History of Internet in the Philippines

On March 29, 1994, at the First International E-Mail Conference in Cebu, Philippines, Dr. John Brule, a
Professor Emeritus at Syracuse University, announced that the country was finally connected to the
international web via Philnet's 64 kbit/s connection. Earlier that morning, Benjie Tan established the first
internet connection in the Philippines at a PLDT network center in Makati City and posted the news on
Usenet newsgroups.

Before this, the Philippines had limited access to the internet through Phase 1 of the DOST project,
linking DOST, ADMU, DLSU, and UPD via UUCP and dial-up connections. Multinational corporations also
had limited networks.

In 1994, the internet became available to the public, offering a 64 kbps connection. Today, with much
faster internet speeds, this may seem small, but it marked the birth of the internet in the Philippines,
sparking curiosity about its potential and how it could change lives and the country's development.

https://iecepnegor.org/remembering-the-first-internet-connection-in-the-philippines/

How does internet works?

The internet is a vast and complex global network of interconnected computers and devices that allows
information to be transmitted and accessed across the world. It operates based on a combination of
hardware, software, and protocols. Here's a simplified overview of how the internet works:

1. **Devices and Endpoints:** At the core of the internet are individual devices, such as computers,
smartphones, servers, routers, and more, that are connected to the network. Each device is assigned a
unique address known as an IP (Internet Protocol) address.

2. **Data Transmission:** When a user on one device wants to send data (e.g., a web page request, an
email, a video stream) to another device on the internet, the data is divided into packets. These packets
are small units of data that can travel independently across the network.

3. **Routing and Switching:** The packets are then routed through a complex system of routers and
switches. Routers are specialized devices that determine the best path for each packet to reach its
destination based on the destination's IP address. Switches are used to connect devices within local
networks.

4. **Internet Backbone:** The internet backbone consists of high-capacity, long-distance fiber optic
cables and other infrastructure that connect major data centers and network hubs worldwide. These
backbone connections form the primary highways of the internet.

5. **Protocols:** Various communication protocols ensure that devices can understand and
communicate with each other. The Internet Protocol (IP) is one of the fundamental protocols used for
addressing and routing data packets. Other protocols, such as TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), manage the reliable and efficient transfer of data.

6. **Domain Name System (DNS):** The DNS is a distributed system that translates human-readable
domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses. This translation allows users to access
websites and resources using familiar names rather than numerical IP addresses.

7. **Web Servers and Services:** When a user enters a website address into their web browser, the
DNS resolves the domain name to an IP address. The web browser then sends a request to the
appropriate web server, which hosts the website content. The server processes the request and sends
the web page data back to the user's device.

8. **Data Encryption (HTTPS):** Many internet communications, especially sensitive ones like online
banking and email, use encryption protocols (e.g., HTTPS) to secure data during transmission. Encryption
helps protect the confidentiality and integrity of information.
9. **Content Delivery:** Content delivery networks (CDNs) cache and distribute content closer to end-
users, reducing latency and improving the speed of content delivery. CDNs are used for serving web
pages, videos, and other online resources.

10. **User Interaction:** Users interact with internet-connected devices and services using web
browsers, mobile apps, email clients, and various other software applications.

11. **Two-Way Communication:** The internet supports two-way communication, allowing users to
send and receive data, engage in video conferencing, online gaming, and other interactive activities.

12. **Security Measures:** Various security measures, such as firewalls, antivirus software, and
intrusion detection systems, are employed to protect networks and devices from cyber threats.

In summary, the internet is a dynamic and evolving network that connects billions of devices and users
worldwide, enabling a wide range of online activities, from browsing websites and sending emails to
streaming videos and conducting online commerce. Its decentralized nature and reliance on
standardized protocols have made it a global phenomenon that continues to shape how we
communicate, work, and access information in the digital age.

How to completely shutdown the internet?

