Histology
HISTOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION POINTS
a SIMPLE SQUAMOUS
EPITHELIUM
b STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
keratinised EPITHELIUM
b STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS
non keratinised
EPITHELIUM
d SIMPLE CUBOIDAL
e COLUMNAR WITH
MICROVILLI
f STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL
EPITHELIUM
MICROSCOPIC VIEW HISTOLOGY DIAGRAMS
DISTRIBUTION:
• Blood vessels (Endothelium).
• Body cavities (mesothelium).
• Bowmans capsule (kidney).
• Henle’s loop (descending limb)
• Thyroid follicles (distended).
• Membranous labyrinth.
• Respiratory spaces in lung.
DISTRIBUTION
• Epidermis, mainly palm and
sole
• Tympanic membrane- outer
aspect
• Lips- mucocutaneous junction
• Nostrils
• Anal canal- distal part
DISTRIBUTION
• Cornea
• Conjunctiva- inner side of lids
• Oesophagus
• Epiglottis
• Oral cavity
• Pharynx
• Lacrimal canaliculi
• Vagina and labia majora
• Distal part of urethra in females
DISTRIBUTION
• Thyroid follicles (undistended).
• Epithelium covering the ovary
(germinal epithelium).
• Lens capsule (inner surface)
• Small ducts of salivary glands
• Biliary passages and pancreas.
• PCT, DCT and some parts of
Henle’s loop.
DISTRIBUTION
• Small intestine- striated border
• Gall bladder- brush border
DISTRIBUTION
• Exocrine ducts
•
~Divyansh R
g SIMPLE COLUMNAR
EPITHELIUM (ciliated)
DISTRIBUTION
• Uterus and uterine tubes.
• Paranasal sinuses
• Respiratory tract (Trachea and
small bronchi)
• Central canal of spinal cord
and ventricles of brain.

h SIMPLE COLUMNAR DISTRIBUTION

EPITHELIUM (non ciliated)
• Gastroesophageal junction to
anorectal junction.
• Gall bladder.
• Uterine cervix -glands
• Kidney excretory ducts
• Salivary gland striated duct cell

i PSEUDOSTRATIFIED DISTRIBUTION
COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM • Trachea
• Olfactory epithelium
• Urethra
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Eustachean tube

j STRATIFIED COLUMNAR DISTRIBUTION

EPITHELIUM • Male urethra
• Oropharynx nasopharynx
junction
• Oropharynx laryngopharynx
junction
• Conjunctiva
• Anorectal junction
• Largest ducts of exocrine
glands

K TANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM DISTRIBUTION

(urothelium) • Renal calyces
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra

~Divyansh R
l LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
DISTRIBUTION
• Dermis- papillary layer
• Supports epithelial tissue
• Lymphatic sheaths
• Serosal linings of pleura and
peritoneal cavities
• Glands and mucous
membranes of tubular organs

m DENSE REGULAR CT DISTRIBUTION

• Tendons

n DENSE IRREGULAR CT DISTRIBUTION

• Dermis

o ADIPOSE DISTRIBUTION
• All over the body except
eyelids, scrotum, penis,
external ear(except lobule)

p CELLS OF CT • Mast cell

• Plasma cell
• Lymphocytes
• Neutrophils
• Reticulocytes
• Macrophages
• Fat cell

q FIBRES OF CT DISTRIBUTION
1. Collagenous fibres • Tendons
• Ligaments
• Aponeuroses

2. Reticular fibres • Framework of lymph nodes,

spleen, liver, lung, and bone
marrow.

3. Elastic fibres • Blood vessels

• Distensible viscera
• Vocal cords
• Ligamentum nuchea
• Ligamentum flava
~Divyansh R
1 MIXED SALIVARY GLAND
• Each lobule contains
both serous and
mucous acini .
• Serous demilunes are
seen
• Interlobular ducts are
seen in connective
tissue septa.

2 MUCOUS SALIVARY
GLAND
• Each lobule contains
mucous acini with larger
lumen lined by
columnar cells with
flattened basal nuclei.
• Interlobular ducts are
seen in connective
tissue septa.

3 SEROUS SALIVARY
GLAND
• Each lobule contains
serous acini with
biphasic staining lined
by pyramidal cells.
• Striated and
intercalated ducts are
seen.
• Interlobular ducts are
seen in connective
tissue septa.

