2023

2023
 2023
Erudite

Research Journal

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur, Caraga, Philippines Copyright

2023

Published by BNCHS STE - 10 S.Y. 2022-2023

Development Team of the Research Journal

Authors: Grade 10- Tesla S.Y 2022-2023
Editors: Alliyah Jen D. Atupan, Gracely Mar P. Sunjay, Daniel
P. Piamonte, Arabella T. Valenzona, Vinsie Rian Rich R.
Servado

Printed in the Philippines by:

 2023

ERUDITE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The partnership of the 38 students from Tesla SY 2022-2023 is an example of
teamwork, hard work, and in unison. Without the guidance of our research adviser, Mr.
Vincent Butch Embolode, our ideas would have remained nothing more than idle speculation.
We are also thankful for his invaluable guidance, mentorship, and support throughout the
research process his expertise and insightful feedback greatly enhanced the quality of this
work. We are grateful for the support of the entire STE faculty, including Ms. Mariam Avila
Judicpa, our classroom adviser, who has been there for us from the start and has helped us
with every research assignment. We value their willingness to listen to our concerns.

The panelists, Mr. Kenn Louren Montera, Mrs. Crystelle Anne Montera, Mr. Marvin
Fernandez, Mrs. Gregie Tampon, Mrs. Loren Anunciado, and Mrs. Angela Gamalo, also have
our sincere gratitude. Their insightful knowledge exchange has helped to further our research.
We appreciate their constructive criticism, their expertise, and knowledge which has
motivated us to pay more attention to specific details in the future.

We would also like to express our deepest gratitude to our families and friends for
their unwavering support, encouragement, and understanding throughout this research
endeavor. Their love and encouragement were vital in sustaining our motivation and belief in
the importance of this work. We have been inspired to persevere through the difficulties we
have encountered by their compassion and encouragement.

We have accomplished it for the entire class. This publication is the result of our
combined efforts, a reflection of our creative thinking and unified efforts. This achievement
is due to our efforts to make sure that nobody is left behind.

The researchers conclude by expressing their sincere gratitude to the Almighty God
for giving them the knowledge, direction, and courage they needed to complete this voyage
 2023

LIFE
SCIENCE
 2023
Comparative Analysis of Selected Bamboo species leaves Ethanolic
Extract against Mosquito Larvae

*Asio, J., Dajao, J.L., Echin, E.F., Lacorte, M.T.,

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Bamboo has been prominent in the Philippines with its valuable traits such as
strength, flexibility, a robust root system, and overall durability. Thus, the researchers were
drawn to the convenience of bamboo and recognized its potential as a larvicide after
extensive exploration of its properties. The research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of
selected bamboo species as larvicides against mosquito larvae. This was done by utilizing
three treatments (100, 500, and 1000 ppm) of ethanolic leaf extracts of the bamboo species
Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao. Ten (10) mosquito
larvae were added to the 10 mL diluted test solution, and the surviving mosquito larvae were
counted every hour for 24 hours. Using the Probit Analysis, the lethality concentration LC50
was determined. After a 24-hour exposure, the results revealed that all the selected bamboo
species exhibited larvicidal activity against the mosquito larvae. The 500 ppm and 1000 ppm
concentrations displayed the highest larvicidal effect, while the 100 ppm concentration
showed relatively weaker activity among treatments. Thus, the treatment with 1000 ppm and
500 ppm concentrations was preferable to 100 ppm. In addition, the LC50 of the different
bamboo species Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao leaf
extract exhibited 2.19 ppm, 2.25 ppm, and 2.00 ppm, respectively. Mosquitoes are common
vectors of diseases such as dengue, malaria, and filariasis. The collated data on these
selected bamboo species as larvicides is highly beneficial. Utilization of natural larvicides
can aid in controlling mosquito populations, subsequently reducing the transmission of
diseases that pose significant health risks to humans.

Keywords: Bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao,

Larvicidal Activity, Mosquito-borne diseases, ppm (parts per million), Probit Analysis, LC50

1. INTRODUCTION virus, Chikungunya virus, dengue fever,

Mosquitoes are common, flying
insects that live in furthermost parts of the
world. Mosquitoes are regarded as one of
the most dangerous insects on the planet,
this spreads diseases that are fatal to
humans. Mosquito-borne infections spread
to people such as Zika virus, West Nile
malaria, and filariasis (National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, 2016).
A virus called dengue fever is transmitted
to people by mosquito bites. Mosquitoes
carrying the Aedes aegypti virus are the
main carriers of the disease, with Aedes
albopictus mosquitoes playing a less
 2023
significant role. (World Health There are 3,500 species of
Organization, 2022). Malaria is another mosquitoes that are classified in the world.
mosquito-borne disease that is prevalent in Not every mosquito bite people or pets.
the country. It is a fatal disease carried by Itching and swelling are the most common
mosquito bites infected with tiny parasites reactions to mosquito bites in humans.
(Cleveland Clinic, 2022). Next is Zika Some mosquitos can act as vectors. A
Virus, in tropical and subtropical areas, vector is a type of animal, insect, or tick
this virus is primarily spread via the bite of that transmits pathogens (germs) to
an infected mosquito from the Aedes humans and animals. Mosquitoes can
genus, namely Aedes aegypti. Aedes transmit germs (viruses and parasites) that
mosquitoes typically bite during the day, can make you sick. Some mosquitos bite
with maximum biting times in the early but do not transmit disease. These
morning and late afternoon/evening. mosquitoes are known as nuisance
Yellow fever, chikungunya, and dengue are mosquitoes (Centers for Disease Control
all diseases spread by the same mosquito. and Prevention, 2020).
It can also be passed from mother to fetus
during pregnancy, by sexual contact, blood
and blood product transfusion, and organ Dengue is a common problem in

donation (World Health Organization, the Philippines, it is a viral infection

2018). There is another sickness known as spread by mosquitoes that primarily affects

West Nile virus, which may be transferred children. Approximately 35 thousand

by contact with other afflicted animals, dengue cases were reported in the

their blood, or other tissues (World Health Philippines during the first half of 2022

Organization, 2017). In addition to these is (Statista Research Department, 2022).