The "Internet" as a whole cannot be "killed" or completely shut down by a single individual or entity,
given its decentralized and distributed nature. The internet is a vast global network composed of
millions of interconnected servers, routers, and devices, and it is designed to be highly resilient and
redundant. However, there are various ways to disrupt or limit access to the internet under certain
circumstances, but these actions often have significant legal, technical, and ethical implications:

1. **Physical Damage:** Severing or damaging undersea fiber optic cables, which are critical to
international internet connectivity, can disrupt internet access in specific regions. However, repairing
these cables is typically a priority, and backup routes often exist.

2. **Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks:** Cyberattacks such as Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
can overwhelm websites and online services, rendering them inaccessible to users. While this doesn't
"kill" the internet, it can disrupt specific services temporarily.

3. **Censorship and Content Blocking:** Some governments employ censorship measures to block
access to specific websites or services within their borders. This can limit access to information, but it
doesn't shut down the entire internet.

4. **Legal Actions:** Governments can take legal actions against internet service providers or individual
websites to restrict or shut down access. Such actions are typically subject to due process and legal
procedures.

5. **Satellite and Communication Jamming:** In rare cases, governments or malicious actors have used
satellite jamming or communication disruption techniques to limit internet access in specific areas.

6. **Infrastructure Attacks:** Targeted attacks on critical internet infrastructure, such as data centers
and key network nodes, could potentially disrupt internet access in a localized manner.

7. **Natural Disasters:** Natural disasters like earthquakes, hurricanes, or severe storms can damage
internet infrastructure and disrupt access temporarily.

It's important to note that disrupting or limiting internet access is generally considered a violation of
human rights and freedom of expression. Most countries have laws and regulations that protect access
to the internet as an essential resource for communication, information sharing, and commerce.
Deliberate attempts to "kill" or severely disrupt the internet would likely have legal and ethical
consequences.
Moreover, the decentralized nature of the internet, with redundancy and backup systems, makes it
highly resistant to complete shutdown. The internet's architecture was designed to withstand various
forms of disruption and continue functioning as best as possible.

How PLDT works?

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, PLDT (Philippine Long Distance Telephone
Company) did not operate its own satellite. PLDT is a telecommunications company in the Philippines
that provides various services, including fixed-line and wireless telephony, broadband internet, and
digital TV services. They typically rely on undersea fiber optic cables and terrestrial infrastructure for
their telecommunications services.

Satellite technology is primarily used for certain specific purposes, such as satellite TV broadcasting or
satellite internet services, but PLDT had not been known to have its own satellite in orbit for these
purposes. However, the telecommunications industry can evolve rapidly, so it's possible that there have
been developments or changes in PLDT's services and infrastructure since my last update.

For the most current information, I recommend checking PLDT's official website or contacting the
company directly to inquire about any developments regarding satellite technology and their services.

What country does PLDT gets its internet?

PLDT (Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company) sources its internet connectivity from various
countries and international undersea fiber optic cables. The exact countries from which PLDT gets its
internet may vary over time and depend on the network infrastructure and agreements in place at any
given moment.

Some of the countries and regions commonly connected to the Philippines for internet connectivity
through undersea cables include the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, and South
Korea. These countries are often hubs for international internet traffic, and the Philippines is connected
to them through a network of submarine cables.

PLDT, like other internet service providers, establishes peering and network connectivity agreements
with other providers and networks globally to ensure reliable and high-speed internet access for its
customers in the Philippines. These agreements allow for the exchange of internet traffic and data
across borders, providing access to a wide range of online resources and content.

What country does Globe Telecommunications get its internet?

Globe Telecom, a major telecommunications company in the Philippines, sources its internet
connectivity from various countries and international undersea fiber optic cables, similar to PLDT. The
exact countries and undersea cable systems used by Globe for internet connectivity may vary over time
as the telecommunications infrastructure evolves.

Commonly connected countries and regions for internet connectivity to the Philippines through
undersea cables include the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, and
others. These countries serve as hubs for international internet traffic, and the Philippines is connected
to them through a network of submarine cables.

