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Lecture on Farm Power

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003
Farm Machinery and Power (AE-234)

Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, Jhansi (UP)

B. Sc (Ag.) 2nd Yr III Sem 2021-22
February 14, 15, 22, 2022
Virtual+Physical Mode

Er Amit Kumar Patil

Scientist (Farm Machinery and Power)
Division of Farm Machinery & Post Harvest Technology
ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP)

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Theory Syllabus

 Status of Farm Power in India, Sources of Farm Power , I.C. engines, working
principles of I C engines, comparison of two stroke and four stroke cycle engines ,
Study of different components of I.C. engine, I.C. engine terminology and solved
problems, Familiarization with different systems of I.C. engines: Air cleaning,
cooling, lubrication, fuel supply and hydraulic control system of a tractor,
Familiarization with Power transmission system : clutch, gear box, differential and
final drive of a tractor , Tractor types, Cost analysis of tractor power and attached
implement

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Content

 Farm Mechanization
 Status of Farm Power in India
 Tractor types
 Power Drive-Line
 IC Engine

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003
FARM MECHANIZATION

The application of engineering and technology in agricultural

operations, to do a job in a better way to improve productivity

Scope of Farm Mechanization:

• Improved irrigation facility in the country
• Introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds.
• Introduction of high dose of fertilizers and pesticides for different crops
• Introduction of new crops in different parts of the country.
• Multiple cropping system and intensive cultivation followed in different
parts of the country.

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Benefits of Farm Mechanization

Farm mechanization in India
 Precision of operation
 Timeliness of operation About 55 per cent

 Improvement of work environment Soil working and seedbed

preparation - 60 %
 Enhancement of safety
 Reduction of drudgery of labour Seeding and planting - 40%

 Reduction of loss of crops and food Plant protection 50 %

products Irrigation - 45 %
 Increased productivity of land
wheat and rice harvesting 70-80%
 Increased economic return to farmers
less than 25 % for other crops
 Improved dignity of farmers harvesting
 Progress and prosperity in rural areas
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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003
Sources of farm power
Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field
operations for increasing production and productivity of land

• Tractive work: seed bed preparation, cultivation, harvesting

and transportation
• Stationary work: Silage cutting, feed grinding, threshing,
winnowing and lifting of irrigation water.

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Sources of farm power

 Human power
 Animal power
 Mechanical power
(Tractor, Power tiller, Combine, Engines)
 Electrical power
 Renewable (Wind power+bio gas+solar)

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

1. Human Power
Population-1323.0 million, 2. Animal Power
Total number of workers-566.0m Draft Animal- 31 m
Number of agricultural workers- 230.0m
(50W/person)
Human power, Million kW- 11.5

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

3. Power Tiller
The power range of power tiller is
5.97-8.95 kw
Power tiller, Number- 7 Lakh
Power available, Million kW- 3.951
4. Combine harvester-
0.04 million, 2.94 million
kW

5.Diesel Engine
9m
Power, Million kW- 54.2248

6. Electrical Motors
Electric motor, million- 20.453
Power, Million kW- 75.676
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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

7. Tractor Power
Power available in the country through tractor is 229.53 million
kW in year 2020-21.

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Status of farm power

Total available power of 386.576 million KW/ Net sown area for
cultivation in country is 140.1 million ha

Power availability per ha - 2.761 kW (Year 2020-21)

Tractor1.64 kW (59.38%)
Power tiller 0.03kW (1.02%)
Diesel engine - 0.39kW (14.028%)
Electric motor - 0.54kW (19.57%)
Animal - 0.084kW(3.025%)
Human - 0.080kW (2.98%)
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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Tractor

It is a wheeled or tracked self-propelled vehicle used as a power

source for moving/operating various agricultural machines,
implements, equipment’s, tools and also for towing trailers.
Stationery work using PTO/Belt-pulley
Tractor manufacturing started in India – M/s Eicher Good Earth (1961)

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003
Tractor Types

On the basis of purpose

o General-purpose tractors

o Row crop tractors

o Special Purpose tractors (Orchard,

earth moving, lawn & garden) 15
ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Wheeled type
On the basis of design
Tractor

