Chapter 42 MECHANICAL VENTILATORS

Kacmarek: Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 10th Edition
Chapter 42: Mechanical Ventilators
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following major categories of ventilator function are useful in classifying
ventilators?
1. control scheme
2. power conversion
3. ventilator output
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
To understand mechanical ventilators, we must first understand their four basic functions:
• input power
• power transmission and conversion
• control system
• output (pressure, volume, and flow waveforms)
DIF: Recall REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 1
2. A ventilator can derive its input power from which of the following sources?
1. alternating current (AC) electricity
2. battery
3. pneumatic
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
The power source for a ventilator is either electrical energy (Energy = Volts  Amperes 
Time) or compressed gas (Energy = Pressure  Volume).
3. For which of the following uses might you consider the use of a purely pneumatically
powered ventilator?
1. as a backup to electrically powered ventilators
2. when electrical device cannot be used (e.g., magnetic resonance imaging)
Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2003, 1999, 1995, 1990, 1982, 1977, 1973, 1969 by Mosby, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Test bank 43-2
3. during certain types of patient transport

a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
These devices are ideal in situations where electrical power is unavailable (e.g., during certain
types of patient transport) or as a backup to electrically powered ventilators in case of power
failures. They are also particularly useful where electrical power is undesirable, as near
magnetic resonance imaging equipment.
DIF: Application REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 2
4. Primary drive mechanisms used by modern ventilators include which of the following?
1. compressed gas or reducing valve
2. hydraulic or fluidic compressor
3. electrical motor or compressor
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
Drive mechanisms can be either (1) a direct application of compressed gas via a pressure
reducing valve or (2) an indirect application via an electric motor or compressor.
5. Types of output control valves used in modern ventilators include all of the following except:
a. pneumatic diaphragm valve
b. proportional valve
c. electromagnetic poppet or plunger
d. linear screw valve
ANS: D
Commonly used output control valves include the pneumatic diaphragm, electromagnetic
poppet/plunger valve, and the proportional valve. Descriptions of these devices can be found
in respiratory care equipment textbooks.
6. Which of the following equations best describes the pressure (P) necessary to drive gas into
the airway and inflate the lungs?
a. P = (Elastance  Volume) + (Resistance  Flow)
b. P = (Elastance – Volume) + (Resistance ÷ Flow)
c. P = (Volume + Compliance) + (Resistance ÷ Flow)
Test bank 43-3
d. P = (Volume ÷ Compliance) – (Resistance  Flow)
ANS: A
Pvent + Pmus = (E  V) + (R  V).
7. How would a ventilatory support device that uses pressure regulators, needle valves, and
balloon valves to regulate most or all of the parameters of ventilation be classified?
a. mechanically controlled
b. electronically controlled
c. fluidically controlled
d. pneumatically controlled
ANS: D
Pneumatic control is provided using gas-powered pressure regulators, needle valves, jet
entrainment devices, and balloon valves.
8. Which of the following types of ventilators would you select for use during an MRI
procedure?
1. electronically controlled
2. pneumatically controlled
3. fluidically controlled
4. electrically controlled
a. 1 and 4
b. 2 and 3
c. 1, 2, and 4
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: B
Some transport ventilators use pneumatic control systems. The Ohmeda Logic-07 is an
example. Fluidic control mechanisms have no moving parts. In addition, fluidic circuits are
immune to failure from surrounding electromagnetic interference, as can occur around MRI
equipment.
9. Which of the following ventilators is controlled by fluidic logic systems?