chikungunya, it is a viral infection spread

In the year 2019, the Department of
to humans by infected mosquitoes. It is
Health (DOH) reported that the Dengue
most commonly transmitted to humans by
cases in the CARAGA region have risen to
the same mosquitoes that spread dengue
5,800, with 17 deaths since January of the
fever (WHO, 2019). Lastly, there is
year, up from the same period in 2018. The
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as
Bayugan City Health Office stated that
Elephantiasis. It is considered a neglected
there were cases of Malaria, but these
tropical disease (NTD), a parasitic illness
cases were resolved through Malaria
caused by tiny, thread-like worms (Centers
control. The Culex mosquito is one of the
for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018).
 2023
common mosquito species in Bayugan larvicidal activity of selected species of
City and it can transmit infections like bamboo against mosquito larvae. This
Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, study also contained three replicates in
though these infections are quite rare. each treatment.
Also, according to the City Health Office,
there are only 16 known Dengue cases in 2.2 Materials
the year 2021 and there have been 12 The materials and equipment that
reported cases from January up to October were used by the researchers are 360 of
2022. Mosquito Larvae, 36 pieces of Plastic
Containers, 1kg of selected Bamboo
Because of these reasons, it was the
species leaves, 6 Liters of Distilled Water,
call for the researchers to investigate the
a Cylindrical Tube, a Stirring Rod, a
larvicidal activity of selected species of
Beaker, a Rotary Evaporator, 3 pieces of
Bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa
Injection Syringe, Banana, Strainer,
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao)
Bucket, Spoon, Gloves and Sock.
against Mosquito Larvae. The researchers
would find out if Bamboo species leaves
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure
extract is effective against mosquito
larvae. By conducting this, people may
2.3.1 Research Setting
know how to control the population of
The selected Bamboo species
mosquitoes, and infections from it would
leaves, the Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa
be reduced.
blumeana, and Schizostachyum lumampao
were collected in New Salem, Agusan del
2. METHODOLOGY
Sur. One (1) kilogram of Bamboo
(Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana,
2.1 Research Design
Schizostachyum lumampao) leaves was
A quantitative experimental design
collected.
was used for this study. Three
experimental treatments utilized the
Bambusa vulgaris was identified
selected species of bamboo leaves’
according to its culms that are brilliant
ethanolic extract (Bambusa vulgaris,
green, glossy, erect below, arching above,
Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum
and range in height from 10 to 20 meters.
lumampao) and the mosquito larvae. These
Internodes measure 25 to 35 cm in length
treatments were used for testing the
and often have a diameter of 4 to 10 cm.
 2023
Wall thicknesses vary from 7 to 15 mm. ascending to erect, reaching a height of 10-
There are numerous noticeable nodes, the 15 meters and a diameter of 4-8 cm. The
lower ones of which frequently have a internodes are smooth and green,
small ring of roots and are covered in measuring 25-50(-80) cm in length. The
brown hairs. Several to many clustered culm sheath is continuous and coated with
branches with 1-3 bigger dominating sharp, yellowish hairs. The linear-
branches. Branches are frequently found lanceolate leaf blades are 30-36
from the middle of the culm to the top. centimeters long and 2.5-3.0 cm broad.
Narrow leaves that are 15-25 cm long and Flowering branches develop from the
2-4 cm broad. (Guadua Bamboo, 2022). nodes at the top, bearing linear-lanceolate
spikelets with two empty glumes and one
Bambusa blumeana is a thorny fertile floret. The caryopsis, or fruit, is
bamboo with green culms that grow 15-25 brown and oblong in shape, measuring 6-8
meters tall. The internodes are 25–35 cm millimeters in length and 1-1.5 millimeters
in length, 8–15 cm in diameter, and have in width (PROSEA, 2016). Bambusa
walls that are typically 2–3 cm thick. The vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and
wall thickness at the base of the culms is Schizostachyum lumampao all belong to
usually solid, especially in dry areas or in the Poaceae family, which is commonly
poor soils. A ring of aerial roots can be known as the grass family. However, there
observed around the lower culm nodes, is a difference in the genus names for these
and a gray or brown ring surrounds the species. Bambusa vulgaris and Bambusa
sheath scar. Branches often grow from the blumeana both share the same genus
center of the culm to the top and are name, which is Bambusa. On the other
clustered several to many times, with one hand, Schizostachyum lumampao belongs
to three larger dominating branches that to the genus Schizostachyum. Despite
are noticeably thicker and longer. Lower being in the same family, these species
node branches are solitary and covered in a have distinct genus names that
dense web of hard, sharp thorns. The differentiate them from one another.
lance-shaped leaves are typically 10–20
cm long and 12–25 mm broad (Guadua 2.3.2 Source of Bamboo Samples
Bamboo, 2010). The selected species of bamboo is
Schizostachyum lumampao is situated in Purok 4, Barangay New Salem,
identified according to its dense tufts and it Bayugan City, Agusan del Sur. Bambusa
grows sympodially. The culms are vulgaris is located at approximately

8.772753 degrees latitude and 125.857957
degrees longitude. Bambusa blumeana is
found at around 8.772275 degrees latitude
and 125.857570 degrees longitude.
Schizostachyum lumampao can
observed at approximately 8.772298
degrees latitude and 125.857582 degrees
longitude. These latitude and longitude
coordinates specify the geographic
positions of each plant species.
2.3.4 Preparation of Selected Bamboo
Species
The leaves were washed and cleaned
thoroughly using running water and then
air-dried at room temperature for a period
of 24 hours within 5 days. After the leaves
were dried thoroughly, the researchers
went to the DOST for the extraction of
selected bamboo species leaves. The
DOST took between 300 and 500 grams
from a kilogram of the selected bamboo
species.
2.3.4 Extraction Process
After the extraction using the
Rotary Evaporator by the experts in
DOST, the researchers got the extract in
the month of December 2022
preserved the extract in a refrigerator at
3°C until it was used. According to (Pers
Comm from DOST), the extract lasts for 3
to 6 months of preservation. Thus, the
researchers preserved the extract for 2
2023
months. During the experiment, the extract
was serially diluted.
be
2.3.5 Serial Dilution
10 mL of the selected Bamboo species
ethanolic extract was diluted to 1000 ppm.
Then 10mL from the 1000 ppm was
diluted to 100 ppm. For the 500 ppm,
another 10mL extract of the Bamboo
species ethanolic extract was diluted in
another container of 1000 ppm. After that,
50 mL was taken from the 1000 ppm to be
diluted to the 500 ppm.
2.3.6 Culture-base Mosquito
Prepare a dump of old water from
the rain, and then pour it into a large
container with a volume of 10 Liters, 23
cm width on the top, 19 cm width on the
bottom, and 25.5 cm height. One to two
bananas are peeled once the old water has
been poured. After that, get a sock, stuff
the banana inside, and submerge it in
water. Then squeeze it until the banana
essence drips out. Place the huge container
in a dim, dry area after the extract and
and water have been combined, and cover the
top half of the container. After waiting 3–4
days for the larvae to be harvested, check
the container every day. However, it relies
on the environment of the location where
 2023
you are creating the culture basis and the treatments: 100, 500, and 1000 parts per
season. million (ppm). Each type of bamboo
contained three (3) replicates.
2.3.7 Collection of Mosquito Larvae
Once the cultured base container
has been in a basin for 3–4 days, begin Plant Treatmen Concentration Total
straining the larvae with a fine mesh Extract t ppm no. of
strainer. After gathering the larvae, put larvae
them in a fresh, clean container with fresh introdu
dump water. The larvae are taken out of ced

the container and used as test subjects in

1 100 10
the investigation. Unfortunately, the larvae
were not identified by the researchers. 2 500 10
Bambusa
vulgaris 3 1000 10
2.3.8 Data Gathering (leaf)
Control 10
After the experiment was
Variable
completed, the mosquito larvae were
(Water
monitored. According to the World Health
only)
Organization (2005), dead larvae are those
Table 1: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of
that do not move when a needle is inserted
Bambusa vulgaris
into the siphon or the cervical region. The
mortality percentage is calculated
following a 24-hour larvicidal exposure. Plant Treatment Concentrati Total