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Track type (Crawler)
ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Tractor

On the basis of Construction

Walking type
Riding type
Small (20-25 hp)
On the basis of Size/power Medium (31-40)
Large (> 45 hp) 17
ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003
Main component parts of tractor

Power Transmission Line-Diagram

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Tractor

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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Engine

The heat engine is a device in which heat energy of fuel after

burning it properly is used to convert it into mechanical energy
(mechanical work)

External Combustion Engine

Internal Combustion Engine

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 IC Engine Types

Number of Strokes
Cylinder arrangement
1. Four stroke cycle engine 1. Horizontal cylinder engine (single cyl)
2. Two stroke cycle engine 2. Vertical cylinder engine (multi)

Type of fuel used

1. Gas engine (CNG,LPG)
2. Petrol engine Engine speed
3. Diesel engine 1. Low speed engine: less than 100 rpm.
2. Medium speed engine: 100 and 250 rpm.
Number of cylinders 3. High speed engine: more than 250 rpm.
Single cylinder engine
Multi cylinder engine
Cooling system used
1. Air cooled engine
2. Water cooled engine
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ICAR–Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (UP) 284 003

Engine Parts

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Cylinder
• It is a part of the engine which confines the expanding gases and forms the
combustion space.
• It provides space in which piston operates to suck the air or air-fuel mixture.
• The piston compresses the charge and the gas is allowed to expand in the cylinder,
transmitting power for useful work.
• Cylinders are usually made of high grade cast iron.

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Cylinder block
• It is the solid casting which includes the cylinders and water jackets in case of
water cooled engines. (cooling fins in the air cooled engines).
• Slated on engine and its components.

Cylinder head
It is a detachable portion of an engine which covers the cylinder and includes the
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combustion chamber, spark plug/atomizer and valves.
Cylinder liner or sleeve
It is a cylindrical lining either wet or dry which is inserted in the cylinder block in
which the piston slides.
• Cylinder liner are fitted in the cylinder bore and they are easily replaceable.
• The overhauling and repairing of the engines, fitted with liners is easy and
economical.
• The cylinder liners are classified as : (a) Dry liner and (b) Wet liner.
• The dry liner makes metal to metal contact with the cylinder block casing and
do not come in contact with the cooling water.
• The wet liners come in contact with the cooling water.

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Piston
• It is a cylindrical part closed at one end and open at the other end, which maintain a close
sliding fit in the engine cylinder.
• The piston is connected to the connecting rod by a piston pin.
• The force of the expanding gases against the closed end of the piston, forces the piston
down in the cylinder.
• This causes the connecting rod to rotate the crankshaft connected rod is made of cast-iron.
• Cast iron is chosen due to its high compressive strength, low coefficient of expansion,
resistance to high temperature, ease of casting and low cost.
• Aluminum and its alloys preferred mainly due to it lightness and easy dissipation of heat.

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Head (Crown) of piston
It is the top portion of the piston where the grooves are provided for inserting the piston rings
and oil rings.

Skirt
It is that portion of the piston below the piston pin which is designed to absorb the
side movements of the piston.

Piston ring
It is a split expansion ring, placed in the groove of the piston. Piston rings are fitted
in the grooves, made in the piston. They are usually made of cast iron or pressed
steel alloy.
a) It forms a gas tight combustion chamber for all positions of piston.
b) It reduces contact area between cylinder wall and piston wall preventing friction
losses and excessive wear.
c) It controls the cylinder lubrication.
d) It transmits the heat away from the piston to the cylinder walls.
a. Compression ring : Compression rings are usually plain, single piece and are always placed
in the grooves, nearest to the piston head.
b. Oil ring: Oil rings are grooved or slotted and are located either in the lowest groove above
the piston pin or in a groove above the piston skirt. They control the distribution of lubrication
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oil in the cylinder and the piston.
Piston Pin
It is also called as wrist pin or gudgeon pin. Piston pin is used to join the small
end of the connecting rod to the piston.

