AGILE PRINCIPLES

1. Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant pace.

The eighth agile development principle, "Sustainable development, able to maintain a constant
pace," underlines the significance of keeping a steady and sustainable work rhythm over the
course of a project. It recognizes the necessity of striking a balance between productivity and
long-term profitability by preventing overwork, burnout, and hurried development cycles. Agile
teams place a high priority on setting a controlled and realistic work tempo in order to ensure
sustainable progress. When planning and committing to deliverables, this entails considering the
team's capability, skill set, and available resources. Teams may keep a constant pace and prevent
overburdening individuals by establishing attainable goals and dividing duties fairly. This concept
acknowledges that a consistent and sustained work rhythm results in higher-quality outputs, less
technical debt, and a more positive team environment. Furthermore, sustainable development
encourages team members to maintain a healthy equilibrium between work and life. Agile
techniques promote open communication, teamwork, and self-organization, enabling people to
efficiently manage their workload and prevent burnout. In order to spot possible bottlenecks,
correct difficulties, and make the required modifications to maintain a sustainable pace, regular
reflection and feedback sessions are also essential. In the end, this concept acknowledges that a
sustainable and well-balanced strategy is advantageous to the long-term success of the project
as well as the team.

To effectively implement this principle, we can employ these strategies: -

 Capacity Planning - Start by evaluating the team's capability and skills. To assess the
team's sustainable workload, consider each member's talents, experience, and
availability. The team's capability should not be underestimated or overcommitted since
both situations can result in inefficiencies and exhaustion. Set reasonable goals for each
iteration or sprint using historical data and team input throughout the planning stage.
 Iteration Planning – Create reasonable iterations or sprints for the project, each with
clear objectives and due dates. Work together with the team to specify the project's
parameters and rank tasks according to their significance and interdependencies. To
guarantee a fair distribution of duties, balance the workload across team members
during iteration planning. Encourage the team to agree on a set of deliverables that can
be comfortably achieved within the specified period and are attainable.
 Continuous Improvement – Create a team culture that emphasizes ongoing progress. To
evaluate the team's performance, pinpoint areas for development, and tweak plans as
needed, conduct regular retrospectives. Encourage team members to communicate
honestly and openly during retrospectives so they may express their worries, difficulties,
and suggestions for improving the work process. Actively deal with any bottlenecks or
obstacles that could prevent the team from moving at a sustainable rate and make
modifications as necessary.
 Work-Life Balance – Encourage a good work-life balance to avoid burnout and keep the
team functioning smoothly. Promote taking breaks, vacations, and time off when
necessary. Create a welcoming environment so that team members can discuss their
 workload issues and ask for help as needed. Avoid high expectations or unnecessary
overtime that might cause weariness and reduced productivity.
 Regular Feedback and Communication - Establish open channels of communication with
stakeholders and the team. To deliver quick information on success, obstacles, and
necessary modifications, encourage regular feedback loops. Keep the team's sustainable
speed in mind while discussing project goals, timetables, and any adjustments.
Communicate often with stakeholders to control expectations and guarantee adherence
to the project's aims and objectives.

2. Best architectures, requirements, & designs emerge from self-organizing teams.

The Agile Manifesto's eleventh principle claims that self-organizing teams provide the finest
architectures, specifications, and designs. This concept highlights the value of empowerment
and teamwork in developing successful and novel solutions. Self-organizing teams have the
authority to take charge of their work and make choices. These teams have the authority to
decide how to most effectively achieve their objectives rather than depending on a conventional
top-down management strategy. Agile principles acknowledge that team members are in the
greatest position to comprehend the complexities of the project and identify the most
appropriate solutions by allowing them the flexibility to organize themselves and make choices
jointly. This idea acknowledges that the process of developing software is intricate and dynamic.
An inflexible, predetermined architecture or design may not be able to adapt to a project's
objectives and requirements successfully. Self-organizing teams are encouraged to regularly
review and modify their strategy, enabling them to adapt to shifting conditions and take criticism
into account as they work on new ideas. The final product will be more closely linked with the
real demands of the stakeholders and the changing business environment thanks to this iterative
and collaborative process. Organizations develop a collaborative, innovative, and creative culture
by supporting self-organizing teams. Team members are encouraged to contribute their insights,
knowledge, and viewpoints, which results in a wider variety of solutions. This notion
acknowledges that a team's intelligence and creativity may be greater than any one member's
individual capacity. Self-organizing teams frequently provide more efficient and adaptable
solutions that satisfy the changing demands of the project and its stakeholders because of the
emerging architectures, requirements, and designs that they generate.