Using the formula below, the mortality rate Extract on ppm no. of

for each setup was determined. larvae

introdu
Mortality Rate =
ced
number of dead mosquitolarvae
x 100
number of mosquito larvae tested
1 100 10

2.4 Larvicidal Activity Set-up 2 500 10

Bambusa
The selected Bamboo species were blumeana 3 1000 10
shown in this setup (Bambusa vulgaris, (leaf)
Control 10
Bambusa blumeana, Schizostachyum
Variable
lumampao). There were three different
 2023
(Water using variance. When the data does not

only) match the ANOVA assumptions or is not

normally distributed, perform the Kruskal-
Table 2: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of
Wallis Test. The Kruskal-Wallis test is a
Bambusa blumeana
nonparametric method for calculating one-
way ANOVA. The approach is used to
Plant Extract Treatmen Concentration Total
compare three or more groups on a
t ppm no. of
dependent variable with at least an ordinal
larvae
level of measurement. The researchers
introdu
will also use Probit Analysis to determine
ced
the Lethal Concentration of the plant
1 100 10 extracts that keeps 50% of the population

2 500 10 (LC50) of the mosquito larvae.

Schizostachyu
2.6 Waste Disposal
m lumampao 3 1000 10
After applying and extracting
(leaf)
Control 10 bamboo leaves, the materials were washed.
Variable Other important apparatus, equipment, and
(Water hazardous materials that were beyond the
only) researcher's responsibility must be
Table 3: Larvicidal Activity Set-up of disposed of properly by the laboratory aide
Schizostachyum lumampao or custodian. The dead larvae were
disposed of with a needle.
2.5 Data Analysis
One Way ANOVA was used to 3. RESULTS
analyze the data that were collected from
the study of larvicidal activity against 3.1 Introduction
mosquito larvae of selected bamboo
species (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa The results of the qualitative data analysis
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao). An and the quantitative findings and outcomes
ANOVA test was used to evaluate whether are all examined in this study. It acts as the
there was a statistically significant primary subject of all research. The goal of
difference between two or more category the study establishes the investigation's
groups by testing for mean differences framework and formulates the issues that it
tries to resolve. This chapter primarily
focuses on the study's title, an operational
definition of the important concepts used in
the title (both theoretically and practically),

of the study, and its limitations. In
summary, this chapter presents the detailed
syntax of the researcher's investigation.
3.2 Results of the Mortality Rate
The mortality rate of mosquito larvae
against selected Bamboo species
(Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana,
Bambusa schizostachyum lumampao)
ethanolic extract in terms of 100 ppm, 500
ppm, and 1000 ppm.
Table 4. Results of the larvicidal activity
of Bambusa vulgaris leaf extract against
mosquito larvae within 24 hours.
2023
The Bambusa vulgaris leaf
ethanolic extract showed that the control
variable has no effect as there were no
dead larvae observed. The 100-ppm extract
concentration showed that in the first and
second replicates, there were no dead
larvae, which makes the mortality rate 0
while in the third replicate, only one (1)
larva died which corresponds to a 10% of
mortality rate. The mean value for all
replicates indicated that 100 ppm has the
least mortality rate. On the other hand, in
the 500-ppm extract concentration, first
and third replicates, eight (8) larvae died
making the mortality rate 80% while in the
second replicate, ten (10) larvae died,
which has a mortality rate of 100%. The
mean value indicates that the average
death rate of 500 ppm is efficient and
useful for reducing mosquito populations.
Moreover, for the concentration of 1000
ppm, ten (10) larvae died for all replicates

which makes the mortality rate 100%. This
entails that the 1000 ppm concentration of
Bambusa vulgaris extracts with the highest
death rate among treatments is effective to
kill all larvae.
Table 5. Results of the larvicidal activity
of Bambusa blumeana leaf extract against
mosquito larvae within 24 hours.
The Bambusa blumeana leaf
ethanolic extract showed that in the control
2023
variable, there were no larvae dead, which
makes the mortality rate 0.  Extracts with
100 ppm concentration showed that in the
first replicate, only one (1) larva died
which makes the mortality rate 10%. In the
second replicate, six (6) larvae died, which
corresponds to a mortality rate of 60%, and
in the third replicate, only two (2) larvae
died with a mortality rate of 20%. The
mean value of all replicates showed that
100ppm has the least mortality rate.
Whereas the 500-ppm extract
concentration showed eight (8) larvae died
which makes the mortality rate 80%. In the
second and third replicates, ten (10) larvae
died making up the mortality rate 100%.
The mean showed that 500 ppm has an
average mortality rate. Lastly, 1000 ppm
concentration showed that in the first,
second, and third replicates, there were ten
(10) larvae died which makes the mortality
rate 100%. The mean value indicated that
1000 ppm has the highest mortality rate
among the concentrations tested.

Table 6. Results of the larvicidal
activity of Schizostachyum lumampao leaf
extract against mosquito larvae within 24
hours.
The Schizotachyum lumampao leaf
ethanolic extract showed that the control
variable has no larvae dead, which makes
the mortality rate 0. In the first replicate of
100 ppm, there were two (2) dead larvae,
which makes the mortality rate 20%. In the
second replicate, there were three (3)
larvae died, making the mortality rate
2023
30%, and in the third replicate, no larvae
died, making the mortality rate 0. The
mean shows that 100 ppm has the lowest
mortality rate. For the 500-ppm extract
concentration, in the first replicate, seven
(7) larvae died, and the mortality rate is
70%. In the second replicate, eight (8)
larvae died, which makes the mortality rate
80%, and in the third replicate, six (6)
larvae died with a mortality rate of 60%.
The mean showed that 500 ppm has an
average mortality rate. In contrast, 1000
ppm extract concentration showed that all
larvae died for all replicates which
corresponds to a 100% mortality rate. The
mean value of this concentration has the
highest mortality rate.
Overall, among the three ppm,
1000 ppm yields the highest mortality rate
whilst 500 ppm yields an average mortality
rate, and 100 ppm yields the least mortality
rate.
3.3 Data Analysis
The significant difference in the
mortality rate of mosquito larvae against
selected Bamboo species (Bambusa
vulgaris, Bambusa Blumeana,
schizostachyum lumampao) extracts in
terms of 100 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000
ppm.
 2023
effectiveness between the concentrations
of 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. This indicates
Table 7. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis that the concentration of 1000 ppm was
Test of Bambusa vulgaris in terms of more effective in eliminating larvae
ppm.  compared to the concentration of 100 ppm.
Whilst the concentrations of 100 ppm and
Test Sig.
500 ppm did not show a significant
Bambus vulgaris Independent- .032 difference in their effectiveness. This
in terms of Sample means that when using either 100 ppm or
different Kruskal- 500 ppm of the extract, the results in terms
concentrations Wallis Test of larval elimination were similar.
 *The significance level is 0.05 Similarly, there was no significant
difference in effectiveness between the
The Independent-Sample Kruskal- concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm
Wallis Test showed a significance value of and this suggests that both 500 ppm and
0.032 which is less than the significance 1000 ppm of the extract performed closely
level of 0.05. This interprets that there is a in terms of eliminating larvae. Although
significant difference of the different there was no significant difference
concentrations of Bambusa vulgaris. between the 100 ppm and 500 ppm, the
results of their death rates show that the
100 ppm shows 3.33% and the 500 ppm
shows 86.67%, indicating that the two still
differ from one another in terms of the
mortality rate.