a. Siemens 300
b. Sechrist IV-100B
c. Bird 8400ST
d. Bear 1000
ANS: B
Test bank 43-4
Fluidic logic-controlled ventilators, such as the Bio-Med MVP-10 and Sechrist IV-100B, also
use pressurized gas to regulate the parameters of ventilation.
10. According to the equation of motion of the respiratory system, a ventilator can control all of
the following variables except:
a. volume
b. resistance
c. pressure
d. flow
ANS: B
There are only three variables in the equation of motion that a ventilator can control: pressure,
volume, and flow.
11. If the pressure waveform of a ventilator remains the same when a patient's lung mechanics
change, then what is the ventilator?
a. volume controller
b. pressure controller
c. time controller
d. flow controller
ANS: B
If the ventilator controls pressure, the pressure waveform will remain consistent but volume
and flow will vary with changes in respiratory system mechanics.
12. Which of the following are characteristic of a ventilator that functions as a true volume
controller?
1. Its pressure waveform changes with changes in lung mechanics.
2. It measures and uses volume to control the volume waveform.
3. Its volume waveform stays constant with changes in lung mechanics.
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
If the ventilator controls volume, the volume and flow waveforms will remain consistent, but
pressure will vary with changes in respiratory mechanics. To qualify as a true volume
controller, a ventilator must measure volume and use this signal to control the volume
waveform.
Test bank 43-5
13. During volume control ventilation, the clinician has control over which of the following?
1. pressure waveform
2. volume waveform
3. flow waveform
a. 1 or 2
b. 2 or 3
c. 2
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
Volume can be controlled directly by the displacement of a device such as a piston or bellows.
Volume can be controlled indirectly by controlling flow.
14. Which of the following is true of the relationship between flow and volume?
1. Volume is the integral of flow.
2. Volume is the derivative of flow.
3. Flow is the derivative of volume.
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
This follows from the fact that volume and flow are inverse functions of time (i.e., volume is
the integral of flow and flow is the derivative of volume).
15. A ventilator's pressure waveform changes when a patient's lung mechanics change, but its
volume waveform remains the same. The device does not directly control the delivered
volume. What is this ventilator?
a. volume controller
b. pressure controller
c. time controller
d. flow controller
ANS: D
If the ventilator controls flow, the flow and volume waveforms will remain consistent, but
pressure will vary with changes in respiratory mechanics. Flow can be controlled directly
using something as simple as a flow meter or as complex as a proportional solenoid valve.
Flow can be controlled indirectly by controlling volume.
Test bank 43-6
16. The volume waveform generated by a ventilator remains the same against changing lung
mechanics. Which of the following parameters might this device be controlling?
1. volume
2. flow
3. pressure
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: A
If the ventilator controls flow, the flow and volume waveforms will remain consistent, but
pressure will vary with changes in respiratory mechanics. Flow can be controlled directly
using something as simple as a flow meter or as complex as a proportional solenoid valve.
Flow can be controlled indirectly by controlling volume.
17. Which of the following ventilators is the simplest example of a true flow controller?
a. Newport Wave
b. Bear 1
c. Emerson 3-PV
d. Sechrist
ANS: D
Infant ventilators, such as the Sechrist, are the simplest examples of flow controllers
18. A complete ventilatory cycle or breath consists of which of the following phases?
1. expiration
2. initiation of inspiration
3. inspiration
4. end of inspiration
a. 1 and 4
b. 2 and 3
c. 1, 2, and 4
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
ANS: D
A complete ventilatory cycle or breath consists of four phases: the initiation of inspiration,
inspiration itself, the end of inspiration, and expiration.
Test bank 43-7
19. During mechanical ventilation, what variable causes a breath to begin?

a. limit
b. cycle
c. trigger
d. baseline
ANS: C
The variable causing a breath to begin is the trigger variable.
20. During mechanical ventilation, what variable causes a breath to end?

a. limit
b. cycle
c. trigger
d. baseline
ANS: B
The variable causing a breath to end is the cycle variable.
21. To describe what happens during the expiratory phase of mechanical ventilation, you must
know the value of which variable?
a. limit
b. cycle
c. trigger
d. baseline
ANS: D
To describe what happens during expiration, we must know what baseline variable is in effect.
22. If a ventilator, not the patient, initiates a breath, what is the trigger variable?
a. time
b. pressure
c. flow
d. volume
ANS: A
If the machine initiates the breath, the trigger variable is time.
23. If a patient initiates a ventilator breath, the trigger variable could be all of the following
except:
Test bank 43-8
a. pressure
b. flow
c. time
d. volume
ANS: C
If the patient initiates the breath, pressure, flow, or volume may serve as the trigger variable.
24. A patient receiving time-triggered continuous mechanical ventilation at a preset rate of 10/min
stops breathing. Which of the following will occur?
a. The high-pressure limit alarm will sound (if properly set).
b. The patient will continue to receive 10 breaths/min.
c. The low tidal volume (VT) alarm will sound (if properly set).
d. Ventilation will drop to zero and the apnea alarm will sound.
ANS: B
When triggering by time, a ventilator initiates a breath according to a predetermined time
interval, without regard to patient effort.
25. Pure time-triggered ventilation is the same as what type of ventilation?

