CHEMISTRY

ENTHALPY CHANGES

XI
Zein Burhan
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................................................... 3
CONCEPT MAPS..................................................................................................................................... 5
PRELIMINARY........................................................................................................................................ 6
A. Module Identity...........................................................................................................6
B. Basic Competence.......................................................................................................6
C. Brief Description of Material......................................................................................6
D. Learning Materials......................................................................................................7
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1............................................................................................................... 8
ENTALPY CHANGE........................................................................................................................... 8
A. Learning Objectives....................................................................................................8
B. Material Description....................................................................................................8
C. Summary...................................................................................................................12
D. Independent Assignment...........................................................................................13
E. Practice Questions.....................................................................................................14
F. Self-Assessment........................................................................................................20
EVALUATION........................................................................................................................................ 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................... 26
 CONSEPT MAPS

Energy
And heat

Definition Open
system

System and Closed

environment System
lingkungan

Isolated
System

endothermic
Change Type
Enthalpy(𝛥H) Reaction

exothermi
c

Equality
Thermochemi
stry
Writing

Diagram Level
Energy
 PRELIMINARY

A. Module Identity
Subject : Chemistry
Class : XI
Time allocation : 4 hours of lesson
Title module : entalpi change

B. Basic Competence
3.4 Explain the concept of the enthalpy change for a reaction at constant pressure in
thermochemical equation
4.4 Summarizing the results of the thermochemical experimental data analysis at
constant pressure

C. Brief Description of Material

Greetings to all students, I hope you are always healthy and enthusiastic in
learning. In this module you will learn the concept of the enthalpy change of a
reaction at constant pressure in thermochemical equations. Thermochemistry is a
branch of chemistry that studies energy changes in chemical and physical changes.
Energy is the ability to do work. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, it can
only change from one form to another. One form of energy is heat, which can be
detected by measuring the temperature of a substance. The higher the temperature, the
higher the heat contained. Heat is a form of energy that can be exchanged between the
system and the surroundings. Heat transfer must occur from a substance that has a
high temperature to a lower temperature.
Heat of reaction is the energy change in a chemical reaction in the form of
heat. The magnitude of the enthalpy change is the same as the amount of heat
transferred from the system to the surroundings or vice versa, where the system is
everything that is the center of observation, while the environment is everything in the
wild system. If the system releases heat it is called an exothermic reaction, but if the
system absorbs heat it is called an endothermic reaction. The magnitude of the
enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction when written down is called a
thermochemical equation. If a reaction is written on an energy level diagram, it will
produce an enthalpy diagram.

D. Learning Materials
The students we are proud of, in this module there is 1 learning activitywhich
includes concepts, material descriptions, practice questions and evaluation questions
about:
 Definition of Enthalpy change
 System and environment
 Types of reactions based on energy changes
 Thermochemical equation
 Energy level chart
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1
ENTALPY CHANGE
A. Learning Objectives
My students who I am proud of, after doing the learning activities in this module, it is
hoped that you will be able to:
1. Explain the concept of system and environment
2. Name and explain the various systems
3. Explain the meaning and characteristics of exothermic reactions
4. Explain the meaning and characteristics of endothermic reactions
5. Write and explain thermochemical equations
6. Write and explain the enthalpy diagram
B. Material Description
1. Definition of Enthalpy Change
My dear students, what are the activities in the Scout extracurricular at night that
give the most pleasant impression? Yes, that's right, bonfire activities. Look at the
following picture!