Connecting rod
It is special type of rod, small end of which is attached to the piston and the larger end to
the crankshaft.
It transmits the power of combustion to the crankshaft and makes it rotate continuously.
It is usually made of drop forged steel. Its small end is fitted with bronze busing and big
end is provided with split bearings.

Crankshaft
It is the main shaft of an engine which converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the flywheel.
• The crankshaft of a four cylinder engine is shown in Plate 2.9. Usually the crankshaft is
made of drop forged steel or cast steel.
• Crankshaft is provided with counter weights throughout its length to have counter
balance of the unit.
• Split shell bearings are used as main bearings of the crankshaft. Crankshaft is subjected
to bending as well as twisting from the connecting rod end.
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Flywheel
Flywheel is made of cast iron.
a) It stores energy during power stroke and returns back the same energy during the
idle strokes, providing an uniform rotary motion by virtue of its inertia.
b) The rear surface of the flywheel serves as one of the pressure surfaces for
the clutch plate.
Engine timing marks are usually stamped on the flywheel, which helps in adjusting the
timing of the engine.
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Crankcase
The crankcase is that part of the engine which supports and encloses the crankshaft and
camshaft.
• It provides a reservoir for the lubricating oil of the engine.
• It also serves as a mounting unit for accessories as like oil pump, oil filter, dynamo, self
motor and other components.
• The upper portion of the crankcase is usually integral with cylinder block.
• The lower part of the crankcase is commonly called oil pan and is usually made of cast
iron or cast aluminum.

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Camshaft
It is a shaft which raises and lowers the inlet and exhaust valves at proper time.
• Camshaft is driven by crankshaft by means of gears, chains or sprockets.
• The speed of the camshaft is exactly half the speed of the crankshaft in four stroke engine.
• Camshaft operates the ignition timing mechanism, lubricating oil pump and fuel pump.
• It is mounted in the crankcase, parallel to the crankshaft.

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Timing gear
Timing gear is a combination of gears, one gear of which
is mounted at one end of the camshaft and the other gear
at the end of the crankshaft.
• Camshaft gear is bigger in size than that of the
crankshaft gear and it has twice as many teeth as that of
the crankshaft gear.
• For this reason, this gear is commonly called half time
gear.
• Timing gear controls the timing of ignition, timing of
opening and closing of valve as well as fuel injection
timing.

• Inlet manifold
It is that part of the engine through which air or air-fuel mixture enters into the engine
cylinder.
• It is fitted by the side of the cylinder head.
• Exhaust manifold
It is that part of the engine through which exhaust gases go out of the engine cylinder.
• It is capable of withstanding high temperature of burnt gases.
• It is fitted by the side of the cylinder head.
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 Numerical Approach

Stroke bore ratio = 1.25 33

 Principle of IC Engine

I. Air or air-fuel mixture (charge) is taken in the cylinder.

II. The charge is compressed in the cylinder by the piston.
III. If charge is only air, the fuel is injected at the end of
compression.
IV. The charge is ignited at a predetermined time under
specified pressure inside the engine cylinder.
V. The power developed due to expansive forces of gases inside
the cylinder is transferred to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod.
VI. Exhaust gases go out of the cylinder at regular interval of
time.

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Four Stroke Engine

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37
Firing Interval = 720 or 360 /no. of cylinder

Indicated Power (kW)=

P(pascal)L(mm)A(mm2)N(rpm)x/60×1012
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 Assignment

• Calculate the brake power of a 4 stroke 4 cylinder I.C.

engine, having following dimensions:
Cylinder bore (D) = 105 mm
Stroke length (L) = 135 mm
Crankshaft speed (n) = 1100 rpm
Friction power = 8.5 kW
Mean effective pressure (P) = 650 kPa

Discuss about different parts of engine with suitable diagram.

