LECTURE 4

MODULE II. BEFORE THE 19TH CENTURY: ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS

PART I. CONTEXT

1. BEFORE RENAISSANCE

1.1 THE GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

1.1.1 THE PRESOCRATICS

THALES

PYTHAGORAS

1.1.2 THE SOCRATICS

ARISTOTLE (PHAINOMENA, ENDOXA)

EASTERN PHILOSOPHER

1.2 CONFUCIUS (EST. 551 B.C. - ?)

1.3 MA TUAN-LIN (EST. 1254? - ?)

1.4 IBN KHALDUN (1332–1406)

CULTURAL IMPERIALISM

1.4.2 MUQADDIMAH

1.4.2.1 'ASABIYYAH

2. RENAISSANCE (14–16TH C.E)

2.1 INFLUENCES OF THE RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHERS

2.1.1 GREEK PHILOSOPHERS

2.1.2 RENE DESCARTES' GEOMETRIC DEDUCTIONISM

2.2 RENE DESCARTES VS THOMAS AQUINAS

3. ENLIGHTENMENT (17–18TH C.E)

3.1 INFLUENCES OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS

3.1.1 ISAAC NEWTON'S SCIENTIFIC METHOD

 3.1.2 SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENLIGHTENMENT THINKERS

3.2.1 CRITICAL PHILOSOPHERS

3.2.2 SCIENTIFIC

3.3 PREMISES OF ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY

3.3.1 RATIONALITY OF MAN

3.3.2 PERFECTABILITY OF MAN

PART II. RADICAL THINKERS

1. CHARLES MONTESQUIEU

MAJOR IDEAS:

1.1 SOCIAL FACTS

1.2 FRAMEWORK OF ANALYZING SOCIETY

1.3 UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CHANGE

1.3.1 Volume of Society

1.3.2 Growing Division of Labor

1.3.3 Limiting Influences or Differing Constants

1.4 METHOD OF COMPARISON AND IDEAL TYPE CONSTRUCTION

1.5 CONCEPT OF FREEDOM

1.6 DIVISION OF LABOR

2. JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)

2.1 NATURAL MAN

2.2 HISTORY OF INEQUALITIES

2.3 SOCIAL CONTRACT

PART III. FRENCH CATHOLIC COUNTER-REVOLUTIONARY PHILOSOPHY

1. RADICALS VS CONSERVATIVES
 1.1 RADICALS' PERCEPTION OF MAN AND SOCIETY

1.2 RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVES' PERCEPTION OF MAN AND SOCIETY

2. DE BONALD, DE MAISTRE, AND OTHER RELIGIOUS CONSERVATIVES

2.1 NO NATURAL MAN, ONLY SOCIAL MAN

2.2 SOCIAL LAWS EXPRESS THE WILL OF GOD

2.3 GENERAL WILL IS THE WILL OF GOD

3. ZEITLIN'S PROPOSITIONS

LECTURE 5

MODULE III. 19TH CENTURY: EARLY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

PART I. CONTEXT

1. 18TH CENTURY

2. 19TH CENTURY

PART II. EARLY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORISTS

1. HENRI DE SAINT-SIMON (1760 to 1825

1.1 OVERVIEW

1.2 MAJOR WORKS

1.2.1 Letters of an Inhabitant of Geneva to His Contemporaries (1803)

1.2.2 Declaration of Principles in Industry (1817)

IN THE CONTEXT OF SOCIOLOGY…

ON THE CONSERVATIVE SIDE…

ON THE RADICAL SIDE…

2. AUGUSTE COMTE (1798 to 1857)

2.1 OVERVIEW

2.2 COMTE ON ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY

2.3 MAJOR WORKS

2.3.1 SOCIAL PHYSICS

SOCIAL STATICS (Social Structures)

SOCIAL DYNAMICS (Social Change)

