Typical units (depending on your unit system):

A typical value is 0.1 in.

Typical units (depending on your unit system):

No. Hangers at Location

Specifies the number of hangers at a location.

For information on the display of multiple hangers, see Hangers.

Allow Short Range Springs

Indicates that hanger design allows short range springs.

Operating Load (Total at Loc.)

Overrides the operating load that CAESAR II is calculating.

Typical units (depending on your unit system):

Hanger Hardware Weight

Typical units (depending on your unit system):

Designs the hanger for the selected operating load case.

12 - Avg Load & Travel

13 - Max Load & Travel

Free Restraint at Node

1. Putting rigid Y restraints at each hanger location.

2. Removing anchors and restraints that are to be freed.

3. Running the weight analysis to find the hot hanger loads.

Nonlinear restraints are not freed during hanger design.

Free the anchor or restraint in the Y direction only.

Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and X directions only.

Free the anchor or restraint in the Y and Z directions only.

Predefined Hanger Data

Pre-defined hanger data can be specified in one of two ways:

Specify all information for the hanger.