To effectively implement this principle, we can employ these strategies: -

 Foster a culture of collaboration and autonomy – Create a space where team members are
encouraged to share their knowledge, suggestions, and observations. Encourage the team to
share information, participate actively, and communicate openly. Create an environment where
self-organization is valued and team members' talents are trusted.
 Promote cross-functional teams – Create teams with the broad variety of abilities and
knowledge required to manage every part of the development process. Cross-functional teams
promote collaboration across several disciplines and allow a comprehensive knowledge of the
project. As a result, smarter decisions may be made and fresh ideas can develop.
 Provide guidance and support – Self-organizing teams have autonomy, but it's still important to
provide them the direction and help they need. To assist in coordinating their activities, provide
 defined objectives, corporate goals, and an overall project vision. Give the team access to
resources, mentors, and subject matter specialists who can help them make wise judgments and
create efficient architectures, requirements, and designs.
 Encourage continuous improvement – Enable the team to reflect on their work and find areas
for improvement by implementing feedback loops and regular retrospectives. Encourage an
environment of experimentation and learning so the team can hone their strategy over time.
Self-organizing teams can improve their capacity to produce high-quality architectures,
requirements, and designs by continually iterating and improving their work.
 Embrace emergent design – Recognize that project needs along with understanding change over
time. Encourage the group to adopt emergent design principles, which call for progressive and
flexible architecture and design decisions. The team may create designs which fit better in line
with the changing requirements of the project by iterating regularly and adapting to them .
WATERFALL MODEL

The waterfall model separates the project into discrete phases and follows a linear and cascading flow. It
is a sequential creation of software (software development) approach. One of the first and best-known
models in software engineering, it was developed in the 1970s. The model is distinguished by its rigid
and orderly structure, in which each phase has specific goals and must be finished before going on to the
next phases.

The waterfall technique is a conventional, linear approach to project management that employs a logical
progression of phases. Before moving on to the next phase, each one is finished, like a waterfall dropping
in stages. The following are the waterfall method's subphases:

1. Requirements Gathering: Project needs are established and recorded at this phase. To build a
comprehensive knowledge of the project scope, stakeholders' demands and goals are collected
from interviews, surveys, and discussions.
2. System Design: It is advisable to divide the design step of the waterfall process into two smaller
phases: logical design and physical design. The brainstorming and theorizing of potential
solutions take place during the logical design subphase. These theoretical concepts and schemas
are translated into tangible requirements during the physical design process.
3. Implementation: Programmers develop real code during the implementation phase by
assimilating the requirements and criteria from the earlier phases.
4. Testing: The client evaluates the product during this phase to check sure it complies with the
specifications outlined at the start of the waterfall project. By giving the consumer access to the
finished product, this is accomplished.
5. Deployment: The program is prepared for installation to the user/customer system or for release
to the market after passing useless/non-functional, useful/functional, alpha, and beta testing.
The installation, migration, and support of the user or customer environment are all part of the
deployment phase.
6. Maintenance: Following deployment, the system is supported and maintained continuously
throughout the maintenance subphase. It consists of bug fixes, updates, and improvements
made in response to customer input or shifting needs. Over time, maintenance guarantees the
system's security, functionality, and stability.
 Waterfall Methodology: The Ultimate Guide to the Waterfall Model (projectmanager.com)

FEATURES

1. Sequential and Linear Flow – Each step in the waterfall model is finished before going on to the
next, which results in a sequential and linear flow. The phases are in a definite order and depend
on one another, and development is gradual.
2. Well-Defined Phases – The model is divided into clear and distinct phases, including gathering
requirements, design of the system, implementation, testing, deployment, and maintenance.
Each phase includes distinct goals, deliverables, and entrance and departure standards.
3. Emphasis on Planning – The waterfall paradigm emphasizes upfront planning heavily. Detailed
planning and documentation are done to specify the requirements, design specifications, and
implementation strategy before moving on to the next step.
4. Minimal Customer Involvement – In the waterfall paradigm, the end-user interaction is typically
minimal, especially during the early requirements-gathering stage. The development team
handles the majority of the work, and client feedback is frequently requested during testing
following deployment.
5. Limited Flexibility – It is difficult to make adjustments to the earlier phases without upsetting the
entire process once one has been finished and the project has moved on to the next phase. The
model's presumption that needs are stable and that changes are few might be a drawback if
frequent iteration or adaption is required.
6. Document-Driven Approach – The waterfall development methodology places a strong emphasis
on documentation. At each step, thorough documentation is produced, which is used as a guide
for the stages that follow and for maintenance.
 7. Clear Milestones and Deliverables – The waterfall approach emphasizes the achievement of
specific objectives and criteria at the conclusion of each stage. This makes it possible to track
and manage projects more effectively and gives a clear feeling of accomplishment.