~Divyansh R
:
4 UMBILICAL CORD
• Umbilical cord has two
umbilical arteries along
with single umbilical
vein.
• These are supported by
Wharton's jelly
containing scattered
fibroblasts.
• Umbilical cord is lined
by flattened amniotic
epithelium.
5 PLACENTA
• Cut sections of
chorionic villi are seen.
• Intervillus space
containing maternal
blood is seen.
• Each villus contains
central core of
mesoderm with fetal
capillaries and are
surrounded by outer
syncytioblasts and inner
cytotrophoblasts.

6 THIN SKIN
• Outer epidermis is lined
by stratified squamous
epithelium with thin
keratin layer.
• Inner dermis contains
hair follicles, sebaceous
glands, arrector pili
muscles and sweat
glands.

~Divyansh R
7 THICK SKIN
• Outer epidermis is lined
by stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
with five layers - stratum
basale, stratum
spinosum, stratum
granulosum, stratum
lucidum, and stratum
corneum.
• Inner dermis consists of
two layers- papillary
layer and reticular layer
and contains sweat
glands.

:
8 PALATINE TONSIL
• It is lined by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.
• The surface epithelium
shows depressions
called tonsillar crypts.
• Lymphoid follicles with
germinal centre are
present along the wall
of crypts.

9 LYMPH NODE
• It is covered by an outer
fibrous capsule deep to
which subcapsular
sinus is seen.
• Capsule sends
trabeculae into the
gland.
• Outer cortex and inner
medulla seen.
• Cortex consists of
lymphoid follicles with
germinal centre.
• Medulla consists of
medullary cords and
sinuses.

~Divyansh R
i
10 SPLEEN
• Capsule sends
trabeculae.
• It is composed of red
pulp and white pulp.
• White pulp consists of
aggregations of
lymphocytes with
eccentrically placed
arteriole.
• Red pulp consists of
splenic cords
surrounded by
sinusoids.

11 THYMUS
• Capsule sends
incomplete septa into
the parenchyma.
• Thymus consists of
lobules separated by
incomplete fibrous
septa.
• Each lobule shows
outer cortex with
densely packed
lymphocytes and central
pale medulla with few
lymphocytes.
• Medulla contains
Hassall's corpuscles.
12 LARGE VEIN
• consists of three layers-
tunica intima, tunica
media, and tunica
adventitia.
• Tunica adventitia is the
thickest
• Adventitia contains

longitudinally running
smooth muscle fibres.

~Divyansh R
13 MEDIUM SIZED ARTERY
• Consists of three layers-
tunica intima, tunica
media, and tunica
adventitia.
• Tunica media is the
thickest layer consisting
of more smooth muscle
fibres than elastic fibres.
• Prominent internal
elastic lamina is
present.

14 LARGE SIZED ARTERY
• Consists of three layers-
tunica intima, tunica
media, and tunica
adventitia.
• Tunica media is the
thickest layer consists
of more elastic fibres in
the form of fenestrated
elastic membranes and
few smooth muscles.

15 SYMPATHETIC GANGLION
• Consists of multipolar
neurones with eccentric
nucleus and are
surrounded by satellite
cells.
• Ganglion cells are seen
in between the
scattered nerve fibres.
• Covered by thin

connective tissue
capsule.

~Divyansh R
16 SPINAL GANGLION/
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION
• It consists of
pseudounipolar
neurones with central
nucleus and is
surrounded by satellite
cells.
• Ganglion cells seen in
groups separated by
nerve bundles.
• Nerve fibres are
arranged in the form of
bundles.
• Covered by thick
connective tissue

capsule.
17 PERIPHERAL NERVE
• Bundles of axons with
connective tissue
coverings are seen.
• Each axon is
surrounded by
endoneurium.
• Fascicles of nerve fibres
are surrounded by
perineurium.
• Each nerve is
surrounded by
epineurium.

18 CARDIAC MUSCLE
• Short cylindrical
branched fibres are
seen.
• Nucleus is oval and
centrally placed.
• Intercalated discs are
seen.

~Divyansh R
19 SKELETAL MUSCLE- LS
• Unbranched long
cylindrical fibres are
seen.
• Each fibre shows
multiple peripherally
placed flat nucleus.
• Alternate dark and light
striations are seen.