a. assist
b. intermittent mandatory ventilation
c. assist and control
d. proportional assist
ANS: B
Currently, time triggering is most commonly seen when using the IMV mode (intermittent
mandatory ventilation).
26. A volume-cycled ventilator has a rate knob for setting the controlled frequency of breathing.
If this control is set to 12/min, which of the following other settings will determine the
inspiratory and expiratory times?
1. FIO2
2. flow
3. volume
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: C
Test bank 43-9
When a rate control is used, inspiratory and expiratory times will vary according to other
control settings, such as flow and volume.
27. When you adjust the pressure drop necessary to trigger a breath on a ventilator, what are you
adjusting on the machine?
a. sensitivity
b. pressure limit
c. mode setting
d. positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) level
ANS: A
Pressure triggering occurs when a patient’s inspiratory effort causes a drop in pressure within
the breathing circuit. When this pressure drop reaches the pressure sensing mechanism, the
ventilator triggers on and begins gas delivery. On most ventilators, you can adjust the pressure
drop needed to trigger a breath. The trigger level is often called the sensitivity.
28. When using pressure as the trigger variable, where do you typically set the trigger level?
a. 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O below the baseline expiratory pressure
b. 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O above the baseline expiratory pressure
c. 2.0 to 3.5 cm H2O below the baseline expiratory pressure
d. 2.0 to 3.5 cm H2O above the baseline expiratory pressure
ANS: A
Typically, you set the trigger level 0.5 to 1.5 cm H2O below the baseline expiratory pressure.
29. Which of the following is false about the application of flow triggering on a mechanical
ventilator?
a. The ventilator measures both input and output flow.
b. Between patient breaths, input flow exceeds output flow.
c. A relative drop in output flow triggers the machine to turn on.
d. Gas flows continuously through the ventilator circuit.
ANS: B
The ventilator measures the flow coming out of the main flow control valve and also the flow
through the exhalation valve. Between breaths, these two flows are equal (assuming there are
no leaks in the patient circuit). When the patient makes an inspiratory effort, the flow through
the exhalation valve falls below the flow from the output valve. The difference between these
two flows is the flow trigger variable.
Test bank 43-10
30. A physician requests that you switch from pressure-triggering a patient to flow-triggering.
Which of the following new settings would be appropriate?
a. Base flow = 0 L/min; trigger at 2 L/min
b. Base flow = 10 L/min; trigger at –2 cm H2O
c. Base flow = 10 L/min; trigger at 2 L/min
d. Base flow = 0 L/min; trigger at 10 cm H2O
ANS: C
For example, if you set the base continuous flow at 10 L/min and the trigger at 2 L/min, the
ventilator will trigger when the output flow falls to 8 L/min or less.
DIF: Analysis REF: p. 1014 OBJ: 2
31. Compared to using pressure as the trigger variable, what is the major advantage of flow-
triggering?
a. decreased work of breathing
b. improved minute ventilation (VE)
c. decreased physiologic dead space
d. improved arterial oxygenation
ANS: A
When compared with pressure, using flow as the trigger variable decreases a patient’s work of
breathing.
32. What ventilatory variable reaches and maintains a preset level before inspiration ends?
a. limit
b. cycle
c. trigger
d. baseline
ANS: A
A limit variable is one that can reach and maintain a preset level before inspiration ends but
does not terminate inspiration.
33. Which of the following parameters can serve as the cycle variable during ventilatory support?
1. volume
2. pressure
3. flow
4. time
a. 1 and 4
b. 2 and 3
c. 1, 2, and 4
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Test bank 43-11
ANS: D
The cycle variable can be pressure, volume, flow, or time.
34. A volume-cycled ventilator provides gas under positive pressure during inspiration until what
point?
a. A preselected volume of gas is received by the patient.
b. An adjustable, preselected airway pressure is reached.
c. The inspiratory time equals or exceeds the expiratory time.
d. A preselected volume of gas is expelled from the device.
ANS: D
When a ventilator is set to volume-cycle, it delivers flow until a preselected volume has been
expelled from the device.
35. Flow serves as a limit variable whenever a ventilator controls what?