Globe Telecom, like other internet service providers, establishes peering and network connectivity
agreements with other providers and networks around the world to ensure reliable and high-speed
internet access for its customers in the Philippines. These agreements facilitate the exchange of internet
traffic and data globally, enabling access to a wide range of online services and content. The specific
details of Globe Telecom's internet connectivity may change over time as the company expands and
upgrades its network infrastructure.
Where does the source of internet of Globe from other country gets their internet?
Internet connectivity is a complex global network of interconnected networks. Internet service providers
(ISPs) like Globe Telecom typically connect to multiple sources of international internet traffic through a
combination of undersea fiber optic cables, satellite links, and internet exchange points (IXPs). These
ISPs often have diverse routes and redundancies to ensure reliable internet connectivity.

Here's a simplified overview of how international internet connectivity works:

1. **Submarine Fiber Optic Cables:** Many countries are connected to the global internet through
undersea fiber optic cables. These cables run across the ocean floor, connecting various continents and
countries. ISPs in each country connect to these cables to access international internet traffic.

2. **International Internet Exchange Points (IXPs):** Major cities and regions around the world have
internet exchange points where different ISPs and network providers connect and exchange internet
traffic. These IXPs serve as major hubs for the global internet.

3. **Peering Agreements:** ISPs and network providers establish peering agreements with each other
to exchange internet traffic directly. These agreements help reduce the cost of transit and improve the
efficiency of data transfer.

4. **Satellite Links:** In some cases, ISPs use satellite links to access international internet traffic,
especially in remote or less-connected areas.

5. **Content Delivery Networks (CDNs):** CDNs cache and distribute internet content closer to end-
users. ISPs often connect to CDNs to improve the speed and availability of popular online content.

6. **Tier 1 ISPs:** Some ISPs, known as Tier 1 ISPs, have extensive global networks and directly
interconnect with other Tier 1 ISPs. These providers play a crucial role in the global internet backbone.

The source of internet connectivity for ISPs like Globe Telecom can include a combination of undersea
cables, peering agreements with international ISPs, access to major IXPs, and other methods to ensure
redundancy and reliability.

The specific details of how an ISP like Globe sources its international internet connectivity may change
over time as the company invests in network infrastructure and establishes new agreements to meet
the growing demand for internet services.

End to end Encryption Vs SSL

End-to-end encryption (E2E encryption) and SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) are both cryptographic
techniques used to protect data transmitted over networks, but they serve different purposes and
operate at different layers of communication. Here's a comparison of the two:

1. Purpose:

- End-to-End Encryption (E2E Encryption):

- E2E encryption is designed to ensure that data remains confidential and secure from the moment it
is sent by the sender until it is received by the intended recipient.

- It prevents anyone, including service providers and network intermediaries, from accessing the
plaintext data during transit.

- Commonly used in messaging apps and email services to protect the content of messages and
attachments.

- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) / TLS (Transport Layer Security):

 - SSL/TLS is used to establish secure connections between a client (such as a web browser) and a
server (such as a website or an email server).

- It encrypts data during transmission between the client and server, ensuring that it cannot be easily
intercepted or tampered with during transit.

- SSL/TLS primarily focuses on securing the communication channel rather than the content itself.

2. Scope of Protection:

- End-to-End Encryption (E2E Encryption):

- Protects data from the sender's device to the recipient's device.

- The encryption and decryption keys are typically managed by the end-user or the end-user's device.

- Provides a higher level of privacy and security, as even the service provider cannot access the
plaintext data.

- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) / TLS (Transport Layer Security):

- Protects data while it is in transit between the client and server.

- The encryption and decryption keys are typically managed by the server and client, not the end-
users themselves.

- It ensures the security of data while it travels across the internet but does not guarantee that the
service provider cannot access the data.

3. Use Cases:

- End-to-End Encryption (E2E Encryption):

- Used in applications like WhatsApp, Signal, and encrypted email services to protect the privacy of
user communications.

- Ideal for scenarios where absolute privacy and data security are essential.

- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) / TLS (Transport Layer Security):

- Used for securing web traffic (HTTPS) when accessing websites, online banking, and online shopping.

- Ensures that data exchanged between your web browser and a website's server is encrypted and
secure.

- Commonly used for secure email transmission (SMTPS, POP3S, IMAPS).

In summary, end-to-end encryption is designed to protect the content of data throughout its entire
journey from sender to recipient, ensuring maximum privacy and security. SSL/TLS, on the other hand,
primarily secures the communication channel between a client and server and is commonly used for
securing web traffic and other client-server interactions. Both encryption methods play crucial roles in
securing online communication, but they serve different purposes and operate at different levels of the
communication stack.
Underwater Fiber Optic Cables

What is the use of Data Center

A data center is a centralized facility or a dedicated space within a building where an organization stores,
manages, and processes its computer systems, networking equipment, and data. Data centers serve a
crucial role in modern businesses and organizations by providing several essential functions and
benefits:

1. **Data Storage**: Data centers are used to store vast amounts of data, including databases, files,
documents, and multimedia content. This data can range from customer records and financial
transactions to software applications and backups.

2. **Compute Resources**: Data centers house powerful servers and computing equipment that
process and execute various tasks, such as running web applications, hosting websites, performing data
analytics, and running virtual machines.

3. **Network Infrastructure**: Data centers have robust networking infrastructure, including routers,
switches, and load balancers, to ensure that data can be transmitted efficiently and securely both within
the data center and to external networks.

4. **Redundancy and Reliability**: Data centers are designed for high availability and reliability. They
often have redundant power supplies, cooling systems, and network connections to minimize
downtime.

5. **Security**: Data centers implement stringent security measures to protect against unauthorized
access, theft, and data breaches. This includes physical security (e.g., access control, surveillance) and
cybersecurity (e.g., firewalls, intrusion detection systems).

6. **Scalability**: Organizations can scale their IT infrastructure by adding or removing servers and
storage as needed without significant disruptions. This scalability is crucial for handling increased
workloads and growth.

7. **Disaster Recovery**: Data centers are equipped with backup and disaster recovery systems to
ensure that data can be quickly restored in case of hardware failures, natural disasters, or other
emergencies.
8. **Cost Efficiency**: By consolidating IT resources in a data center, organizations can achieve cost
savings through efficient resource utilization, reduced energy consumption, and better management of
hardware and software assets.

9. **Cloud Services**: Many cloud service providers operate large-scale data centers to deliver cloud
computing and storage services to businesses and individuals. Cloud data centers offer scalability and
accessibility benefits to users.

10. **Regulatory Compliance**: Data centers can be designed to meet regulatory compliance
requirements, such as those related to data privacy, security, and industry-specific standards.

11. **Content Delivery**: Content delivery networks (CDNs) often use data centers strategically located
around the world to deliver web content, videos, and other digital assets to users with low latency and
high speed.

12. **AI and Machine Learning**: Data centers with powerful GPUs and specialized hardware are used
for training and running machine learning and artificial intelligence models.

In summary, data centers play a critical role in modern IT infrastructure by providing secure, reliable,
and efficient environments for data storage, processing, and networking. They enable businesses and
organizations to manage their IT resources effectively, deliver digital services, and ensure data
availability and security.

Location of Philippine Internet Exchange (PHIX or PHInternet Exchange

PHCOLO (Philippine Co-Location Data Center)

Address: 2nd Floor Bldg. G1 Filinvest One Building, Northgate Cyberzone, Filinvest City, Muntinlupa City,
Metro Manila, Philippines

Process of Sending a video via internet

User Send video

Video converted to Packets (Binary Number)

Internet Hub (PHix – Philippine Internet Exchange)

Server (Contains of the videos saved on google, youtube) (Hongkong, Taiwan, nearest server of Google)

Receiver clicks download

Phone send request to the server as packets also

Server sends video as packets

Internet Hub (PHix – Philippine Internet Exchange)