20 SKELETAL MUSCLE- TS
• roughly circular outline
of the individual muscle
fibres is seen.
• peripheral nucleus
seen.
• Myofibrils seen.
• Epimysiym-present
around muscle fibre,
perimysium-present
around each fascicle,
endomysium-present
around each muscle
fibre.

21 BONE- LS
• LS of haversian system
and haversian canals
are seen.
• Volkmans canals
interconnecting the
haversian canals are
seen.
• Lacunae containning
osteocytes are seen.

~Divyansh R
22 BONE- TS
• Haversian system with
concentriccally
arranged lamellae
around the haversian
canal is seen.
• Lacunae containing
osteocytes are seen.
• Inner and outer
periosteum seen.
• Outer and inner
circumferential lamellae
and interstitial lamellae
are seen.

23 WHITE FIBROCARTILAGE
• It is made up of
collagen fibres.
• Chondrocytes are
arranged in rows in
between the bundles of
collagen fibres.
• Perichondrium is
absent.

24 ELASTIC CARTILAGE
• Perichondrium with
outer fibrous and inner
cellular layer is seen.
• Matrix contains elastic
fibres which are
branching and
anastomosing.
• Chondrocytes are large,
arranged in singles or
groups of two within the
lacuna.

~Divyansh R
25 HYALIN CARTILAGE
• Perichondrium with
outer fibrous and inner
cellular layer is seen.
• Homogeneous
basophilic matrix.
• Chondrocytes are
arranged in groups of
two or four and form cell
nest.
• Territorial and
interterritorial matrix is
seen.

:
26 OESOPHAGUS
• The wall of the
oesophagus is made up
of Four layers:
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis external and
serosa/adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by
stratified squamous

nonkeratinized
epithelium.
• Submucosa is
composed of mucous
secreting glands.

27 STOMACH- FUNDUS
• The wall of stomach-
fundus consists of four
layers: mucosa,
submucosa, muscularis
external, and serosa/
adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by a
simple columnar
epithelium.
• Lamina propria consists
of gastric glands lined
by parietal cells and
chief cells.
• Muscularis externa
consists of inner
oblique, middle circular,
and outer longitudinal
layers of smooth
muscles.

~Divyansh R
:
28 STOMACH- PYLORUS
• The wall of stomach-
pylorus is made up of
four layers: mucosa,
submucosa, muscularis
externa, and
serosa/adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by a
simple columnar
epithelium.
• Deep gastric pits are K
seen.
• Lamina propria consists
of branched coiled
tubular glands.
• Muscularis externa
consists of inner oblique,
middle circular, and outer
longitudinal layers of
smooth muscle.
29 DUODENUM
• The wall of duodenum is
made up of four layers:
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and
serosa/adventitia.
• Mucosa shows broad
ridge shaped villi lined
by simple columnar
epithelium.
• Submucosa consists of
Brunner’s glands.

30 JEJUNUM
• The wall of jejunum is
made up of four layers:
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa, and
serosa/adventitia.
• Mucosa shows a
tongue-shaped villi
lined by a simple
columnar epithelium
with goblet cells.
• Lamina propria consists
of crypts of
lieberkuhn.

~Divyansh R
:
31 ILEUM
• The wall of ileum is made
up of four layers:
mucosa, submucosa,
muscularis externa and
serosa/ adventitia.
• Mucosa shows narrow
finger like villi lined by a
simple columnar

epithelium.
• Lamina propria shows
aggregations of lymphoid
follicle called Peyer’s
patches.

32 LARGE INTESTINE
• The wall of the colon is
made up of four layers:
mucosa, submucosa
muscularis externa ,and
serosa /adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by a
simple columnar
epithelium with plenty
of goblet cells.
• Lamina propria is filled
with intestinal glands(
crypts of lieberkuhn)
• Muscularis externa shows
thickening of longitudinal
muscle bundle called
taenia.
33 APPENDIX
• The wall of the
appendix is made up of
four layers: mucosa,
submucosa, muscularis
externa and serosa/
adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by
simple columnar
epithelium with plenty
of goblet cells.
• Lamina propria is filled
with intestinal glands
(crypts of lieberkuhn)
and it also contains
aggregations of
numerous lymphoid
follicles which may
extend into the
submucosa.

~Divyansh R
:
34 LIVER
• Hexagonal liver lobules
with central vein in the
centre are seen.
• Plates of hepatocytes
radiating from the
central vein separated
by sinusoids.
• At the periphery of each
lobule, portal triads
containing hepatic
artery, bile ductules,
and portal veins are
seen.