Based on these findings, the range

Table 8. Pairwise Comparison of Bambusa
vulgaris in terms of ppm.
Among the various concentrations,
there was a significant difference in
of 500 to 1000 ppm appears to be
preferable since the two have no
significant difference and it was effective
in eliminating the larvae. It is important to
note that the choice between the two
concentrations depends on the availability
and cost of the extract, as using 1000 ppm
requires a greater amount of the extract
 2023
compared to 500 ppm. In summary, the Table 9. The result of the Kruskal-Wallis
study suggests that concentrations between Test of Bambusa blumeana in terms of
500 ppm and 1000 ppm of Bambusa
vulgaris extract are effective in eliminating Test Sig.

larvae.
Bambus Blumeana Independent- .035

This result is similar to the study in terms of different Sample

conducted by Oliveira et al. in 2013, it was concentrations Kruskal-Wallis

found that the mortality rate differed Test

ppm.
among different concentrations of a
larvicidal substance. The results indicated
that a concentration of 100 ppm resulted in
the lowest mortality rate compared to 500
ppm and this interprets that 500 ppm has a
stronger larvicidal effect than 100 ppm in
terms of their mortality rates. Additionally,
a significant difference was observed
between the mortality rates of 100 ppm
and 1000 ppm. The concentration of 1000
ppm resulted in a 100% mortality rate,
whereas a concentration of 100 ppm Based on the Independent-Sample
resulted in 30% mortality. This indicates Kruskal-Wallis Test, the significant value
that 1000 ppm has a stronger larvicidal shows 0.035, thus it is less than the
effect compared to 100 ppm. On the other significance level of 0.05. Therefore, there
hand, no significant difference was is a significant difference among the
observed between the mortality rates of different concentrations of Bambusa
500 ppm and 1000 ppm because both blumeana leaf ethanolic extract.
concentrations resulted in a 100%
mortality rate within 24 hours. This Table 10. Pairwise Comparison of
suggests that both 500 ppm and 1000 ppm Bambusa blumeana in terms of ppm.
have similarly strong larvicidal effects. Bambusa blumeana ethanolic
extract concentrations of 100 and 500 and
100 and 1000 ppm displayed a significant
difference. 500 ppm has a higher
 2023
performance in comparison to the 100 ppm Groups
because based on the results the 500 ppm
is shown to be much more effective in Total 113.556 8

killing the larvae. The 100 ppm showed

poor results as it killed the least larvae Based on the p-value of this table,
whilst the 1000 ppm performed it shows that the significance value is
exceptionally as it successfully killed all of
the larvae. Whereas 500 and 1000 ppm had
no significant difference since both of the
samples are statistically the same so that
concludes that 500 ppm and 1000 ppm are
effective. However, 500 ppm is
recommended since it can already control
the population of larvae as a standard
amount of extract can be used.

0.000 which is less than the significance

This result is similar to the study of
level of 0.05. This interprets that there is a
(Amit et al., 2021) that at 1000 ppm and
significant difference in terms of different
500 ppm concentrations, the ethanolic
concentrations of Schizostachyum
crude extract of Duranta leaves kills all
lumampao.
instars (Culex pipiens) larvae.

Table 12. Post-hoc Test of One-way

Table 11. Statistical analysis of One-way
ANOVA of Schizostachyum lumampao in
ANOVA of Schizostachyum lumampao in
terms of ppm.
terms of ppm.
All extract concentrations tested of
Schizostachyum lumampao showed
Sum of df Mean F Sig. significant differences against all
Squares square treatments. The comparison of 100 ppm
and 500 ppm are statistically significant
Betwee 106.889 2 53.444 48.10 .00
since 100 ppm has the least deceased
n 0 0
larvae and 500 ppm has the average
Groups
deceased larvae and the same goes with
Within 6.667 6 1.111 the 100 ppm and 1000 ppm. Furthermore,
 2023
the 500 ppm and 1000 ppm have the least when contrasting the selected bamboo
significant difference since 500 ppm can species since the significance value is
kill the majority of the larvae and 1000 0.103, which is greater than the
ppm can kill all of the larvae. To sum up, significance level of 0.05. Similarly, there
500 and 1000 ppm are the most effective. is no significant difference at 1000 ppm in
However, 500 ppm is recommended since comparison to the selected bamboo species
it can already control the population of since the significance value of 1000 ppm is
larvae as a standard amount of extract can 1.000, which exceeds the significance
be used. level of 0.05.
Table 13. The hypothesis test summary of
Kruskal-Wallis of selected Bamboo Among the three selected Bamboo
species (Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa species, there is no significant difference
blumeana, Schizostachyum lumampao) in terms of different concentrations (100
ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm) because all of
the three selected Bamboo species have
Concentration Test Sig.
similar effectiveness. Therefore, all the
1 100 ppm Independent- .197 samples have the potential as a larvicide. It
Samples Kruskal- is advantageous that there is no significant
Wallis Test difference among the selected bamboo

2 500 ppm Independent- .103

Samples Kruskal-
Wallis Test

3 1000 ppm Independent- 1.000

Samples Kruskal-
Wallis Test

At 100 ppm, there is no significant

difference when comparing all of the species, as this ensures that none of the

selected bamboo species since the species are vulnerable or prone to

significance value is 0.197, which is more exploitation, which is not a factor

than the significance level of 0.05. At 500 contributing to the reduction of their

ppm, there is no significant difference population.

 2023
Table 14. Summary of results of the mosquito larvae mortality after 12 hours of
larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic treatment.
extract of Bambusa vulgaris after 12 hours a. A heterogeneity factor is used.
post-treatment. The LC50 result shows that 2.188 ppm
The table presents data on various is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
concentrations, total deaths, mortality the population. According to Meyer
percentages, and the LC50 result, toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Bambusa vulgaris extract is toxic.