ADVANTAGES

1. Simplicity and Clarity – The waterfall model is simple to comprehend and use due to its linear
and sequential character. The well-defined phases and clear structure offer a simple foundation
for project strategy and execution.
2. Better Planning and Documentation – The strategy places a strong emphasis on thorough
documentation and prior preparation. The collection and detailed definition of requirements at
the outset of the project enables more accurate assessment of resources, timelines, and project
scope. The documentation supports in knowledge transfer and ongoing maintenance while
serving as a resource for the whole project.
3. Clear Milestones and Progress Tracking – At the conclusion of each step, the waterfall approach
sets clear milestones and deliverables. This makes it possible to follow a project's progress more
effectively, ensuring that it keeps to its timeline and achieves its goals. For project management
and stakeholder communication, it offers a concrete indicator of each phase's completion.
4. Reduced Ambiguity – A accurate and meticulous method of requirement collecting and design is
encouraged by the waterfall paradigm. This makes it easier to clarify issues and lowers the
chance that stakeholders may miscommunicate, ensuring that everyone is aware of the project's
objectives and expectations.
5. Sequential Execution – The waterfall model's rigid sequential flow might be useful in projects
with well defined dependencies and requirements. Before going on to the next phase, each one
is finished, which reduces rework and guarantees that the project moves forward logically and in
an ordered way.
6. Early Detection of Issues – The paradigm includes testing as a separate step that usually comes
after implementation. As testing is carried out on a fully functional system, problems may be
found and fixed early on. Early problem detection and resolution can assist avoid problems later
on growing and becoming more difficult and expensive to solve.
7. Well-Suited for Stable Requirements – The waterfall paradigm is best suited for tasks with
consistent and clear criteria. The model's organized approach can be useful in delivering the
intended outcomes on time and under budget if the project scope is unlikely to vary dramatically
during development.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Lack of Flexibility – The waterfall model's lack of adaptability is one of its key flaws. It becomes
challenging to make modifications or go back to a prior phase after a phase is finished and the
project goes on to the next phase. If needs change or if mistakes are found later in the
development process, this rigidity may be an issue.
2. High Risk of Requirement Misalignment – The waterfall paradigm makes the assumption that
every need can be identified in advance and stays constant over the project. However, in many
situations in real life, requirements might evolve as stakeholders become more aware of their
 own demands. Due to requirement misalignment, there is a high danger that the finished
product won't entirely satisfy the client's changing demands.
3. Late Detection of Defects – The waterfall approach often concludes with testing, which comes
after the implementation stage. Defects may not be discovered until late in the development
process, making their correction more expensive and time-consuming. The lack of early and
iterative feedback loops in the model might lead to higher risks and more work being put into
fixing problems.
4. Limited Customer Involvement – The waterfall methodology frequently limits client input during
future phases and restricts their engagement during the first requirements-collecting phase. As a
result, the development process may be hindered by a lack of feedback and cooperation, which
might result in a finished product that falls short of the client's requirements or expectations.
5. Difficulty in Managing Uncertainty – For projects with high degrees of unpredictability or
frequently changing demands, the waterfall paradigm is not ideal. It makes assumptions that the
project's needs and scope can be precisely stated in advance, which may not be possible or
viable in dynamic situations. This may make it difficult to complete the job successfully.
6. Lengthy Development Cycle – Longer development cycles may be the outcome of the waterfall
model's sequential structure. Before going on to the next step, each one must be finished, which
might cause delays if any phase takes longer than expected. This might be a drawback in
businesses that move quickly, particularly where quick launches or market adaptation are
required.
7. Limited Risk Mitigation – There is no built-in method for risk mitigation in the waterfall paradigm.
Potential hazards or concerns may not be discovered or resolved until the very end if there is
little client interaction during the development process. This might negatively affect the success
of the project.
SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Different types of data analysis methods:

1. Descriptive Statistics-Using descriptive statistics, you may summarize and describe a dataset's
key features. Measures including mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and range are
included. These statistics give a broad summary of the data and aid in understanding its form,
dispersion, and central characteristics.
2. Inferential Statistics-Based on a sample of data, inferential statistics are used to infer or make
assumptions about a population. It includes regression analysis, confidence intervals, and
hypothesis testing. Researchers can extrapolate results from a sample to a broader population
using inferential statistics.
3. Exploratory Data Analysis-Visual data exploration and analysis, or EDA, is the process of looking
for patterns, connections, and irregularities in data. It makes use of methods like correlation
analysis, histograms, scatter plots, box plots, and correlation analysis to find patterns, spot
outliers, and comprehend the fundamental structure of the data.
4. Regression Analysis-The link between dependent and independent variables is modeled and
examined using regression analysis. It makes it easier to comprehend how changes in one
variable impact another and enables forecasts or estimates based on the link found. Regression
techniques that are often used include multiple regression, logistic regression, and linear
regression.
5. Time Series Analysis-The goal of time series analysis is to find patterns and trends in data
gathered over predictable time intervals. It makes use of methods including autocorrelation
analysis, trend analysis, and seasonality decomposition. Forecasting future values or
comprehending the behavior of time-dependent data need the application of time series
analysis.
6. Cluster Analysis-Using a technique called cluster analysis, comparable data points may be
grouped together according to common traits. For consumer segmentation, market analysis, and
anomaly detection, it may be used to find similarities or clusters within a dataset. K-means
clustering, hierarchical clustering, and density-based clustering are examples of typical
techniques.
7. Factor Analysis-To find underlying factors or latent variables that explain the connections
between a group of observable data, factor analysis is performed. It assists in reducing the
number of dimensions in the data and revealing the underlying structure. Factor analysis is
frequently used in market research, social sciences, and psychology.
8. Data Mining-Data mining is the process of extracting patterns, connections, and insights from
massive information. To extract useful information, it uses methods from statistics, machine
learning, and database systems. Data mining enables companies to make data-driven choices by
revealing hidden patterns, connections, and trends.
Data Time Cost Risk Flexibility Purposes Techniques and
Analysis Tools
Method
Descriptive Quick Low Low High Data Mean, Median,
Statistics Summarization, Mode,
Central Standard
tendency deviation,
analysis Range
Inferential Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Population Hypothesis
Statistics generalization, testing,
Hypothesis confidence
testing intervals,
regression
analysis
Exploratory Moderate Low Low High Pattern Histograms,
Data Discovery, Scatter plots,
Analysis Anomaly Box plots,
detection, data Correlation
visualization analysis
Regression Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Prediction, Linear
Analysis Estimation, regression,
Relationship Logistics
analysis regression,
Multiple
regression
Time Series Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Forecasting, Trend analysis,
Analysis to Long to High to High Trend- Forecasting,
identification, Seasonality
Time-dependent decomposition
data
Cluster Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Customer K-means
Analysis Segmentation, clustering,
Anomaly Hierarchical
detection Clustering,
Density-based
clustering
Factor Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate Dimensionality Factor
Analysis reduction, extraction,
Latent variable factor rotation
identification
Data Mining Long High High High Pattern Association
discovery, rules,
Predictive classification,
modelling, clustering,
Decision regression
support
TESTING