35 GALL BLADDER
• Gall bladder is made up
of three layers:
mucosa, fibromuscular
layer, and adventitia/
serosa.
• Mucosa shows many
folds lined by simple
columnar cells with
brush border.
• Fibromuscular layer is
made up of elastic
fibres and smooth
muscles.

36 PANCREAS
• Sections of pancreas
shows both exocrine
and endocrine parts.
• The exocrine part is
made up of serous acini
with biphasic stain and
centroacinar cells.
• The endocrine part is
made up of islets of
Langerhans and richly
supplied by capillaries.

~Divyansh R
:
37 KIDNEY
• Sections of kidney
shows outer cortex and
inner medulla.
• Outer cortex shows
renal corpuscles,
proximal convulated
tubules, and distal
convulated tubule.
• Medulla contains
collecting tubules and
loop of Henle.

38 URETER
• Ureter is made up of
three layers: mucosa,
muscle layer, and
adventitia.
• Mucosa shows
longitudinal folds, giving
the lumen a star shape.
• Mucosa is lined by
transitional

epithelium.
• Muscular layer is in the
form of inner
longitudinal and outer
circular.

i
39 URINARY BLADDER
• It is made up of three
layers: mucosa, muscle
layer, and adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by
transitional
epithelium.
• Thick muscular layer is
made up of inner and
outer longitudinal and

middle circular layers.

40 TESTIS
• Sections of
seminiferous tubules
lined by spermatogonia,
primary and secondary
spermatocytes,
spermatids, and sperms
are seen.
• Sertoli cells are seen
in between the
spermatogenic cells.
• Interstitial cells of
Leydig are seen in
between the
seminiferous tubules.
~Divyansh R
:
41 EPIDIDYMIS
• Sections of tubules
lined by pseudo
stratified columnar
epithelium with
stereocilia.
• Lumen of tubules shows
sperms.
• Tubules are surrounded
by smooth muscle
cells.

42 VAS DEFERENS
• Vas deferens is made
up of three layers:
mucosa, muscular layer
and adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by
simple columnar/
pseudostratified
columnar epithelium.
• Thick muscular coat is
made up of inner and
outer longitudinal
muscle layers and
middle circular layer.

43 PROSTATE
• It consists of prostatic
acini separated by
fibromuscular stroma.
• Mucosa of acini is
thrown into folds lined
by simple columnar
epithelium.
• Lumen of acini shows
corpora amylacea.

44 OVARY
• The surface of ovary is
lined by germinal
epithelium.
• Outer cortex shows
ovarian follicles in
different stages of
development-
primordial, primary,
secondary, and graafian
follicle.
• Inner medulla shows
connective tissue with
blood vessels.

~Divyansh R
:
45 FALLOPIAN TUBE
• Mucosa is thrown into
numerous branching
folds making the lumen
irregular.
• Mucosa is lined by
ciliated columnar
epithelium.
• Muscle layer consists of
inner circular and outer
longitudinal layer of
smooth muscles.

46 UTERUS- PROLIFERATIVE
PHASE
• It consists of
endometrium,
myometrium, and
perimetrium.
• Endometrium is lined by
simple columnar
epithelium and
consists of uterine
glands and spiral
arteries.
• Myometrium is made up
of three ill-defined
layers of smooth
muscles- inner reticular,
middle circular, and
outer longitudinal fibres.
• Perimetrium is made up
of connective tissue.
47 UTERUS- SECRETORY
PHASE
• It consists of
endometrium,
myometrium, and
perimetrium.
• Endometrium is lined by
simple columnar
epithelium. Uterine
glands are dilated,
tortuous, giving a saw-
toothed appearance.
• Myometrium is made up
of three ill-defined
layers of smooth
muscles- inner reticular,
middle circular, and
outer longitudinal fibres.
• Perimetrium is made up
of connective tissue

~Divyansh R
:
48 SUPRARENAL GLAND
• Suprarenal gland
consists of outer cortex
and inner medulla.
• Cortex is made up of
zona glomerulosa, zona
fasciculata, and zona
reticularis.
• Medulla is made up of
polyhedral chromaffin
cells and sympathetic
neurones.