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Farm Mechanization:
Farm mechanization is the application of engineering and technology in agricultural
operations, to do a job in a better way to improve productivity. This includes development
application and management of all mechanical aids for field production, water control, material
handling, storing and processing. Mechanical aids include hand tools, animal drawn equipment,
power tillers, tractors, engines, electric motors, processing and hauling equipment.
Scope of Farm Mechanization:
There is a good scope of farm mechanization in India due to the following factors:
1) Improved irrigation facility in the country.
2) Introduction of high yielding varieties of seeds.
3) Introduction of high dose of fertilizers and pesticides for different crops.
4) Introduction of new crops in different parts of the country.
5) Multiple cropping system and intensive cultivation followed in different parts of the
country.

Benefits of farm mechanization:

There are various benefits of farm mechanization:
1) Timeliness of operation
2) Precision of operation
3) Improvement of work environment
4) Enhancement of safety
5) Reduction of drudgery of labour
6) Reduction of loss of crops and food products
7) Increased productivity of land
8) Increased economic return to farmers
9) Improved dignity of farmers
10) Progress and prosperity in rural areas

Level of farm mechanization in India is about 55 per cent with varying level of mechanization
for selected farm operations like 60 per cent in soil working and seedbed preparation, 40 per cent
in seeding and planting, 50 per cent in plant protection, 45 per cent in irrigation and 70-80 per
cent for wheat and rice harvesting and less than 25 per cent for other crops harvesting.
Status of farm power: Farm Power is an essential input in agriculture for timely field operations
for increasing production and productivity of land. Farm power is used for operating different
types of machinery like tillage, planting, plant protection, harvesting and threshing machinery
and other stationary jobs like operating irrigation equipment, threshers/ shellers / cleaners/
graders, etc.
Various types of agricultural operations performed on a farm can be broadly classified as:
1. Tractive work such as seed bed preparation, cultivation, harvesting and transportation,
and

1
 2. Stationary work like silage cutting, feed grinding, threshing, winnowing and lifting of
irrigation water.
These operations are performed by different sources of power namely, human, animal, stationary
engine, tractor, power tiller, electricity, solar and wind. For doing these operations different types
of power available is classified as:
 Human power:
Human beings are the main source of power for operating small tools and implements. They
are also employed for doing stationary work like threshing, winnowing, chaff cutting and
lifting irrigation water. On the average a man develops nearly 0.1 hp for doing farm work
Advantages: Easily available and used for all types of work.
Disadvantages: Costliest power compared to all other farms of power, very low efficiency,
requires full maintenance when not in use and affected by weather condition and seasons
 Animal power:
The most important source of power on the farm all over the world and particularly in India
is animal. Among them the bullocks and buffaloes happen to be the principal sources of
animal power on Indian farms. However, camels, horses, donkeys, mules and elephants are
also used for the farm work. The average force a bullock can exert is nearly equal to one
tenth of its body weight. But for a very short period, it can exert many more times the
average force. Generally a medium size bullock can develop between 0.50 to 0.75 hp. Thus
the variation in power developed by animals is considerable.
Advantages: Easily available, Used for all types of work, Low initial investment, Supplies
manure to the field and fuels to farmers and Live on farm produce.
Disadvantages: Not very efficient, Seasons and weather affect the efficiency, Cannot work
at a stretch, Require full maintenance when there is no farm work, Creates unhealthy and
dirty atmosphere near the residence and Very slow in doing work.
 Electrical power
Now-a-days electricity has become a very important source of power on farms in various
states of the country. It is steadily becoming more and more available with the increase of
various river valley projects and thermal stations. On an average about 1/10th of the total
electrical power generated in India, is consumed for the farm work. The largest use of electric
power in the rural areas is for irrigation and domestic water supply. Besides this, the use of
electric power in dairy industry, cold storage, fruit processing and cattle feed grinding has
tremendously increased.
Advantages: Very cheap form of power; high efficiency; can work at a stretch; maintenance
and operating cost is very low and not affected by weather conditions.
Disadvantages: Initial capital investment is high; require good amount of technical
knowledge and it causes great danger, if handled without care.
 Mechanical power (Tractor, Power tiller, Combine, Engines)
The most important source of farm power is mechanical power that is available through
tractors and oil engines. The oil engine is a highly efficient device for converting fuel into