1. Unit Testing- To make sure software works properly when used alone, unit testing examines
individual code segments or software components. It guarantees that the component units
function as planned and assists in finding flaws and problems early in the development process.
2. Integration Testing- To guarantee that various components or modules interact as intended,
integration testing emphasizes testing these interactions. It checks that the components interact
and exchange data properly, and that the integrated system operates as intended.
3. System Testing- To determine if a whole, integrated system complies with predetermined
requirements, system testing is performed on it. In order to make sure the system serves the
intended purpose, it is tested for functionality, performance, dependability, and other quality
aspects.
4. Acceptance Testing- To ascertain if a system satisfies user needs and is prepared for deployment,
acceptance testing is carried out. Gaining support from stakeholders entails validating the
technology to user acceptability standards or corporate needs.
5. Regression Testing- Regression testing is done to make sure that modifications or improvements
to the product don't accidentally cause existing issues to reappear or break functionality. It
retests previously tested features to make sure they continue to function properly following
changes.
6. Performance Testing- Performance testing assesses a system's responsiveness, scalability, and
stability under realistic and maximal workload scenarios. It aids in locating performance
bottlenecks, gauging reaction times, and evaluating resource usage.
7. Security Testing- In order to guarantee that a system is protected from unauthorized access, data
breaches, and other security concerns, security testing focuses on detecting vulnerabilities and
flaws in the system. It involves examining the effectiveness of security mechanisms including
encryption, authentication, and authorization.
8. Usability Testing- A software application's user-friendliness and intuitiveness are evaluated
through usability testing. It entails watching people carry out certain activities to spot any
usability problems, such unclear user interfaces or challenging navigation.
9. Compatibility Testing- A software application's compatibility with various platforms, operating
systems, browsers, and devices is verified through compatibility testing. It aids in locating any
compatibility problems that can impede functioning or the user experience.
10. Load Testing- To assess a system's stability and responsiveness, load testing entails assessing the
system's performance under predicted or maximum load situations. To find performance
bottlenecks, resource constraints, and potential problems, it simulates heavy user demands.
Testing Purpose Target Advantages Limitations
Technique
Unit Testing Test individual Code units Early bug Limited coverage,
components or units detection, does not test
of software isolated testing interactions
Integration Test interactions Integrated Identify interface Complex test
Testing between system issues, ensure setup, may miss
components/modules system integrity integration
complexities
System Test the complete and Entire Validate system Late-stage bug
Testing integrated system system functionality, discovery, limited
overall testing depth
performance
Acceptance Verify if the system User's Ensure user Limited coverage,
Testing meets user/business viewpoint satisfaction, gain subjective nature
requirements stakeholder of user
approval satisfaction
Regression Test for unintended Modified Ensure existing Time-consuming,
Testing impacts on existing features functionality may require
functionality remains intact extensive test
case maintenance
Performance Evaluate system System Identify Complex test
Testing responsiveness, performance bottlenecks, setup, challenging
scalability, stability assess resource to simulate real-
utilization world loads
Security Identify vulnerabilities System Identify security Requires security
Testing and ensure system security risks, protect expertise, may
protection sensitive data have false
positives
Usability Assess the user- User Identify usability Subjective nature,
Testing friendliness and experience issues, and limited coverage
intuitive nature of improve user of functional
system satisfaction testing
Compatibility Ensure software Platforms Verify cross- Limited coverage,
Testing compatibility across platform challenges with
different platforms functionality diverse
environments
Load Testing Test system System Identify Complex test
performance under capacity performance setup may require
expected or maximum bottlenecks, specialized tools
load validate stability
System Testing

System testing is a thorough method of software testing that assesses the entire integrated system to
make sure it complies with the requirements. It entails testing the entire system as opposed to specific
parts or modules. System testing's main goal is to confirm the system's operation, performance,
dependability, and other quality characteristics. It emphasizes evaluating the system from the viewpoint
of the end user to make sure it works as expected and serves the intended goal.

Different test scenarios are run during system testing to verify the system's functioning and behavior
according to different usage circumstances. Various user interactions, system responses, input/output
processes, and error handling are all tested as part of this. System testing also includes testing multiple
system settings, operating circumstances, and configurations to make sure the system operates
consistently and dependably under varied conditions.

Advantages:

1. Detecting Integration Issues- When many components or modules are integrated, potential
problems or conflicts might be found thanks to system testing. It makes sure that every part acts
as planned and that it all works together without any problems.
2. Validating System Functionality- System testing makes that the system works properly and
complies with the criteria. It checks to see if all the system's features, functions, and business
logic are functioning properly and meeting user requirements.
3. Assessing Overall Performance- System testing assesses the system's performance under actual
circumstances, such as anticipated workloads or peak loads. It aids in the detection of resource
constraints, performance bottlenecks, and future scaling problems.

Disadvantages:

1. Late-Stage Bug Discovery- System testing is often done shortly after the integration of multiple
components, thus any faults or problems found at this point may be difficult to resolve. Schedule
delays and higher expenses might result from problem discoveries at a late stage.
2. Limited Testing Depth- It might not be possible to exhaustively test every potential case due to
the complexity and size of a whole system. System testing may have restrictions on the amount
of testing that can be done in-depth in a given amount of time.
3. Complex Test Setup- It might be difficult to set up the test environment and configure all of the
required dependencies for system testing. It necessitates a thorough knowledge of the
infrastructure, system design, and relationships between various components.