49 TRACHEA
• Trachea is made up of
four layers: mucosa
submucosa,
cartilaginous layer and
adventitia.
• Mucosa is lined by
pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium with goblet
cells.
• Seromucous glands
are seen in the
submucosa.
• Thick hyaline
cartilaginous layer is
seen.
50 LUNGS
• Alveoli lined by simple
squamous epithelium
is seen.
• Sections of
intrapulmonary bronchi
and bronchioles are
seen.

~Divyansh R
51 PITUITARY GLAND

:
• Pars anterior is made
up of chromophobes
and chromophils
arranged in the form of
cords separated by
sinusoids.
• Pars intermediate
contains colloid-filled
follicles.
• Pars posterior is made
up of unmyelinated
axons and pituicytes.

52 THYROID GLAND
• Thyroid gland is made
up of thyroid follicles
lined by cuboidal
epithelium.
• Follicles are filled with
colloid.
• Parafollicular cells are
seen in between the
follicle.

53 SPINAL CORD
• Section shows inner H-
shaped grey matter with
large anterior and
posterior horns.
• Outer white matter is
made up of myelinated
nerve fibres and
neuroglial cells.
• Central canal in the
centre is lined by
ependymal cells.
• Multipolar motor
neurons are seen in
anterior horns.
54 CEREBRUM
• The cerebral cortex is
made up of six layers:
molecular layer/
plexiform layer, external
granular layer, external
pyramidal layer, internal
granular layer, internal
pyramidal/ganglionic
layer, and
pleomorphic/fusiform/po
lymorphic layer.
• The predominant cells
seen are stellate and
pyramidal cells.

~Divyansh R
 • Medulla contains
aggregations of nerve
fibres and neuroglial
cells.

:
55 CEREBELLUM
• Sections of cerebellar
folia shows outer cortex
(grey matter) and inner
white matter.
• Cerebellar cortex is
made up of three layers:
molecular layer,
Purkinje cell layer, and
granular layer.
• The predominant cells
seen are Purkinje cells
and granule cells.

56 CORNEA
• The cornea is made up
of five layers: corneal
epithelium, anterior
limiting membrane,
substantia propria,
posterior limiting
membrane, and
endothelium.
• Corneal epithelium is
lined by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.
• Substantia propria
forms bulk of cornea
containing collagen
fibres and fibroblasts.
57 RETINA
• RETINA is made up of
10 layers.
• Outer pigment
epithelium.
• Layers of rods and
cones, nuclear and
ganglionic cell layers
are predominant.

~Divyansh R
58 OPTIC NERVE
• Optic nerve is covered
by three meninges: dura
mater, arachnoid mater,
and piamater.
• It is made up of several
bundles of myelinated
✗
nerve fibre.
• The central artery of
retina and central vein
of retina traverse the
centre of section.

59 EYELID
• Outer surface is lined by
skin-stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
with small hair follicles
and sweat glands.
• Muscle layer is seen
beneath the skin.
• Tarsal plate with tarsal
✗
glands are seen.
• Inner surface is lined by
palpebral conjunctiva,
which consists of
stratified columnar
epithelium.
60 LIP
• Outer surface is lined by
true skin, which consists
of stratified squamous
keratinized epithelium
with hair follicles,
sebaceous glands, and
sweat glands.
• The substance of lip is
made up of bundles of
skeletal muscle.
• The inner surface is
lined by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.
61 TONGUE- FILIFORM
PAPILLAE
• Filiform papillae are
conical in shape and is
lined by stratified
squamous keratinized
epithelium.
• Longitudinal,
transverse, vertical
sections of skeletal

muscles are seen.
• Serous and mucous
glands are seen.


~Divyansh R
62 TONGUE- FUNGIFORM
PAPILLAE
• Fungiform papillae are
mushroom-shaped
papillae lined by
stratified squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.
• Taste buds are present
in the dorsal surface.
• Longitudinal,
transverse, and vertical
sections of skeletal
muscles are seen.
63 TONGUE-
CIRCUMVALLATE
PAPILLAE
• Circumvallate papillae
are lined by stratified
squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium.
• Taste buds are present
on the lateral wall.

• Serous glands of Von
Ebner are present.
• Longitudinal,
transverse, and vertical
sections of skeletal
muscles are seen.
64 EPIGLOTTIS
• Oral surface is lined by
stratified squamous
nonkeratinized
epithelium and

✗
respiratory surface is
lined by pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium.
• The core of epiglottis is
made up of plate of
elastic cartilage.

