Grade 10-SSC

ELECTRONICS
ELECTRONICS
• The study of electricity (the flow of electrons) to
build electronic devices, modules, and circuits.
• It uses circuits that are made with parts called
components and connecting wires to do useful
things.
NATURES OF CHARGES IN
AN ATOM
Elements & Atoms
An atom refresher

• Matter is anything that takes up space and has

mass.
• All matter is made of atoms
• Atoms are the building blocks of matter, sort of
how bricks are the building blocks of houses.
An atom refresher

• An atom has three parts:

• Proton = positive
• Neutron = no charge
• Electron = negative

• The proton & neutron are

found in the center of the
atom, a place called the
nucleus.
• The electrons orbit the
nucleus.
An atom refresher
• Protons are larger in mass than
electrons but are slightly
smaller than neutrons.
• The number of neutrons in the
nucleus is equal to the number
of protons
• Neutrons hold the nucleus
preventing repulsion among
positively charged protons.
• Repelling or repulsion is the
force that exist between same
charges as protons with other
protons move away from each
other.
An atom refresher
• Without neutrons the nucleus of
an atom will become unstable.
• A force of attraction is being
created by the interaction
between positive and
negatively charged particles
• The attraction between protons
and electrons provide stability
to the atom.
• The electrons attract positively
charged protons and repels
other negatively charged
electrons.
An atom refresher
• Protons are static while
electrons like to roam around
leaving scientists uncertain on
its specific placement inside the
atom
• Electrons are like little movers
of the atom they may be lost
and be added, and they bond
with other electrons of either
the same or different atom.
• The goal of each atom of an
element is to become stable
like the noble gases found in
your periodic table
An atom refresher
• some atoms do not have the
maximum number of electrons
in their valence shell. To
become stable, they need to
bond to fill in the missing gaps
of their existence.
• when an atom loses its
negatively charged electrons
what dominates in the atom are
the positive charges, so they
tend to acquire a positive
charge (cations).
• When an atom gains electrons,
they acquire negative charges
(anions) having more electrons
than protons in the atom.
What are elements?

• Elements are the

alphabet to the language
of molecules.
• To make molecules, you
must have elements.
• Elements are made of
atoms. While the atoms
may have different
weights and organization,
they are all built in the
same way.
More about Elements..

• Elements are the building

blocks of all matter.
• The periodic table is a list of
all of the elements that can
build matter. It’s a little like
the alphabet of chemistry.
• The periodic table tells us
several things…
Periodic Table Element’s Symbol:
An abbreviation for
the element.
Atomic Number:
Number of protons 8
and it is also the
number of electrons
in an atom of an
element. O
Elements Name
Oxygen
Atomic Mass/Weight: 16
Number of protons +
neutrons.
The Vann De Graff generator
SCIENCE FACTS:
• Two materials having different charges can attract
each other while materials having the same
charge can repel or push away each other.

• Force exists between charges.

• Electrostatic force is the force that drives charges

to become attracted or repelled with other
charges from another object.

• An object that is not moving is considered to have

neutral charge

• Object in contact with another object that has

been in motion then electrons can transfer from
that object to the object at rest.
HOW MATERIALS ATTRACT/CHARGE:
1. FRICTION
• Two rubbing objects transfer electrons with
each other, Thus creating heat and attracting
positive materials when nearby.
2. INDUCTION
• Induction charging is a charging method that
charges an object without actually touching the
object to any other charged object.
• The charging by induction process is where
the charged particle is held near an uncharged
conductive material that is grounded on a
neutrally charged material.
3. CONDUCTION
• Charging by conduction: the transfer of
electrons from one object to another by. direct
contact.
Lesson Properties of Conductors, Insulators and
3 Semiconductors

• Materials are classified as conductor,

insulator, and semiconductor.

• These materials have distinct properties

that performs a specific function on an
electronic device.
 Classification of Materials

1. CONDUCTOR
• material that permits the flow of
electrons and is considered as
electric current carriers.
2) INSULATOR
• materials which do not allow
electrons to flow and therefore be
less conductive and has very high
resistance.
3) SEMICONDUCTOR
• an intermediate between a
conductor and an insulator. It both
possess the property of a conductor
and an insulator.
1. EXAMPLES OF CONDUCTOR
• Metals copper, iron, silver, and
aluminum
2) EXAMPLES OF INSULATORS
• Rubber, glass, wood, air, plastic,
and paper are examples of
insulating materials.
3) SEMICONDUCTOR
• Silicon, germanium, selenium,
antimony, gallium arsenide, and
boron. Some of these are
temperature dependent
 Types of Semiconductors
1. INTRINSIC (PURE) SEMICONDUCTOR
• an insulator having less conductivity.
It is an undoped semiconductor.
• To increase its conductivity,
impurities must be diffused in its
structure.
2. EXTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTORS
• are semiconductors that are doped
with specific impurities.
• The impurity modifies the electrical
properties of the semiconductor and
makes it more suitable for electronic
devices such as diodes and
transistors.
DIODES
TRANSISTORS
RESISTORS
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)
MICROPROCESSORS
Concept Box