Figure 1. Campfire activities for scouT

One of the functions of the bonfire is to warm the body of the activity
participants. The atmosphere of a cold night will be warmer with a burning
bonfire. This shows that the heat from the bonfire will move towards the
surrounding environment. This heat in IPA is known as heat. Heat is a form of
energy. This heat can be detected by using the temperature indicator of the
substance, the higher the temperature, the higher the heat possessed by the object.
In the law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of energy is known which
states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, energy can only change
from one form to another. The total energy possessed by an object is called
Internal Energy (E). The amount of internal energy cannot be determined if
the substance has not undergone a change, what can be determined is the change
in energy, or E, which can be written mathematically as follows:
E=q+w
Where q is the total heat of the system and w is work, which is the ability to
do work. This happens in the reaction that produces gas, so it will be able to
provide pressure (P) caused by changes in volume ( V) . Mathematically written:
w = PV
Because chemical reactions usually occur at constant pressure and there is no
change in volume, then the value of 𝛥V = 0, then the work (w) will be worth = 0.
So the magnitude of E will be indicated by the amount of heat possessed by the
object, mathematically written: 𝛥E = q
In thermodynamics the total internal energy (E) is known as enthalpy (H),
which is the total amount of energy of a system measured at constant pressure
 condition. ame with internal energy, enthalpy cannot be measured, what can be
determined is the enthalpy change, H. Thus, the amount of enthalpy change is the
amount of heat value possessed by a system.
H=q
The magnitude of the enthalpy change means the difference between the final
enthalpy and initial enthalpy. Mathematically it can be written:
H = H end – H start
2. System and environment
When studying thermochemistry, we must understand which is the center of
observation, which is not. Everything that becomes the center of observation is
called the system, while everything outside the system and can affect the system is
called the environment. Based on the transfer of heat and matter, systems are
divided into 3 types, namely:
 Open system is a system where it is possible the transfer of heat and
matter.
 Closed system is a system in which it is possible to transfer heat, but
no material transfer occurs.
 Isolated system is a system where it is not possible the transfer of heat
and matter.
3. Types of Reactions Based on Energy Changes
My proud students, after you understand what enthalpy change is, then we will
study the types of reactions based on their energy changes. According to the laws
of thermodynamics, spontaneous heat transfer occurs in objects that have a
temperature difference. In thermochemistry, there are only 2 possible differences
in temperature, namely the system temperature is higher than the ambient
temperature or the system temperature is lower than the ambient temperature. For
more details we study one by one.
a. Exothermic
What will happen if the system temperature is higher than the ambient
temperature? For more details, please pay attention to the following
illustration!

System
27 OC 55 OC 27 OC

Environment

Figure 3.
Examples of heat release conditions (Exothermic)
In a state where the temperature of the system is higher, there will be a
flow of heat from the system to the environment, as shown in the arrow in
the picture above, in other words, heat will go out to the environment.
This is known as an exothermic process.
 What is the magnitude of the enthalpy change in this state? In this
condition, the heat of the system is released into the surroundings, so the
final enthalpy of the reaction will be smaller than the initial enthalpy
before the reaction. Thus the magnitude of the enthalpy change (H) is:

H = H end – H start
H = small – big
H < 0, or a negative sign (-)
Thus, in an exothermic reaction, the value of the enthalpy change is
negative. Characteristic of this exothermic reaction occurs in reactions
that experience an increase in temperature.

b. Endothermic
What will happen if the system temperature is lower than the ambient
temperature? For more details, please pay attention to the following
illustration!

System
27 OC 15 OC 27 OC

Environment

Figure 3
Examples of conditions for absorption of heat (Endothermic)

In a situation where the system temperature is lower than the ambient

temperature, there will be a flow of heat from the environment to the
system, as shown in the arrow in the picture above, in other words heat
will enter the system. This is known as an endothermic process.
In this situation, the heat of the system increases, so the final enthalpy of
the reaction will be greater than the initial enthalpy before the reaction.
Thus the magnitude of the enthalpy change (H) is:
H = H end – H start
H = big – small;
H > 0, or positive sign ( + )

Thus, in an endothermic reaction, the value of the enthalpy change is

positive. This endothermic characteristic occurs in reactions that
experience a decrease in temperature.
4. Thermochemical Equations
An equation for a chemical reaction followed by the value of the enthalpy
change that accompanies the reaction is known as a thermochemical equation.
For example: 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g) H = – 489.6 kJ
From the thermochemical equation above, it can be concluded that the
formation of 2 moles of water vapor (H2O) will be accompanied by the release of
energy of 489.6 kJ. The negative sign on the H value of the thermochemical
equation above does not indicate the actual value, but indicates that the reaction is
releasing heat or is exothermic.