65 MAMMARY GLAND
• Gland has an outer
covering of skin deep to
which several discrete
masses of glandular
tissue present & are

✗
separated by
connective tissue and
adipose.
• Suspensary ligament of
Cooper present.
• Glandular tissue is
made of 15-20 lobes
and each lobe has
numerous lobules.
~Divyansh R
 • Network of ducts seen
• Small ducts are lined by
columnar epithelium
and large ducts have 2-
3 layers of cells.
• Lining near the nipple is
stratified squamous.

~Divyansh R
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 ( B/w osteons)

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( inner -

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Mucosa
Smooth muscle coat
/ Detours or muscle
•

-
Serosa / Adventitia

binucleate maybe
, ,
p Eosinophilic plaque coat

*
Empty bladder -
cuboidal cells
, bulge into
lumen

↳ in bladder
empty

loose CT

meshwork
• thick coat of muscles that
foams a

At the UB & smooth muscle fibers

•

junction of urethra
,
are
aunanged circularly to form sphincter vesicae .

•
LT layer
-

sup &
part of post covered
by peritoneum

& Thigone -
thin mucosa adherent to muscle coat
x
 Testis

1
I 1 I 1
lobules Interstitial /
Coverings &
seminiferous Straight tubules
.

lined sertoli cells

tubules by
Leydig cells
Rete testis
Tunica
albuginea Polygonal cell round nucleus
^

(
fibrous )

|
•
-

,
lined by cuboidal / columnar cells
-

Tunica Vasculosa ( vascular ) -

lie in clusters b/w seminiferous
tubules

I \ . Produce testosterone

Sertoli cells
spermatogonia cells

spermatogonia large pyramidal

' '

spermatocyte =L cells
'

supporting
'
.

'

spermatid tall columnar

'

spermatozoa
-

* divides testes lobules

septate into 250
incomplete
* 1 lobule coiled
→ 1-3
highly seminiferous tubules

* lined
seminiferous tubules are
by spermatogonia & Sertoli cells

seminiferous tubule
d

straight tubules
d

Rete testis
 Kepi
thulium

Muscular
layer

has
slpnereouilia
Principle cells ( tall)
⇐ Basal cells (short )

* Halo cells -
intraepithelial lymphocytes
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①
with stereocilia
Mucosa

±
③

loose areolate tissue

* Thick muscular tube with star

shaped lumen
 Prostate

Parenchyma Fibromuscular stoma CT capsule

30-50 tubulo alveolar
glands
•
smooth muscles
•

in
fibro muscular stroma
collagen & elastic fibers
•

Glandular epithelium :

simple cuboidal 1 pseudo stratified columnar

•

BV vessels
Lymphatic
•
&

or stratified
simple columnar
epithelium duck
•
in ⑥
Nerves
☒

surrounds alveoli of gland

•

* lamellate
corpora amylase a concentric
eosinophilic structures in
prostatic alveoli in old
age
-

[
calcified glycoprotein ppt
lamellar
lone
arrangement
L
.

no -9 as on
age
X
 →
③ Cortex

① simple cuboidal

Ma ②
-
 ovary
'

1 I l l
Germinal Epithelium Tunica
albuginea Cortex Medulla
Simple cuboidal epi cy coat
- beneath Tunica
albuginea • loose CT
,
Bv > Lv ,
Nf

•
consists of Valliant Hilum
stages of of ovary enter
•

→ Bv

ovarian
follicles with
oocytes
•
stromal cells
of cortex
swviound ovarian
follicles &
form follicular cells , corona radiata
,

Cumulus
oophorous ,
granulosa cell
,
theca internee theca externa
,
cells
also
luteum corpus albicans
•

corpus ,
& atuetic follicles .