Working Process of System Testing:

1. Test Planning- Create a test plan including the goals, parameters, and strategy for the system
testing phase as the first step. The test plan contains sections on test objectives, scenarios, test
coverage, and resource allocation for testing activities.
2. Test Environment Setup- A appropriate testing setting is created that closely reflects the actual
deployment location for the system. This includes setting up the relevant hardware, software,
network connections, databases, and other testing-related components.
3. Test Case Development- Based on the system requirements and test objectives, test cases are
created and produced. Test cases specify the precise actions to be taken, the anticipated
 outcomes, and the data to be tested. Different functional and non-functional facets of the
system are covered by the test cases.
4. Test Execution- The test cases are carried out in accordance with the test plan. To validate the
system's functionality, performance, security, usability, and other quality qualities, it is put
through a variety of test scenarios and inputs. Records are kept of the test results, real results,
and any deviations or problems that occurred.
5. Detect Reporting- A defect tracking system receives reports on any flaws or problems found
during testing. The fault is described in great detail, including how to duplicate it, its severity,
and its priority. Development teams are given the defects to address, and they are monitored
until they are fixed and validated.
6. Test Result Analysis- To determine if the system complies with the required specifications, the
test results and data gathered during testing are examined. Comparing actual findings to
anticipated outcomes, seeing trends or patterns in the test data, and assessing the system's
overall quality and fitness for deployment are all part of the test analysis process.
7. Test Reporting- A thorough test report is produced, detailing the testing procedures, test
outcomes, and any lingering flaws. The report summarizes key results, gives a summary of the
system's quality, and offers suggestions for additional actions or enhancements.
8. Test Closure- A formal test closure action marks the ending of the system testing process. This
entails analyzing the whole testing procedure, assessing the efficiency of the test coverage, and
holding a lessons-learned session to gather knowledge and identify areas for improvement for
next testing initiatives.
Security Testing

A crucial procedure used to find holes and flaws in a software application's security safeguards is security
testing. Its goal is to guarantee that the system is secured from unapproved access, data breaches, and
other security threats. Security testing aids in identifying weak spots and enables businesses to improve
their security posture by simulating potential attack scenarios and evaluating the system's defenses.

Advantages:

1. Identification of vulnerabilities- Security testing assists in identifying weaknesses that attackers

could use. Organizations may lessen the risk of security breaches and possible harm to systems
and data by identifying these holes and fixing them before they are maliciously exploited.
2. Enhanced security posture- Organizations may proactively identify and mitigate security issues
by conducting security testing. They may greatly raise their level of security by tightening
security controls and putting in place the proper safety measures.
3. Compliance with regulations- Organizations can comply with regulatory and sector-specific
standards with the help of security testing. They can prove compliance with security standards
and laws by locating and fixing security holes.

Disadvantages:

1. Expertise and resources- Specialized skills, equipment, and resources are frequently needed for
security testing. To undertake thorough assessments, organizations may need to invest in
qualified security specialists or outside security testing firms, which might increase prices and
resource needs.
2. False positives and negatives- Security testing may result in false positives or false negatives—
indicating a vulnerability that doesn't exist or failing to find a vulnerability that does. This may
cause misunderstandings and the use of resources to address fictitious problems while ignoring
real risks.
3. Time-consuming process- Performing thorough security testing can take a while, especially for
complicated systems or extensive applications. Project deadlines may be impacted if this causes
a delay in the deployment of software or upgrades.

Working Process of Security Testing:

1. Requirement Analysis- Understanding the software system's security requirements is the initial
step. This include going through security policies, legal compliance standards, and any particular
security recommendations offered by the company or industry norms.
2. Threat Modeling- To identify possible threats and attack routes that might target the system, a
threat model is developed in this stage. To identify possible security concerns, the system
architecture, components, and external interfaces are examined.
3. Test Planning- A test plan is created based on the threat model, detailing the goals, scope, and
testing methods to be used. It comprises establishing the test cases, scenarios, and tools that
will be utilized for security tests.
4. Vulnerability Assessment- This stage entails locating and assessing the system's vulnerabilities. To
find security flaws, it could use both manual and automated approaches including code review,
penetration testing, and vulnerability scanning.
5. Security Testing Execution- In accordance with the established test strategy and test cases, the
actual security testing is carried out. It includes modeling different attack scenarios, attempting
to exploit weaknesses, and evaluating how well security controls and responses work.
6. Risk Assessment- Once vulnerabilities have been found, they are evaluated for their likelihood
and possible effect. This aids in ranking the hazards that have been discovered and assessing the
seriousness of each vulnerability.
7. Reporting and Remediation- A thorough report on the results of the security testing includes
information on vulnerabilities, their possible effects, and suggested remedies. The development
team or other stakeholders are informed of the report, and they may then start the remediation
process to fix the found security problems.
8. Retesting and Validation- Security testing may be done again to confirm that the detected
vulnerabilities have been adequately addressed and fixed after the repair. By doing this, the
system is guaranteed to fulfill the specified security criteria.
IS METHODs

Model Type Cost Size of Flexibility Risks Type of

projects Projects
Waterfall Sequential Low Large, Low High risk of Projects with
Model Well- late-stage stable
defined changes requirements
Rational Iterative Moderate Medium to Risk of scope Large,
Unified Large creep, longer complex
Process Moderate development projects
Spiral model Iterative Moderate Large, High High-risk
to high complex High risk due to projects,
multiple large-scale
iterations systems
Extreme Agile Moderate Small to High Risk of Small to
Programming to high medium inadequate medium-
(XP) documentation sized projects
SCRUM Agile Moderate Small to High Risk of Projects with
Model to high medium incomplete evolving
requirements requirements
SYSTEM DEPLOYMENT

System deployment is the process of integrating new software, applications, or technological

advancements into a functioning environment so that users may use them. Configuring hardware and
software, testing for compatibility and performance, and guaranteeing data migration are all duties that
fall under this phase. To reduce interruptions and guarantee a smooth transition from the development
to the production environment, successful system deployment involves meticulous planning.

System Changeover Parallel Conversion Direct Conversion

Method
Description For a while, both the old and new
systems function simultaneously.
Once the new system is stable, the
old system is phased out gradually
during the transition.
Risk Lower risk since the old system serves
as a backup in case the new system
has problems.
Cost Costly because two systems must be
supported and maintained
concurrently throughout the
changeover period.
Time Long implementation time since data
synchronization and user acclimation
requires running both systems
concurrently for a while.
Training During the time of parallel operation,
users have the chance to get training
and familiarize themselves with the
new system.
Complexity More complicated since the two
systems require data synchronization
and redundancy management.
Comparison Offers a direct comparison and
assessment of the performance of
the new system in contrast to the old
system.
Scalability Due to the difficulty of operating two
systems simultaneously, scalability
might be difficult.
Switchover of the entire organization
to the new system without delay
from the old system.
A greater chance because there is no
backup plan and any problems with
the new technology immediately
affect the entire company.
Potentially more affordable because
just one system has to be running at
once.
Shorter installation period because
the new system is instantly switched
on.
Due to the sudden transition, there is
little time for training and
acclimatization.
Comparatively easier because just
one system needs to be managed at
a time.
Does not provide a direct comparison
due to the abrupt change.
Scalability may be simpler because
the company can use the new system
right away.

As for ‘Hello Holidays’, we are aiming to completely automate and streamline various critical processes
involved in the company’s operations. It will take a lot of time and effort for the employee to get
adjusted to these changes. So, the Direct Conversion method is selected after a long period of discussion
with the Board members of ‘Hello Holidays’. A lot of money is being spent so it is necessary to make an
effective working system acknowledging the future problem and integrating some extra parts such that
future problems can be tackled easily. The reasons for selecting Direct Conversion is only due to: As we
make a new working system, a lot of old employees not being able to adjust to the changes will leave
and the new employee will be hired with necessary qualification so it will be foolish to make/leave a way
for old system thinking new system will not work. Maybe technical errors from hardware can occur
which can be easily overcome after consulting with the experts. Our Jasa Tech solution will also make a
routine checkup of the system which will be a lot cheaper than leaving some way for an old system. Also,
by choosing to direct conversion we didn’t mean to throw away the resources of old system. We can
make use of them until we get used to changes. It will help both the company as well as the employee.
Therefore, direct conversion will be best choices which will save time, effort and resource of the
company which in result helps to avoid loses.