Problems example :
Write the thermochemical equation for the decomposition of 1 mole of water
vapor given the following reaction:

2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g) H = – 489.6 kJ

Answer:
In the problem, it is known that the formation reaction is, even though what is
being asked is a decomposition reaction, then the reaction must reverse direction,
as well as the H value also changes its sign, which was initially negative to
positive.
2 H2O (g) 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) H = + 489.6 kJ

In this reaction, it is still the decomposition of 2 moles of H2O, even though what
is asked is only the decomposition of 1 mole, then the reaction and its H value
must also be adjusted by dividing into 2, resulting in the following
thermochemical equation:

H2O (g) H2 (g) + O2 (g) H = + 242.8 kJ

So the answer to that question is:

H2O (g) H2 (g) + O2 (g) H = + 242.8 kJ

On the thermochemical equations, a change in the direction of a reaction will also

change the point of the entalpi change. If a thermochemical equation is formed,
then the reaction will be changed to a decapitation reaction, the value of entapli
change is changed to negative, and vice versa. Similarly, at the magnitude of the
intrinsih value, this magnitude of value will contribute to the calibration of the
reaction equation

5. Energy Level Chart

A reaction can also be written in the form of an energy level diagram
to show the value of the enthalpy change. Consider a reaction regarding the
process of melting ice cubes into water with the following thermochemical
equation:
H2O (s) H2O (l) H = + 6.01 kJ
 When written with an energy level diagram it will be like:

Likewise, if it were to be made into a diagram of the energy level in the water
freezing process, based on the thermochemical equation above, the energy level
diagram would be:

C. Summary
To further strengthen your understanding, let's summarize the material for reaction
rates as follows:
1. The system is everything that is the center of observation.
2. Environment is everything outside the system and can affect system.
3. The system is divided into 3 types, namely open, closed and isolated systems.
 An open system, which is a system in which it is possible to transfer of
heat and matter.
 Closed system, which is a system in which it is possible to transfer
heat, but no material transfer occurs.
 Isolated system, which is a system in which it is not possible
4. An exothermic reaction is a condition where the release of calor occurs by the
system. With the system loose and the kalor at the end of the reaction will be
 smaller than the initial circumstances, the force of change will be less than zero or
negative. An exotic reaction is a temperature rise in the system.

5. An exothermic reaction is a condition where the release of calor occurs by the

system. With the system loose and the kalor at the end of the reaction will be
smaller than the initial circumstances, the force of change will be less than zero or
negative. An exotic reaction is a temperature rise in the system.
6. An exothermic reaction is a condition where the release of calor occurs by the
system. With the system loose and the kalor at the end of the reaction will be
smaller than the initial circumstances, the force of change will be less than zero or
negative. An exotic reaction is a temperature rise in the system.
7. An exothermic reaction is a condition where the release of calor occurs by the
system. With the system loose and the kalor at the end of the reaction will be
smaller than the initial circumstances, the force of change will be less than zero or
negative. An exotic reaction is a temperature rise in the system.
D. Independent Assignment
To better stabilize the understanding of entalpi changes, you would like to work on
the following question:
1. Make a chart such as the examples below and fill in with events or activities that
take place in daily life and identify the event or activity into an exothermic
process or endotherms by marking ( √), for each of a minimum of 5 items!

Types of Enthalpy Change

Number Events or activities Exothermic Endothermic
1
2
3
Dst

2. Notice some data on a group of students' lab work!

a. Nailing in a test-tube caused the tube's bed to warm up.
b. Mixing between crystal ba (oh)2 with nh4cl crystals causes the reaction
tube to become very cold, resulting in an intense scent and a dewdrop drop
outside the test-tube.
c. Solid nitric acid reduction with aquades causes a glass to warm up.
d. Urea reactor, co (nh2)2 with water causes the surface to cool off.
Define those data above into some exothermic or endomic reaction. Write
down your reasons!
3. Known thermochemical equation
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 𝛥H = - 92 kJ
Draw an energy level diagram for the thermochemical equation.
 EVALUATION