2
useful work. The efficiency of diesel engine varies between 32 and 38 per cent, whereas that
of the carburetor engine is in the range of 25 and 32 per cent. In recent years, diesel engines
and tractors have gained considerable popularity in agricultural operations. Small pumping
sets within 3 to 10 hp range are very much in demand. Likewise, oil engines of low to medium
speed developing about 14 to 20 hp are successfully used for flourmills, oil ghanis, cotton
gins, etc. Diesel engines of the larger size are used on tractors.
Advantages: Efficiency is high; not affected by weather; can run at a stretch; requires less
space and cheaper form of power
Disadvantages: Initial capital investment is high; fuel is costly and repairs and maintenance
needs technical knowledge.
 Renewable (Wind power+bio gas+solar)
It is the energy mainly obtained from biogas, sun and wind. Biomass energy, wind energy and
solar energy are used in agriculture and domestic purposes with suitable devices. It can be
used for lighting, cooking, water heating, food processing water pumping etc. Renewable
energy is inexhaustible in nature.
Advantages: Efficiency is low
Disadvantages: Initial capital investment is high
The Tractor - It is a wheeled or tracked self-propelled vehicle used as a power source for
moving/operating various agricultural machines, implements, equipment’s, tools and also for
towing trailers. The tractor engine can be used as a prime mover for stationary farm machinery
through the intermediary of power takeoff (PTO) shaft or belt pulley.
Types- Farm tractors are classified as follows
On the basis of purpose
General-purpose (Land utility) tractors- These are used for major farm operations such as
tillage, discing, sowing and harvesting. The tractors are characterized by a low ground clearance,
increased engine power and good traction.
Row crop tractors – These are intended for row-crop work, as well as for many other field
tasks. For this purpose, some row-crop utility tractors are provided with replaceable driving
wheels of different widths- wide for general farm work and narrow for row-crop work. In order
not to damage plants, the tractor have a high ground clearance and wide wheel track that can be
adjusted to suit the particular inter-row distance.
Special Purpose tractors these are modifications of standard land or row crop utility tractor
models and are used for definite jobs. (e.g. in vineyard, cotton fields [single steerable wheel]),
hillside tractor are designed to work on hillsides sloping upto 16 degree
On the basis of design: track type (Crawler) & wheeled type
Track type (Crawler) - these are distinguished by a large ground contact area and therefore
have a good track adhesion; they crush and compact the soil insignificantly. And show a high
power that makes it developing a high pull.
Wheeled tractors are more versatile and can be used for both field and transport work, but
traction is lower than that of crawler tractors.

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Main component parts of tractor
The tractor is complex self-propelled machine consisting of separate interacting mechanisms and
units that can be combined into certain groups.
All tractors consist of engine, drive line, running gear, steering mechanism, working attachments
and auxiliary equipment
The engine converts thermal energy into mechanical energy
The driveline comprises a set of mechanisms which transmit the torque developed by engine to
the driving wheels or tracks and change the driving torque both in magnitude and direction. The
drive line in engine to driving wheels or tracks when starting the tractor from rest.
The transmission makes it possible to change the driving torque and the running speed of the
tractor by engaging different pairs of gears. With the direction of rotation of the engine shaft
remaining the same the transmission enables the tractor to be put in reverse.
The rear axle mechanisms increase the driving torque and transmit it to driving wheels at right
angles to the drive shaft.
Differential which enables the driving wheels to revolve with different speeds when making
turns or running over a ragged terrain, at which time the left and right hand wheels must travel
different distances during one and the same time.
The running gear is needed for the tractor to move. The rotation of driving wheels in contact with
the ground is converted into translatory motion of the tractor
The steering mechanism serves to change the direction of movement of the tractor by turning its
front wheels or varying the speed of one of the tracks (in crawler tractors)
The working attachments of the tractor are used to utilize the useful power of the Tractor engine
for various farm tasks. They include power take off shaft, drawbar (hitch device), implement-
attaching (mounting) system and belt pulley.

The tractor auxiliaries include the driver’s cap with a spring-mounted seat and heating
ventilation equipment, hood, lighting equipment, indicators, horns, etc.

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