a. pressure
b. flow
c. time
d. volume
ANS: B
When a ventilator is set to flow cycle, it delivers flow until a preset level is met and then flow
stops and expiration begins.
36. You observe that a ventilator reaches a preset pressure early in inspiration but holds it for a
specific time, after which inspiration ends. What mode of ventilatory support is in force?
a. time cycled
b. pressure limited
c. pressure cycled
d. volume limited
ANS: A
Time cycling occurs when the inspiratory time has elapsed.
DIF: Analysis REF: p. 1016 OBJ: 3
37. A time-cycled constant flow generator is set up with a flow of 35 L/min and an inspiratory
time of 1.7 seconds. What is the approximate VT?
a. 750 ml (0.75 L)
b. 1000 ml (1.00 L)
Test bank 43-12
c. 1900 ml (1.90 L)
d. 1200 ml (1.20 L)
ANS: B
If it is used, it may be set directly, or it may occur indirectly if the set inspiratory time is
longer than the inspiratory flow time (determined by the set tidal volume and flow; time =
volume/flow).
38. What is the name of a breath where a patient is able to change the inspiratory time?
a. patient cycled
b. patient triggered
c. machine triggered
d. machine cycled
ANS: A
For the breath to be patient cycled, the patient must be able to change the inspiratory time,
such as by making either inspiratory or expiratory efforts. If this is not possible, then the
breath is, by definition, machine cycled.
39. In which of the following modes inspiration ends when flow decays to some preset value?
a. intermittent mandatory ventilation
b. pressure support ventilation
c. continuous mandatory ventilation
d. airway pressure release ventilation
ANS: B
Another example of patient cycling is the pressure support mode. Here, inspiration ends when
flow decays to some preset value (i.e., flow cycling).
40. What parameter serves as the baseline variable on all modern ventilators?
a. pressure
b. flow
c. time
d. volume
ANS: A
Although pressure, volume, or flow could serve as the baseline variable, pressure control is
the most practical and is implemented by all modern ventilators.
Test bank 43-13
41. What is the default baseline value during mechanical ventilation?

a. positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
b. zero end-expiratory pressure (ZEEP)
c. negative end-expiratory pressure (NEEP)
d. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
ANS: B
ZEEP is the default baseline value during positive-pressure ventilation, meaning that it is
normally in effect unless purposely changed.
42. What is the application of pressure above atmospheric at the airway throughout expiration
during mechanical ventilation?
a. positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
c. continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV)
d. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
ANS: A
PEEP is the application of pressure above atmospheric pressure at the airway throughout
expiration.
43. What is the primary physiological effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)?
a. increase the functional residual capacity (FRC)
b. increase the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
c. decrease the compliance of the lung (CL)
d. increase the length of expiration
ANS: A
PEEP elevates a patient’s FRC and can help improve oxygenation by preventing collapse of
alveolar units that are made unstable by lack of surfactant or disease.
44. During mechanical ventilation, a spontaneous breath is defined as one that:

a. initiated and terminated by the machine
b. begun by the patient and ended by the machine
c. initiated and terminated by the patient
d. begun by the machine and ended by the patient
ANS: C
A spontaneous breath is a breath for which the patient decides the start time and the tidal
volume. That is, the patient both triggers and cycles the breath.
Test bank 43-14
45. During mechanical ventilation, a mandatory breath is defined as one that is:
a. initiated or terminated by the machine
b. initiated and terminated by the machine
c. initiated and terminated by the patient
d. begun according to a preset time interval
ANS: A
A mandatory breath is a breath for which the machine sets the start time and/or the tidal
volume. That is, the machine triggers and/or cycles the breath.
46. While observing a patient receiving ventilatory support, you notice that all delivered breaths
are initiated or terminated by the machine. Which of the following modes of ventilatory
support is in force?
b. partial ventilatory support
c. continuous mandatory ventilation
d. continuous spontaneous ventilation
ANS: C
In continuous mandatory ventilation, all breaths are mandatory.
47. While observing a patient receiving ventilatory support, you notice that some delivered
breaths are begun or ended by the machine, whereas others are begun and ended by the
patient. Which of the following modes of ventilatory support is in force?
a. intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV)
d. airway pressure release ventilation
ANS: A
In IMV, breaths can be either mandatory or spontaneous.
48. A mode that allows spontaneously breathing patients to breathe at a positive-pressure level,
but drops briefly to a reduced pressure level for CO2 elimination during each breathing cycle
is also known as:
b. airway pressure release ventilation
d. continuous spontaneous ventilation
Test bank 43-15
ANS: B
At this level of description, we can avoid the cumbersome verbal ad hoc definition for airway
pressure release ventilation such as “a mode that allows spontaneously breathing patients to
breathe at a positive-pressure level, but drops briefly to a reduced pressure level for CO2
elimination during each breathing cycle.”
49. Which of the following ventilator control systems is NOT considered closed loop?
a. orientation based
b. servo
c. adaptive
d. optimal
ANS: A
The basic concept of closed-loop control has evolved into at least seven different ventilator
control systems.
50. Which of the closed-loop controllers is used by all ventilators?