Zona pellucida

secretes

follicular antrum progesterone

theca internee -
vascular

theca externa -

fibrous
✓

✓
 :
Uterus

Endometrium
uterus
Myometriwm Peuimetrium
•
Mucosal lining of smooth muscle cells outer Mesothelium
layer
•
• -

.
simple columnar
epithelium (lining epi ) • thickest
layer ( simple sq epi )
• CT with
simple tubular
glands ( uterine glands ) I →
longitudinal •
Inner
layer -
Vascular CT
& spiral auteuies M →
irregular , fibers in circular / spiral
Pattern
(endometrial stroma ] , many vessels
• Vascular & contains uterine
glands ( stratum vasculature )
0 →
longitudinal
*
pregnancy →
hyperplasia +
hypertrophy
→ contract release
oxytocin
on
of

strata of Endometrium

• stratum compaction -

superficial layer
neck uterine
-

of
glands
stratum
•
spongiosum -
middle
layer
-
loose areolar tissue

stratum basak
• -

deep layer
adj to
myomebim
-

Histological changes

if
Proliferative Seuutouy Menstrual
*
repair of damaged endometrium * under control of progesterone * a Prog & Est

* * uterine "
proliferation

:÷÷÷÷::÷
of cells
of stratum basale
glands become more

toiled torturous *
* Glandular epithelium proliferates & cover
& (Sawtooth like) Ischemia released
prostaglandins &

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,
.

* stroma &
proliferates glycogen Glands .
secrete carbs rich
fluid
stratum
compaction & basal remains
intact
& by straight arteries )
( supplied
spiral arteries
elongate car
elongates * spiral arteries -
more torturous
* straight glands ,
nauuow lumen
*
vascularity enhances

A uterine
fluid accumulation in stoma

making it thick &

edematous

* stromal cells accumulate

glycogen
&
lipid droplets in their
cytoplasm
(decidua reaction )
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① Mucosa
1- non ciliated columnar cells
which secrete
peg
nourishing fluid for
spermatogonia &
fertilised egg & env
for
capacitative of sperm

③ -

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modified apocrine sweat
gland

lactiferous
• ducts ⇐ i¥IYiYam
•

Parenchyma → 15-20 lobes

of compound
• stroma → cy yinka 10bar tubuloalveolar
gland
inter lobar

- Inhaler bar CT
loose CT

cuboidal cells
epi +
myo epithelial

dense CT separate adj lobules

,

* Inactive alveoli →
spherical masses
of alveolar / cells
epithelial
 lumen →
precipitated secretary products

(
lined low cells
by columnar / cuboidal

enlarged )
#
(

Jntualobah ducts

in Intehlobau
fat deposits CT

base
acini (
-

basophilia
apex -

eosinophilia
 simple sq epithelium

substance
mucoid CT → fibroblasts , collagen ,
ground
endothelial cushions
rsswb
T intima
.
→ elastic lamella
(
state shaped lumen T Media . → smooth muscle cells
+ elastic fibers

intima ( ✗ Sub endothelial cushion ]

media
wide Oval lumen
T
. -

circularly auhanged
,
smooth muscle
fibers
feto maternal
organ Ii

inter villous
space

multinucleated protoplasmic mass

other blood cells )

( RBCs +

→ maternal blood
→ RBCs t other blood cells

floating villi

BB•_ cells
Phagocytic Hofbauer
 * Pass Ant or distalis
* Pau intermedia
* Neuhohyphophysis
-

•
I
0

"" ""
& vesicles in dilated terminal portion of axons]
( collection of secretary
All w

Ñnes Hated sinusoidal capillaries)

• ✓
O

÷
o

✓
( specialised glial
cells of neuro
hypophysis )
 Pituitary gland C
Hypophysis cerebri )

Adenohypophysis Neueiohypophysis
glandular epithelium neuro
secretary tissue

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Pars Pairs
Paus Pans
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•

Basophils & chewmophobes t,

I
A
y ,
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Oxytocin
T chewmophils chiiomophobes *
non
myelinated axons
of neuro
secretary neurons

p brightly
stained granules ✗
granules
Pituiiytes
*
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Acids Baso Herring bodies

Phils phils
É
somatotophs Lactotrophs lortiw Gonads
trophies
Tuyuotophs
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tophs "
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d a ii.
PRL ACTH TSH
GH FSH LH
 15%
• ovoid clusters
cells
•
small columnar / pyramidal with
-

,
spherical nuclei
acidophils c
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80-1 .

cells
ahhanged as 2 cell thick
☐

&
long straight columns
• cells are
larger &
polyhedral

5%
cells are
arranged in
•

anastomosing cords separated

by fenestrated capillaries .