Table 17. Summary of results of the

indicating that a concentration of 2.188

ppm is the lethal dose causing a 50%
mortality rate in the population. According
to the Meyer toxicity test criteria, if the
LC50 value is below 1000 ppm, it can be
concluded that the Bambusa vulgaris
larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic
extract exhibits toxicity.
extract of Bambusa blumeana after 12
hours post-treatment.
Table 15. Parameter estimates of the probit
The table displays various
analysis (Bambusa vulgaris)
concentrations, total deaths, mortality
The table shows a significant value
of 0.000, with a margin of error of less
than 0.05. This implies that the
concentrations have a considerable
influence on mosquito larvae mortality.

Table 16. Median lethal concentration and

95% confidence limits of the extract
(Bambusa vulgaris) by probit analysis of percentages, and the resulting LC50,
 2023
indicating that a concentration of 2.247
ppm is lethal, causing a 50% mortality rate The LC50 results show that 2.247 ppm
is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
the population. According to Meyer
toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Bambusa blumeana extract is toxic.

Table 20. Summary of results of the

larvicidal lethality assay of ethanolic
in the population. Based on the Meyer
extract of Schizostachyum lumampao after
toxicity test criteria, if the LC50 value is
less than 1000 ppm, it can be inferred that
the Bambusa blumeana extract is
considered toxic.

Table 18. Parameter estimates of the probit

analysis (Bambusa blumeana).

12 hours post-treatment.
The table shows a significant value
The table shows the varied
of 0.000, showing that the concentrations
had a significant impact on the mortality
rate of mosquito larvae. This finding is
further supported by the fact that the
margin of error is less than 0.05.

Table 19. Median lethal concentration and

95% confidence limits of the extract
(Bambusa blumeana) by probit analysis of
concentrations, total death, mortality
mosquito larvae mortality after 12 hours of
percentage, and LC50 results, which reveal
treatment.
that 2.004 ppm is the fatal concentration
a. A heterogeneity factor is used.

that kills 50% of the population. According
to Meyer toxicity test guidelines, a value
of LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Schizostachyum lumampao extract is toxic.
2023
Table 22. Median lethal concentration and
95% confidence limits of the extract
(Schizostachyum lumampao) by probit
analysis of mosquito larvae mortality after
12 hours of treatment.
a. A heterogeneity factor is used.

The LC50 results show that 2.004 ppm

Table 21. Parameter estimates of the probit is the fatal concentration that kills 50% of
analysis (Schizostachyum lumampao). the population. According to Meyer
toxicity test guidelines, a value of
LC50<1000 ppm indicates that the
Schizostachyum lumampao extract is toxic.

Moreover, when comparing the LC50

values of the three ethanolic extracts from
bamboo species, it is evident that
Schizostachyum lumampao exhibits the
highest toxicity. This is demonstrated by
The table displays a highly
the fact that only 2.004 ppm of the extract
significant value of 0.000, showing that the
is required to cause 50% mortality in the
larvae. Similarly, both Bambusa vulgaris
and Bambusa blumeana display
considerable toxicity, as they require 2.188
ppm and 2.247 ppm of extract,
respectively, to achieve the same mortality
rate. Therefore, there is a difference in the
LC50 results among these selected
bamboo species, indicating their varying
concentrations have a considerable impact levels of toxicity. It is important to note
on mosquito larvae mortality. The margin that all three plants are toxic.
of error is less than 0.05, which supports
this conclusion even more. 4. CONCLUSION
 2023
Mosquitoes are a common larvicides. However, when comparing the
encounter for humans, but they pose selected Bamboo species (Bambusa
significant risks to both people and the vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, and
environment. Aedes aegypti and Aedes Schizostachyum lumampao), there are no
albopictus are particularly concerning as single species that stands out as the most
they are the primary carriers of dangerous effective because the three plants show
diseases like the Dengue virus. This issue potential as larvicides. In addition, the
is prevalent in our neighborhood, and if bamboo species that have been chosen for
left untreated, Dengue can be fatal. In this study possess toxic components, as
Bayugan City, Aedes albopictus, Aedes evidenced by their low LC50 values. Even
aegypti, and Culex mosquito species are a small amount of the extracted compound
visible. However, Culex mosquitoes are from these species can prove lethal to
less worrisome as they mainly transmit approximately 50% of the larvae
Filariasis and Japanese encephalitis, which population, according to the results
are very rare infections in our city. On a obtained from the LC50 tests. This
different note, the eventual development of indicates the potent toxicity of these
human society was greatly aided by the selected bamboo species and highlights
use of bamboo. Bayugan City is blessed their potential as effective natural control
with various bamboo species, found both agents against the targeted larvae
in urban areas and the countryside. In population.
conclusion, based on our research, we
reject the null hypothesis concerning the REFERENCES
relationship between the death rate and the
selected Bamboo species (Bambusa Alojado, R., Mejica1, G., Junsay, R.,
vulgaris, Bambusa blumeana, Siosan, F., Tolosa, N. (2021) A
Schizostachyum lumampao) in terms of comparative study on the insecticidal
different concentrations. Moreover, we property of Bambusa vulgaris and
also reject the alternative hypothesis for Bambusa malingensis shoot and leaf
research problem number three, as we did extract against green leafhopper
not find any substantial differences (Nephotettix virescens)
between the selected Bamboo species. In https://ph02.tcithaijo.org/index.php/
general, concentrations of 500 ppm and MIJEEC/article/view/245179/166248
1000 ppm are more favorable than 100
ppm when considering the effectiveness as

Amit, C., Vikky, S., Piyal, M., Subarna, G.,
Pranab, B. (2021) Development of Plant
Based Larvicide and Herbal Mosquito
Repellent Fast Card with Reference to
Identification of the Functional
Bioactive Compounds Effective Against
Culex Mosquito
https://assets.researchsquare.com/files/rs-
673644/v1/54e60f3e-0d3f-45ee-bfff-
869d155e98c2.pdf?c=1643176493
Adila, F., Asra, R., Rivai, H. (2020)
Overview of the traditional,
phytochemical, and pharmacological
uses of gold bamboo (Bambusa
Vulgaris). World journal of Pharmacy
and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Har
rizul-Rivai/publication/343362147
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (2020) Lymphatic Filariasis
https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphatic
filariasis/index.html
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (2020) What is a Mosquito?
https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/about/
what-is-a-mosquito.html
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, National Institute for
2023
Occupational Safety and Health
(2016) Mosquito-Borne Diseases
https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/
outdoor/mosquito-borne/default.html
Centers for Disease control and
Prevention. (2020) Larvicides
https://www.cdc.gov/mosquitoes/mosqui
to-control/community/larvicides.html
Cleveland Clinic. (2022) Malaria
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/
diseases/15014-malaria
Chan, C., A., Ho, L., Y., Sit, N., W. (2022)
Larvicidal Activity and Phytochemical
Profiling of Sweet Basil (Ocimum
basilicum L.) Leaf Extract against Asian
Tiger Mosquito (Aedes albopictus)
https://www.mdpi.com/2311-
7524/8/5/443/htm
Cui, C., et al. (2019) Insecticidal Activity
and Insecticidal Mechanism of Total
Saponins from Camellia oleifera
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC6943515
Comia, C., V., et al. (2018) Molluscicidal
Effects of Bambusa Blumeana
(Bamboo) Leaf Extracts Against The