a. setpoint
b. auto setpoint
c. adaptive
d. servo
ANS: A
Most ventilators use at least setpoint control.
51. Which of the following modes is a good example of adaptive control?

b. airway pressure release ventilation
d. pressure-regulated volume control (PRVC)
ANS: D
One of the first examples of a mode using adaptive control was PRVC on the Siemens Servo
300 ventilator.
52. A ventilator that controls pressure and delivers a rectangular pressure waveform will also
exhibit what waveform?
a. exponential (rise) volume
Test bank 43-16
b. rectangular flow
c. ascending ramp pressure
d. sinusoidal flow
ANS: A
See Figure 42-11.
53. A ventilator that controls flow and delivers a rectangular flow waveform will also exhibit
what waveform?
a. exponential (rise) volume
b. rectangular pressure
c. ascending ramp pressure
d. descending ramp volume
ANS: C
See Figure 42-11.
54. Peak airway pressure is highest with what waveform?

a. sinusoidal flow
b. rectangular flow
c. ascending ramp flow
d. descending ramp flow
ANS: C
See Figure 42-11.
55. Mean airway pressure is lowest with what waveform?

a. sinusoidal flow
b. rectangular flow
d. descending ramp flow
ANS: C
See Figure 42-11.
56. Mean airway pressure is highest with what waveform?

a. rectangular flow
b. rectangular pressure
Test bank 43-17
d. sinusoidal flow
ANS: B
See Figure 42-11.
57. During volume-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine the machine-
delivered minute volume?
1. volume
2. flow
3. rate
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: B
See Table 42-1.
58. During volume-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine the inspiratory
time?
1. volume
2. flow
3. rate
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: A
See Table 42-1.
59. During volume-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine the expiratory
time?
1. volume
2. flow
3. rate
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
Test bank 43-18
ANS: D
See Table 42-1.
60. During volume-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine the total cycle
time?
1. volume
2. flow
3. rate
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: C
See Table 42-1.
61. During volume-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine I:E ratio?
1. volume
2. flow
3. rate
a. 1 and 2
b. 1 and 3
c. 2 and 3
d. 1, 2, and 3
ANS: D
See Table 42-1.
62. A patient receiving continuous mandatory ventilation in the control mode has an inspiratory
time of 1.5 seconds and an expiratory time of 2.5 seconds. What is the frequency of
breathing?
a. 10/min
b. 12/min
c. 15/min
d. 18/min
ANS: C
See Table 42-1.
Test bank 43-19
63. A patient is receiving continuous mandatory ventilation in the control mode at a rate of
15/min. The expiratory time is 2.9 seconds. What is the inspiratory time?
a. 1.1 seconds
b. 1.3 seconds
c. 1.5 seconds
d. 1.7 seconds
ANS: A
See Table 42-1.
10/min. The inspiratory time control is set at 40%. What is the inspiratory time?
a. 1.60 seconds
b. 1.85 seconds
c. 2.40 seconds
d. 3.50 seconds
ANS: C
See Table 42-1.
12/min. The inspiratory time control is set at 33%. What is the expiratory time?
a. 1.65 seconds
b. 2.45 seconds
c. 3.35 seconds
d. 3.85 seconds
ANS: C
See Table 42-1.
15/min. The inspiratory time is 0.8 second. What is the expiratory time?
a. 3.2 seconds
b. 2.8 seconds
c. 2.4 seconds
d. 4.2 seconds
ANS: A
See Table 42-1.
Test bank 43-20
20/min. The inspiratory time is 0.75 second. What is the percentage inspiratory time?
a. 20%
b. 25%
c. 30%
d. 33%
ANS: B
See Table 42-1.
10/min. The inspiratory time control is set at 25%. What is the I:E ratio?
a. 1:3
b. 1:2
c. 1:4
d. 1:1
ANS: A
See Table 42-1.
69. A patient is receiving continuous mandatory ventilation through a constant flow generator in
the control mode at a rate of 20/min with a VT of 750 mL. The inspiratory time is 1 second.
What is the flow?
a. 15 L/min
b. 30 L/min
c. 45 L/min
d. 60 L/min
ANS: C
See Table 42-1.
70. During pressure-targeted ventilation, which of the following settings determine VT?
1. pressure difference
2. inspiratory time
3. time constant
a. 1 and 2
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
Test bank 43-21
ANS: D
See Table 42-1.
71. In which of the following situations is volume-controlled ventilation sometimes used?