• cells are smaller ,

less
cytoplasm ,

darkly stained nuclei

, SER & RER

• cells contain abundant & large

yellow -
brown lipojnscin pigment granules
dichromate stain
# pale staining epithelioid -
cells , they take potassium
Medulla
• cells auhanged in ovoid and short

interconnecting cords separated by

numerous sinusoid
capillaries .

show control
•
May ganglion cells -

supply
&
glucocorticoid secretion
gnteupthiulanspaa
Blood

CT
capillaries
fibers (
follicular cells )
→
73 / Ty

&
lymphatics

material
•
gel like auidophilic homogenous
•
consists of thyuoglobulin

→ Calcitonin

• in or b/w the
follicles
polyhedral cells with oval eccentric nuclei
•

• divide into no -

of lobules

A number d size spherical nucleus secrete PTH

→
, , ,
a
cytoplasm →

- capillaries

→ a number A size small intense

, , staining nucleus , eosinophilic cytoplasm → ✗ homme

chief cells
(
oxyphil cells
 Thyroid
d

* lobules

Thyroid gland is covered

by thin
fibrous CT
Capsule
-

d
follicles

IN
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cells

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Secretary
Resting
Inactive
Moderately Active
Highly Active

cells cuboidal cells columnar cells

squamous
• •
•

follicle filled with colloid less colloid scanty colloid

•

amount
of
• •

(
scalloped margin " "
)

disease /
grave 's
Hypeuthyuoidis
① Corneal
Epithelium

② ( Ant Basement membrane )

• Thick basal lamina of corneal epithelium

•

collagen fibrils
(
keratinocytes / corneal corpuscles)

d
③ Corneal stroma

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-

Type 2-

having orthogonal annoy

① • Post . basement membrane

cells
thin basal lamina of post endothelial of cornea
homogenous
•

,
True basement membrane
•

⑤ Corneal endothelium
• lines the past surface of cornea

single layer of squamous cells

* Many nods
synapse
with
single bipolar neuron whereas

a
single cone
synapses with
single bipolar neuron

Pigmented Epithelium
melanin
① Retinal → low cuboidal epithelium containing
→
separates retina from choroid

( light electrical )
photoreceptors
→
→

② → blind spot Cx )
→ fovea →
only cones

③ ## → ✗ a true memb ( sieve like memes )

→ 20ha adherents b/w muller 's cells

① →
→
nuclei
of hods & cones

arranged in several
layers

⑤ →
synapse b/w rods , cones , bipolar , amacrine & horizontal cells

⑥ → nuclei
of bipolar ,
horizontal , amacrine & Matter
d
cells

Retinal
gliocytts
( nourish neurons
of retina

⑦ →
synaptic layer btw bipolar neurons Muller cells &
ganglion
,

cells

⑧ → nuclei of ganglion cells

⑨ → axons of ganglion cells

running
towards
optic discs
( Nerve later )
forms optic

Basal lamina of Muller cells

④
→

→
separates retina from vitreous body
 Plexiform layer

neuroglia
•

Horizontal cells
of Cajal
•

Small
Pyramidal Cell L

small
pyramidal cells
•

stellate /
qeeanule cells
•

L
of Medium Pyramidal cells

Medium
pyramidal cells
•

few stellate cells

•

cells
•
of Martino ti
axons cells
of pyramidal
•

form
association & commissarial fibers

small cells
granular / stellate
•

•
External band
of Bail/ anger
( horizontal fibers )

Ganglionic Layer

Large pyramidal / cells

•
Beta
Internal band Bail
of larger
•

( horizontal fibers )
•
few cells of Martinotti , fusiform cells &

granule cells

•
Fusiform cells
few stellate & Martinelli cells
•

cell
( White Matter ) Inane processes

neuroglia cells
 Outer

•
stellate + basket cells
•
fibers -
branches
of Purkinje cells ,

Mth
axon
of granule cells &

climbing fibers
middle

now of Purkinje cells

•

single -

C
large flask shaped neurons )
,

Inner

• small
granule cells &
large
Golgi cells
Granule cells has
Mossy fibers
•

C'Pons →
granule cells )

Inner
-

d
4 matter
•
masses of grey
① EGF )
•
fibers &
neuroglia cells
 Ant horn

⇐
>
H shaped

⇐ matter
→
⇐ postman

-1 White
→ ant Post , lateral
matte white column
.

Whitematterr
myelinated mure

fibers & Neuroglia

ym
small neurons

→ lined
by
,
tall
,
columnar

tange multipolar motor neurons

, few neuroglia
cells large vesicular nuclei prominent
nucleolus Nissl
granules
• -
, ,

E-