Goes to the router

Goes to the phone

Phone construct packets to video again

Does the philippines uses satelite for intenet connectivity

Yes, the Philippines uses satellite technology for Internet connectivity, especially in areas where
traditional terrestrial infrastructure is limited or unavailable. Satellite Internet plays a vital role in
bridging the digital divide in the country by providing access to remote and rural regions. Here are some
key points about satellite Internet usage in the Philippines:

1. **Remote and Rural Areas:** In the Philippines, where the terrain is challenging and the cost of laying
fiber-optic cables can be prohibitive, satellite Internet serves as a practical solution for delivering
broadband connectivity to rural and geographically isolated communities.
2. **Disaster Response:** The Philippines is prone to natural disasters such as typhoons, earthquakes,
and volcanic eruptions. During these emergencies, when terrestrial infrastructure may be damaged,
satellite-based communication can be crucial for disaster response and coordination.

3. **Maritime and Island Connectivity:** The Philippines consists of numerous islands, making satellite
technology an ideal choice for providing Internet access to remote islands and maritime vessels,
including fishing boats and passenger ferries.

4. **Government Initiatives:** The Philippine government has initiated projects aimed at improving
Internet access, including the use of satellite technology. For example, the Department of Information
and Communications Technology (DICT) has explored partnerships and initiatives to expand Internet
coverage, especially in underserved areas.

5. **Telecommunications Providers:** Several telecommunications companies in the Philippines offer

satellite Internet services to both residential and business users. These services often cater to areas with
limited terrestrial connectivity options.

6. **Education and Healthcare:** Satellite Internet has been used to support education and
telemedicine initiatives in remote areas of the Philippines, enabling students to access online education
and patients to receive medical consultations.

While satellite Internet has helped extend connectivity in the Philippines, it's important to note that
there may be challenges associated with satellite Internet, such as latency (signal delay) due to the long
distance that signals must travel to and from satellites in orbit. Nonetheless, it remains a valuable tool
for expanding access to the Internet in regions that would otherwise have limited connectivity options.

What provinces using satellite for internet connection

In the Philippines, satellite Internet is used in various provinces and regions, especially in areas where
terrestrial infrastructure is limited or unavailable. The specific provinces and regions where satellite
Internet is commonly used may vary over time and depend on factors such as geography, population
density, and economic development. Some provinces and regions that have historically relied on
satellite Internet connectivity include:

1. **Remote Island Provinces:** Many of the remote islands in the Philippines rely on satellite Internet
due to the challenges of laying undersea fiber-optic cables or establishing terrestrial infrastructure.
Provinces like Palawan, Batanes, and Tawi-Tawi, among others, may use satellite connectivity to provide
Internet access to their residents.

2. **Mountainous and Hard-to-Reach Areas:** Provinces with rugged and mountainous terrain, such as
parts of the Cordillera Administrative Region (e.g., Mountain Province), may use satellite technology to
overcome geographical barriers to Internet access.

3. **Disaster-Prone Regions:** Provinces and regions prone to natural disasters, such as typhoons and
earthquakes, often use satellite Internet as a backup communication method for disaster response and
recovery. This includes areas like Bicol and Eastern Visayas.

4. **Agricultural and Rural Areas:** Satellite Internet is commonly used in agricultural regions, where
farmers and rural communities require Internet access for various purposes, including crop
management, market information, and online education.

5. **Indigenous and Tribal Areas:** Some provinces with indigenous or tribal communities may use
satellite Internet to provide connectivity to these remote and culturally diverse regions.

6. **Tourism Hubs:** In popular tourism destinations with limited infrastructure, satellite Internet can
be used to provide Internet access to both tourists and local businesses. Regions like Aklan (Boracay)
and Palawan (El Nido) fall into this category.
It's important to note that the use of satellite Internet can change over time as terrestrial infrastructure
is expanded and technology advances. Additionally, government initiatives and private
telecommunications providers may invest in improving Internet access in underserved areas, potentially
reducing the reliance on satellite connectivity in some regions.