1. when a precise PaCO2 has to be maintained (some closed-head injuries)
2. when more even distribution of ventilation is required
3. when ventilating patients with severe, refractory hypoxemia
4. when ventilating patients with unstable or changing ventilatory drives
a. 1 and 2
b. 3 and 4
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 3, and 4
ANS: A
Volume-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation is indicated when a precise minute
ventilation or blood gas parameter, such as PaCO2, is therapeutically essential to the care of
patients with normal lung mechanics. Theoretically, volume control (with a constant
inspiratory flow) results in a more even distribution of ventilation (compared to pressure
control) among lung units with different time constants where the units have equal resistances
but unequal compliances (e.g., acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS]).
72. In which of the following situations is pressure-controlled ventilation sometimes used?

1. when a precise PaCO2 has to be maintained (some closed-head injuries)
2. when more even distribution of ventilation is required
3. when ventilating patients with severe, refractory hypoxemia
4. when tidal volume in unstable due to leaks
a. 1 and 2
b. 3 and 4
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1, 3, and 4
ANS: B
Pressure-controlled continuous mandatory ventilation is indicated when adequate oxygenation
has been difficult to achieve in other modes of ventilation. The instability of tidal volume
caused by airway leaks can be minimized by using pressure-controlled ventilation rather than
volume controlled ventilation.
73. Which of the following is the primary parameter used to alter the breath size in pressure
controlled?
a. positive inspiratory pressure (PIP)positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
b. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Test bank 43-22
c. tidal volume
d. flow
ANS: A
Because tidal volume is not directly controlled, the pressure gradient (PIP – PEEP) is the
primary parameter used to alter the breath size and hence carbon dioxide tensions.
74. Spontaneous breath modes include all of the following except:

a. pressure support ventilation (PSV)
b. continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
c. bilevel CPAP (BiPAP)
d. continuous mandatory ventilation assist-control
ANS: D
CPAP, PSV, automatic tube compensation, and proportional assist ventilation are continuous
spontaneous breath modes.
75. What is the mode of ventilatory support in which patient’s inspiratory efforts are augmented
with a set amount of positive airway pressure?
b. continuous mandatory ventilation (CMV)
c. pressure support ventilation (PSV)
d. positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)
ANS: C
PSV is a form of PC-CSV that assists the patient’s inspiratory efforts.
76. The respiratory therapist has been called to transport a patient from the emergency department
to obtain a CT scan, which of the following types of ventilator should he therapist chose to
transport the patient?
a. electric
b. apneuistic
c. pneumatic
d. electronic
ANS: C
For patient transport you must use either a pneumatically powered ventilator or one that can
run solely on batteries. Always take along a manually powered bag-valve mask and for long
transports be sure to have back-up power available (extra cylinders or batteries).

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Kacmarek: Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 10th Edition

Chapter 42: Mechanical Ventilators

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 1

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 1

3. during certain types of patient transport

DIF: Application REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1007 OBJ: 2

d. P = (Volume ÷ Compliance) – (Resistance  Flow)

DIF: Application REF: p. 1008 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1011 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1011 OBJ: 2

9. Which of the following ventilators is controlled by fluidic logic systems?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1011 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 2

19. During mechanical ventilation, what variable causes a breath to begin?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1015 OBJ: 2

20. During mechanical ventilation, what variable causes a breath to end?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1015 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

25. Pure time-triggered ventilation is the same as what type of ventilation?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1013 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1014 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1014 OBJ: 2

DIF: Analysis REF: p. 1014 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1014 OBJ: 2

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1015 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1015 OBJ: 2

DIF: Application REF: p. 1015 OBJ: 3

35. Flow serves as a limit variable whenever a ventilator controls what?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1016 OBJ: 3

DIF: Analysis REF: p. 1016 OBJ: 3

DIF: Application REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

41. What is the default baseline value during mechanical ventilation?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1017 OBJ: 3

44. During mechanical ventilation, a spontaneous breath is defined as one that:

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1019 OBJ: 3

DIF: Application REF: p. 1021 OBJ: 3

DIF: Application REF: p. 1021 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1021 OBJ: 3

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1021 OBJ: 3

50. Which of the closed-loop controllers is used by all ventilators?

DIF: Recall REF: p. 1023 OBJ: 3

51. Which of the following modes is a good example of adaptive control?