Adult Stage of the Snail Vector Model
Pomacea Canaliculata
https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2019/06/Steth-2018-
007.pdf
De Los Reyes, A., Escaner, J.M (2018)
Dengue in the Philippines: model and
analysis of parameters affecting
transmission.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/
10.1080/17513758.2018.1535096
Emamverdian, A., et al. (2020) Application
of Bamboo Plants in Nine Aspects.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/tswj/
2020/7284203/
Guzman, M. G. & Harris, E., (2015). A
very comprehensive review of the latest
findings on the global burden of dengue
between 2010 and 2015.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/abs/pii/S0140673614605729
George, S. (2018) Larvicidal Activity of
Various Extracts of Selected Plants
Against the Dengue Vector Larvae
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
330280915_Larvicidal_Activity_of_Vari
ous_Extracts_of_Selected_Plants_Again
st_the_Dengue_Vector_Larvae
Gómez, M., et al. (2022) Aedes aegypti
and Ae. albopictus microbiome/virome:
2023
new strategies for controlling arboviral
transmission?
https://
parasitesandvectors.biomedcentral.com/
articles/10.1186/s13071-022-05401-9
Gutierrez, Jr., P., et al. (2014) Larvicidal
Activity of Selected Plant Extracts
against the Dengue vector Aedes aegypti
Mosquito
http://www.isca.me/IJBS/Archive/v3/
i4/5.ISCA-IRJBS-2013-274.pdf
Huang, Y., Ji, Y., Yu, W. (2019)
Development of bamboo scrimber: a
literature review
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/
s10086-019-1806-4
Hornaday, F. (2020) Bamboo with the
longest internodes.
https://bambubatu.com/bamboo-
with-the-longest-internodes/
Khunsha, F., Najah, I-S. (2018) Dengvaxia
controversy: impact on vaccine
hesitancy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articl
es/PMC6214489/
Kaleeswaran, G., et al. (2018) Bamboo-
Leaf Prickly Ash extract: A potential
bio-pesticide against oriental leaf worm,
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/pii/S0301479717311799
Lodhi, S., et al. (2016) Preliminary
investigation for wound healing and
anti-inflammatory effects of Bambusa
vulgaris leaves in rats
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S0975947616300109
Lee, J. M., et al. (2020) Human Activities
Attract Harmful Mosquitoes in a
Tropical Urban Landscape
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s10393-019-01457-9
Mendoza, R., et al. (2021) Public trust and
the COVID-19 vaccination campaign:
lessons from the Philippines as it
emerges from the Dengvaxia
controversy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC8426681/
Macherla, S., et al. (2012) Evaluation of
Anti-Microbial Activity of Bambusa
Vulgaris Leaves
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/
32439867/ijpr_115-libre.pdf?
1391590841=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DINTERNATIONAL_JOURNAL_O
F_PHYTOTHEARPY_RE.
2023
Mistica, M., et al. (2014) A Survey of
Mosquito Species in Public Schools of
Metro Manila, Philippines Using
Ovitraps as Surveillance Tool
https://actamedicaphilippina.upm.edu.ph/
index.php/acta/article/download/40/28/
#:~:text=In%20the%20Philippines%2C
%20numerous%20mosquito,the
%20Chikungunya%20and%20Zika
%20viruses.
Ellis, M. (2021) Larvicide Treatment Tips:
How And When To Use Larvicide
https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/pl
ant-problems/pests/pesticides/larvicide-
treatment-tips.htm
Patel, H., et al. (2020) Antibacterial and
Larvicidal Activity of Biologically
Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from
Bambusa arundinaceae Leaves Extract
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
Hitesh-Patel-19/publication/
341934577_Antibacterial_and_Larvicid
al_Activity_of_Biologically_Synthesize
d_Silver_Nanoparticles_from_Bambusa
_arundinaceae_Leaves_Extract
Petruzzello, M. (2022) bamboo
https://www.britannica.com/plant/bamboo
PCAARRD DOST (2020) Bamboo
https://ispweb.pcaarrd.dost.gov.ph/
bamboo/

Ryusuke, N. (2022) All Abuzz: Larvicidal
Flavonoids Inhibit Key Enzyme in
Yellow Fever Mosquitoes
https://www.tsukuba.ac.jp/en/research-
news
Saducos, A. G. (2022). Potentials of
kawayang tinik (Bambusa blumeana) as
new source antimicrobial agents. Plant
Science Today, 9(3), 518–523.
https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.1451
Saducos, A. G. (2021). Antimycotic
potential of Kawayang tinik against
pathogenic fungal species
https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/
index.php/PST/article/view/1093
Shepard., et al (2016). The global
economic burden of dengue: a
systematic analysis.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/a
rticle/abs/pii/S1473309916001468
Souradeep Banerjee., et. al (2021).
Ethnobamboology: Traditional Uses of
Bamboos and Opportunities to Exploit
Genomic Resources for Better
Exploitation
https://link.springer.com/chapter/
10.1007/978-981-16-1310-4_14
Statista Research Department (2022)
Number of dengue cases Philippines
2011-2022
2023
https://www.statista.com/statistics/1120
319/philippines-number-dengue-cases
Simard, F., et al. (2005) Geographic
distribution and breeding site preference
of Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti
(Diptera: culicidae) in Cameroon,
Central Africa
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16363
155/
Schröder, S. (2022) Bambusa vulgaris
https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/
bambusa-vulgaris
Schröder, S. (2010) Bambusa Blumeana
https://www.guaduabamboo.com/blog/
bambusa-blumeana
Seymour, R. (2022) How Bamboo Grows
https://cozyearth.com/blogs/news/how-
bamboo-grows
Souto, A., L., et al. (2021) Plant-Derived
Pesticides as an Alternative to Pest
Management and Sustainable
Agricultural Production: Prospects,
Applications and Challenges
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
articles/PMC8400533/#:~:text=Natural
%20plant%20products%20with
%20bioactivity,exhaustive%20list%20of
%20insecticidal%20substances