1. There are several things in life around use

a. A glass of hot coffee with a li
b. d b. A cup of hot tea without a lid
c. c. Hot water thermos
If the three objects are assumed to be a system that is sorted into isolated systems,
closed systems and open systems, then the correct order is…
A. a–b–c
B. a–c–b
C. b–a–c
D. c–b–a
E. c–a–b
2. Dissolving detergent causes the dissolving container to heat up but dissolving urea
with water as a solvent actually results in a decrease in the temperature of the
resulting solution. The correct statement of the above event is…
A. Dissolution of detergent is an exothermic event because heat is released
B. Dissolution of detergent is an exothermic event because absorption occurs
heat.
C. Dissolution of detergent is an endothermic event because absorption occurs
heat.
D. The dissolution of urea is an endothermic event because it produces heat.
E. The dissolution of urea is an exothermic event because heat is absorbed.
3. Consider some statements of experimental results:
1) The reaction of two substances that begins with combustion, after the reaction
is running the combustion is stopped and it turns out that the reaction
continues.
2) The dissolution of a substance in a certain solute turns out to result in an
increase in temperature significant solution in the dissolution results.
3) When two substances are mixed, no reaction occurs. By heating, the
substances begin to react. For a moment, after the reaction and heating is
stopped, the substance stops reacting.
4) The dissolution of a substance in a certain solvent actually results in a
decrease in solution temperature.
5) Mixing two substances and spontaneously producing a flame above the
substance the.
Based on this statement, which is an endothermic and exothermic event is…
A. (1) and (2)
B. (1) and (3)
C. (2) and (3)
D. (3) and (4)
E. (3) and (5)
4. Here are some equations for reactions that commonly occur around us…
1) 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) → C6H12O6 (aq) + 6 O2 (g)
2) C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (g)
3) H2O (l) → H2O (g)
4) H2O (l) → H2O (s)
5) H2O (s) → H2O (l)
The equation for the reaction that occurs exothermicly occurs at the number...
A. (1) and (2)
B. (1) and (4)
C. (2) and (3)
D. (2) and (4)
E. (3) and (5)
5. Here are some common reactions that occur around us:
(1) photosynthesis
(2) breathing
(3) the preserver of urea
(4) the ice is melting
(5) incineration of LPG
The above event which is a successive endothermic and exothermic event occurs in
Numbers…
A. (1) and (3)
B. (2) and (3)
C. (2) and (5)
D. (3) and (4)
E. (4) and (5)
6. Consider the following experimental data
Temperature Temperature
Nomor Reaktant Reaktant
before reaction before reaction
I II
1 A B 27 oC 30 oC
2 C D 27 oC 35 oC
3 E F 27 oC 25 oC
4 G H 27 oC 15 oC
5 I J 27 oC 37 oC
The above-mentioned reactions are exothermic and endothermic reactions,
respectively.
A. 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3
C. 3 and 4
D. 3 and 5
E. 4 and 5
7. Consider the illustration of some reaction experiments:

Based on the illustration above, both of which are exothermic reactions are
experiment number ....
A. 1 and 2
B. 1 and 5
C. 2 and 3
D. 2 and 4
E. 4 and 5
8. Energy diagram of a reaction is described as follows:

The enthalpy diagram above shows the chemical reactions that occur in the reaction...
A. endothermic, because the value of H = +
B. endothermic, because the value of H = 0
C. endothermic, because the value of H =
D. exothermic, because the value of H =
E. exothermic, because the value of H = +
9. A group of students conducted an experiment by dissolving solid NaOH with water in
a test tube. After a while the NaOH solid was put into the water and began to dissolve
and the bottom of the test tube was felt to be getting hotter.
Regarding the enthalpy change, which of the following statements is correct...
A. The reaction is exothermic because the ambient heat flows into the system
B. The reaction is exothermic because the heat from the system flows into the
surroundings
C. The reaction is exothermic because both the heat of the system and the heat of
the environment are mutually exchange
D. The reaction is endothermic because the environmental heat flows into the
system
E. The reaction is endothermic because the heat from the system flows to the
surroundings
10. If known :
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH3 𝛥H = - 92 Kj
The enthalpy change for the decomposition of NH3 gas into its elements is a
reaction...
A. Exothermic because the value of 𝛥H will remain even though the direction of
the reaction changes
B. Exothermic because the value of 𝛥H changes according to changes in the
direction of the reaction
C. Endothermic because the value of 𝛥H changes according to changes in the
direction of the reaction
D. D. Endothermic because the value of 𝛥H will remain even though the
direction of the reaction changes
E. Endothermic because the value of 𝛥H will remain even though the direction of
the reaction and the number of coefficients changed
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
https://manyogya1.sch.id/berita/2018/233/0/Api-Unggun-Menjadi-Puncak-Acara-
Kemah-Bhakti-MAN-1-Yogyakarta.html (diakses pada 17 September 2020]

Sudarmo, Unggul & Mitayani, Nanik, 2014, Kimia untuk SMA /MA kelas XI, Jakarta,

Airlangga Sudiono, Sri & Juari Santosa, Sri dan Pranowo, Deni, 2007, Kimia Kelas XI

untuk SMA dan MA, Jakarta, Intan Pariwara