2.3.2 LAW OF THE THREE STAGES

➢ FIRST STAGE: THEOLOGICAL STAGE

➢ SECOND STAGE: METAPHYSICAL STAGE

➢ THIRD STAGE: POSITIVISTIC STAGE

2.3.3 COMTE’S FORMULATION OF SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS

[1] OBSERVATION

[2] COMPARISION

[3] EXPERIMENTATION

[4] HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

LECTURE 6

MODULE III. 19TH CENTURY: EARLY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

PART II. EARLY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORISTS

3. HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802 to 1876)

3.1 CONTEXT

3.2 MAJOR WORKS

3.2.1 “Illustrations of Political Economy” (1832)

3.2.2 “Society in America” (1937)

3.2.3 “How to Observe Manners and Morals” (1938)

[1] Systematic Observation - Keyword: "systematic" vs untrained

observation.

[2] Analysis of records of institutions

 [3] Interviews of a representative sample

[4] Participant Observation

3.3 MOTHER OF SOCIOLOGY

4. HERBERT SPENCER (1820 to 1903)

4.1 BACKGROUND

4.2 CONTEXT

4.2.1 BRITISH SOCIOLOGY

▪ WHAT TYPE OF DATA?

4.2.2 AMELIORISM

4.3 INFLUENCES

4.3.1 ADAM SMITH’S LAISSEZ-FAIRE DOCTRINE

4.3.2 SOCIAL DARWINISM

4.4 IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIOLOGY

4.4.1 SOCIETY AS AN “ORGANISM”

4.4.2 EVOLUTIONARY THEORY

EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY BROUGHT BY POPULATION INCREASE

EVOLUTION FROM MILITANT TO INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

4.5 CRITICISM

LECTURE 12

9. EXPLOITATION

 9.1 LABOR THEORY OF VALUE

 9.2 SURPLUS VALUE THEORY

9.2.1 SURPLUS VALUE DEFINED

9.2.2 TYPES OF SURPLUS VALUE

1. Absolute surplus value

 2. Relative surplus value

 9.3 COMMODITY FETISHISM

9.3.1 COMMODITY

9.3.2 USE VALUE

9.3.3 EXCHANGE VALUE

9.3.4 COMMODITY FETISHISM DEFINED

 9. 4 REIFICATION

10. CULTURAL ASPECTS OF CAPITALIST SOCIETY

[1] ECONOMIC BASE

[2] SUPERSTRUCTURE

11. RELIGION AND CAPITALISM

12. SOCIALISM AND COMMUNISM

13. EMANCIPATION

THEORY

PRAXIS

LECTURE 13

PART III. MAX WEBER (1864 to 1920)

1. OVERVIEW

2. BIOGRAPHY

 Celebrated contribution rationalization thesis and protestant ethic thesis.

 During hiatus he created the protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
 Not yet finished his grandest work Economy and Society.

3. CONTEXT

4. MOVEMENT TOWARD RATIONALITY

 4.1TRADITIONAL WORLDVIEW

4.2 RATIONAL WORLDVIEW

5. RELIGION AND CAPITALISM

5.1 HISTORY OF CAPITALISM
5.2 DISENCHANTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
6. RATIONALIZATION OF SOCIETY

LECTURE 14

7. BUREAUCRACY

7.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION

[1] HIERARCHY

[2] TECHNICAL COMPETENCE

[3] IMPERSONAL RULES

[4] SALARIES

[5] CAREERS

[6] SOCIAL DIFFERENCE

8. PROBLEMS IN ESTABLISHING BUREAUCRACY

8.1 ALIENATION

8.2 IRON CAGE

8.3 SOLUTION: RAY OF HOPE

9. AUTHORITY AND TYPES OF AUTHORITY

9.1 AUTHORIT

9.2 THREE TYPES OF AUTHORITY SYSTEM

9.2.1 CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

9.2.2 TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY

9.2.3 RATIONAL-LEGAL AUTHORITY

10. SOCIAL ACTION THEORY

10.1 SOCIAL ACTION

10.2 TYPES OF SOCIAL ACTION

10.2.1 RATIONAL-PURPOSEFUL ACTION

10.2.2 VALUE-RATIONAL ACTION

10.2.3 AFFECTIVE ACTION

10.2.4 TRADITIONAL ACTION