Thomas, S., In-Kyu Yoon, I-K. (2019) A
review of Dengvaxia: development to
deployment
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10
.1080/21645515.2019.1658503
Tong, L., et al. (2020) A long-lasting
biological larvicide against the dengue
vector mosquito Aedes albopictus
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/1
0.1002/ps.6069
Tongco, J., V., et. al (2014) Proximate
analysis, phytochemical screening, and
total phenolic and flavonoid content of
Philippine bamboo Schizostachyum
lumampao.
https://www.academia.edu/download/3772
7749/3361.pdf
Tongco, J., V., et. al (2013) Phytochemical
Screening, Total Phenolic Content, and
Antioxidant Activity of the Philippine
bamboo "Buho” (Szhizotachyum
lumampao)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
258405855_Phytochemical_Screening_
Total_Phenolic_Content_and_Antioxida
nt_Activity_of_the_Philippine_bamboo
_Buho_Schizostachyum_lumampao
Virtucio, F.D., & Sinohin, V.O. (2016)
Schizostachyum lumampao (PROSEA)
2023
https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/
Schizostachyum_lumampao_(PROSEA)
World Health Organization (2022) Dengue
and severe dengue
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue
World Health Organization (2019)
Chikungunya
https://www.who.int/health-topics/
chikungunya#tab=tab_1
World Health Organization (2005)
Guidelines for Laboratory anf Field of
Mosquito Larvicides.
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/
10665/69101/WHO_CDS?
sequence=1&fbclid=IwAR32qOiAfhpv3
oEIV-b-
zZx0ias8ELp8BZqhBbeve_q_4JDZ9zB
ays6g32g
World Health Organization (2018) Zika
Virus
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/zika-virus
World Health Organization (2017) West
nile virus
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/west-nile-virus
WHO (2020) Vector-borne diseases

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/vector-borne-diseases
Weny, W., N., F., et al (2018) THE
EFFECTIVITY TEST OF ALOE VERA
LEAF EXTRACT TO LARVAE
CULEX SPECIES
2023
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
Merina-Panggabean/publication/
326299031_The_effectivity_test_of_alo
e_vera_leaf_extract_to_larvae_culex_sp
ecies/links/
5e05bd87a6fdcc283741733d/The-
effectivity-test-of-aloe-vera-leaf-extract-
to-larvae-culex-species.pdf

Bacteriological Analysis of the Drinking Water Fountains in Bayugan

National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur
*Alburo, M.D., Ballos, A.M., Javier, K.L., Piamonte, D.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT
Drinking fountains, designed to provide people with clean drinking water, can,
unfortunately, serve as a means for spreading viral infections. To assess the safety and
quality of water from two specific water fountains at Bayugan National Comprehensive High
School, a study was conducted. The objectives of the study were threefold: (i) to evaluate the
presence of total coliform and fecal coliform parameters in the water from the fountains, (ii)
to compare the total coliform and fecal coliform parameters between the two water fountains,
and (iii) to determine if the bacteriological testing results of the drinking water complied with
the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. Upon analyzing the qualitative data
gathered, it was discovered that students had concerns about using the drinking fountains
due to their unattractive appearance, the smell of chlorine emanating from the water, and the
unusual taste. As a result, many students opted to bring their water bottles to avoid potential
health risks and contamination arising from unsanitary conditions
In contrast, the quantitative analysis of water samples collected from the two different
fountains revealed that all water samples tested negative for both total coliforms and fecal
coliforms, satisfying the Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW)
standards. The study's findings corroborated the concerns expressed by the students,
reassuring them that the water from the fountains at BNCHS is safe for consumption.
Consequently, the study suggests that the water fountains are not a potential source of
bacterial contamination, thereby alleviating students’ concerns about falling ill from drinking
water from these fountains.
In conclusion, while drinking fountains can potentially contribute to the transmission
of viral infections, the study conducted at Bayugan National Comprehensive High School
demonstrates that the water from their fountains meets the necessary standards for safe
drinking water. By addressing the students' concerns and providing evidence of water quality,
 2023
the study affirms that students can confidently utilize the school's drinking fountains without
worrying about their health.
Keywords: Drinking fountains, Water quality, Bacteriological testing, Students' concerns,
Safe drinking water
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is necessary for life, but public health concern related to water
many people lack access to clean, safe quality in the country, and it may be
drinking water, and many of them essential to further improve water
eventually die from bacterial diseases management and treatment to prevent the
contracted from water (Freitas et al., spread of these diseases.
2017). Diseases like cholera, diarrhea,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid, and polio One of the primary concerns for
can spread because of contaminated water many water utilities is the growth of
and poor sanitation. coliform bacteria in the pipe network,
which can lead to biofilms in drinking
water systems. Biofilms can endanger
Individuals are exposed to avoidable
public health by protecting pathogenic
health risks when water and sanitation
microbes from disinfection (Rose, 2016).
services are absent, insufficient, or
Bacterial biofilms are a serious global
improperly managed (World Health
health concern due to their ability to
Organization, 2022). Improper
tolerate antibiotics, host defense systems,
management of water may result in the
and other external stresses, contributing to
development of water-borne diseases,
persistent chronic infections (Sharma, D.
which can be fatal.
et al., 2019).

In the Philippines, there were

Drinking fountains, created
50,058 cases of water-borne infections
specifically to serve as a source of
reported each year between 2010 and
drinking water for people, can also be a
2019, caused by inadequate sanitation and
source of viral infection (The Berkey,
polluted water. Cholera, typhoid fever, and
2018). Although the microbial
hepatitis A are among the diseases caused
communities observed in various types of
by these infections (Philippine Statistics
fountains vary significantly, ecosystem
Authority, 2021). The high number of
aging may make it more likely for some
cases reported indicates a substantial

bacteria to develop disinfection resistance,
contributing to persistent chronic
infections. Therefore, frequent
examination of samples from specific
locations is imperative to determine the
microbiological quality (Blyth et al.,
2022).
BNCHS has five drinking water
fountains, although only two of them are
functional and are regularly used by
students. To address this issue, the
researchers developed a survey to evaluate
and improve student safety.
According to a survey conducted
by researchers at Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School, only a
fraction of students regularly uses the
school's water fountains. Out of 213
participants, many reported concerns about
the safety and quality of the water, with
some even detecting an unusual taste.
While the school nurse claims that there
have been no reports of students becoming
sick from drinking the water, many
students remain hesitant to use the
fountains due to a perceived risk of
contamination.
Despite the school's water filtering
system, some students are still wary of
using the fountains, as OnitHome, (2020)
2023
claims that they do not remove all harmful
bacteria and viruses from the water. This
has led many students to bring their water
bottles or purchase bottled water from the
canteen.
Access to safe drinking water at
school is critical for children's overall
health, and schools play a crucial role in
their success and development (American
Heart & Stroke Association, 2015).
Ensuring adequate resources and support
for testing and mitigation, and cooperation
between numerous individuals and
departments is essential to efficiently and
fairly handle issues with school drinking
water.
To ensure the safety of the school's
drinking water, further testing is needed to
determine the presence of other
microorganisms and contaminants.
Investing in improved water infrastructure
and education on proper hygiene and
sanitation practices can also help to
alleviate concerns.
The research premise asserts the
current use of water fountains. Given that
drinking from water fountains cannot
always be safe, through water testing,
people can be certain that their water is
devoid of any microorganisms that pose a
risk to their health.