The specific provinces and areas using satellite Internet for Internet connectivity may vary, and it's
advisable to check with local telecommunications providers and government agencies for the most up-
to-date information on Internet connectivity options in a particular region.

Does data centers use satellite connectivity?

Data centers typically do not use satellite connectivity as their primary or preferred means of internet or
network connectivity. While satellite internet can provide internet access in remote or rural areas where
traditional wired connections may be unavailable, it is generally not the first choice for data centers due
to several limitations and challenges:

1. **Latency**: Satellite internet connections often have higher latency compared to terrestrial
connections. The time it takes for data to travel to and from a satellite in geostationary orbit can result
in delays, which are undesirable for data center operations that require low-latency communication.

2. **Limited Bandwidth**: Satellite internet typically offers limited bandwidth compared to wired
connections, which may not meet the high bandwidth demands of data centers.

3. **Weather Interference**: Weather conditions, such as heavy rain or storms, can disrupt satellite
signals and cause service interruptions or degradation of connectivity.

4. **Symmetrical Upload and Download Speeds**: Satellite internet often has asymmetric upload and
download speeds, with slower upload speeds. Data centers typically require symmetrical or balanced
connectivity for effective operations.

5. **Cost**: Satellite internet services can be more expensive than traditional wired connections,
especially when considering the cost of satellite equipment and service plans.

6. **Data Caps**: Many satellite internet providers impose data caps or fair usage policies, which can be
restrictive for data centers that handle large volumes of data.

However, in some specific scenarios, satellite connectivity may be used as a backup or redundant option
for data centers to ensure continuity in case of primary connection failures. This redundancy can be
critical for disaster recovery and business continuity planning.

Additionally, satellite communication is commonly used for remote monitoring and management of data
center facilities in remote or geographically dispersed locations. It provides a means of connecting to
these facilities when terrestrial connectivity is not available or practical.

Overall, while satellite connectivity has its place in specific situations, it is not the primary choice for
data center connectivity due to its latency, bandwidth, and cost limitations. Traditional terrestrial
connections, such as fiber optic links, MPLS, or dedicated leased lines, are typically preferred for data
centers that require high-speed, low-latency, and reliable connectivity.
07 September 2023

Why internet speed is slow in the Philippines?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_hZKNtXjqc&t=15s

Ideal Capacity – 1 cell site : 100 – 200 household

Current Capacity -- 1 cell site : 4000 household

50000 Cell Towers needed

15M cost per tower

149B Globe Revenue for 2019

51B Capital Expidenture is alotted for building towers

Appropriate Legislation

Ease of doing business to easily build towers

Duopoly (Globe and PLDT)

Government Support is needed

Philippines is ranked 97th in the world for internet speed, average speed of 6.05 MBPS

1st rank is Taiwan with 85.02 MBPS

Government should build it’s own cell towers and the internet service providers will just connect to it.

How the Internet Works in 4 Minutes

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sfzo4xm5eX8

Satellite is useless because the bandwidth of satellite is very limited and leads to long delays.
Composition of Underwater Optical Fiber cable
Using cable intenet

Using mobile data

Data send to the phone in a form of electro magnetic waves

Inside a Google data center
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XZmGGAbHqa0

Google Data Center Security: 6 Layers Deep

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kd33UVZhnAA

How The Internet Travels Across Oceans

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd1JhZzoS6A

AT&T, China Telecom biggest owners of undersea fiber optic cables

Cable connection is still the cheapest and data transfer is fast.

Google and facebook teams up to have underwater fiber optic cable named Apricot to connect
Singapore, Philippines, Japan, Guam, Indonesia, Taiwan by 2024.

What is a Data Center?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amow8BJm5Go

A building that has with powerful computers used to run company services. It’s where information is
processed and made available. Data is stored, managed and dessiminated across these computers. And
a network infrastructure is installed, to support web apps, databases, virtual machines and more.