2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
The research design for this study is
a mixed methods research design. This
design integrates both qualitative and
quantitative research methods to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the
bacteriological water quality parameters
and the safety of the water samples from
the fountains at Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School (BNCHS).
Qualitative research involves
gathering non-numerical data to explore
and understand phenomena in-depth. In the
context of this study, qualitative research
methods can be employed to explore the
perceptions, experiences, and attitudes of
students regarding the water quality and
safety of the fountains. This could involve
conducting surveys to gather rich and
nuanced insights.
Quantitative research, on the other
hand, involves collecting and analyzing
numerical data to quantify and measure
specific variables. In this study,
quantitative research methods can be used
to assess the bacteriological water quality
parameters of the water samples collected
2023
from the fountains. This could include
laboratory analysis of the water samples to
measure the presence of harmful bacteria
or other microorganisms.
2.2 Research Instrument
2.2.1 Quantitative
Several supplies are needed in this
study to collect and analyze water samples
from the BNCHS school water fountains.
Four containers are required to
function as water sample receptacles.
These containers will keep the samples
safe throughout shipment. To ensure
correct organization and stability, the
plastic tube containers are stored in a
storage box.
Four waterproof label stickers are
also required for identifying the containers,
allowing for unambiguous identification
without being destroyed by water.
Ice is utilized as a cooler within the
storage box to retain the integrity of the
water samples throughout transit. To
prevent contamination, the ice is crushed
to fit within the storage compartment. To
keep the ice from melting, salt is added,
which helps to keep the temperature low.
Four little Ziplock bags are used to
seal and store the samples after
sterilization for protection and

sterilization. The 500ml solution of Zonrox
Blossom Fresh Bleach Color is used to
clean the surface of the water fountains,
effectively battling any bacteria present.
Cotton balls are used to clean and disinfect
surfaces as a soft fiber.
Four pairs of gloves are provided to
protect the hands during the process to
ensure personal safety. Tweezers are used
to grip cotton balls that have been soaked
in ethyl alcohol and are then applied to
specific locations for sterilization.
Throughout the water fountain sterilization
process, ethyl alcohol functions as a
disinfectant.
A lighter is used to fire the cotton
balls that have been soaked in alcohol,
which aids in the sterilizing process.
Finally, a steamer is used to sterilize all of
the materials used in the tests. This
complete set of resources is intended to aid
in the systematic collection, sterilization,
and analysis of water samples collected
from the school's water fountains.
2.2.2 Qualitative
Survey questions will be used in
this study to assess students' opinions of
the drinking water fountains and the
weekly water purchases made by the
chosen classrooms at BNCHS. The
purpose of this survey is to allow the
2023
researchers to determine public perception
of the water fountain's drinking water.
2.3 Procedures
A set of critical processes are
included in the procedures that ensure the
precision and accuracy of the chosen
method. The first step involves selecting
the appropriate approach based on the
requirements. Next, it is important to
inspect and ensure the laboratory and
sampling equipment are suitable for the
task. Necessary supplies are obtained, and
the collection process is carefully
executed, taking into account factors such
as the cleanliness of the sampling site and
personal protective equipment. The
samples are then labeled and analyzed
using validated processes, and a detailed
report is produced summarizing the
findings.
2.4 Data Analysis
The data were analyzed
descriptively. The descriptive method is
used to summarize data on the drinking
safety of water fountains for students,
teachers, and others who consume it at
Bayugan National Comprehensive High
School. The results of the selected
parameter are expressed in terms of tables.
3. RESULTS
 2023
samples. The researchers categorized the
Location Results of Bacteriological Remarks
Analysis samples as Undisinfected and Disinfected,
Total Fecal Coliforms
NOT/ Coliforms MPN/100 mL acquired at different locations. We used the
DISINFECT MPN/100mL
water fountains near the Commission on
ED
SPJ < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE Audit Office (Fountain 1) and at the SPJ
(UNDISINF
ECTED) Building (Fountain 2). These are the
SPJ < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE
(DISINFEC identifications for each sample; Sample 1
TED)
< 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE
(near the Commission on Audit Office and
NEAR
COMMISSI Undisinfected), Sample 2 (near the
ON ON
AUDIT Commission on Audit Office and
(UNDISINF
ECTED) Disinfected), Sample 3 (at SPJ Building
NEAR < 1.1 < 1.1 NEGATIVE and Undisinfected), Sample 4 (at SPJ
COMMISSI
ON ON Building and Disinfected).
AUDIT
(DISINFEC Table 1. Bacteriological Water Results of
TED)
the water fountains in BNCHS
3.1 Introduction
The study evaluated the bacteriological
This chapter reviews the results and
properties of the water samples collected
analysis of the qualitative data and the
from two water fountains at BNCHS. A
results and analysis of the quantitative
total of four samples were collected from
findings of the study. The findings are also
two stations, with each fountain providing
discussed in light of previous research
an undisinfected and disinfected sample.
findings and available literature, where
An undisinfected sample has not been
applicable, to identify similarities and
through a process that eliminates or
differences between this study and
eliminates the total number of
previous studies and literature.
microorganisms in the sample. A
disinfected sample, on the other hand, has
3.2 Results and Analysis of the been submitted to a process that eliminates
Quantitative Data or prevents the total number of
microorganisms present in the sample. The
The bacteriological analysis was samples were analyzed for two
performed to determine the presence or bacteriological parameters, namely, total
absence of coliform bacteria in the water coliforms and fecal coliforms. The results
of the bacteriological testing showed that
 2023
all four samples had total coliform and results of the analysis revealed that no
fecal coliform counts of less than 1.1 traces of fecal coliform or total coliform
MPN/100 mL. These values indicate that were detected in any of the water samples
the water samples were negative for total taken from the fountains.
coliforms and fecal coliforms, and
therefore, safe for drinking. The findings of this study suggest
that the drinking water from the two water
3.3 An Evaluation of the Study's fountains at BNCHS is safe for
Findings and Their Alignment with consumption, as it is free from bacterial
Student Concerns contamination. The results are in line with
the PNSDW, which specifies the

Based on the survey conducted by maximum allowable limits for total

the researchers, which involved 213 coliforms and fecal coliforms in drinking

participants, it was found that a majority of water.

the students, specifically 139 students,

have used the water fountains at Bayugan These results have important
National Comprehensive High School implications for the school administration
(BNCHS), while 74 students have not and students. The study provides evidence
utilized them. Despite the higher number that the school's water fountains are not a
of students who have used the fountains, a potential source of bacterial
significant portion of them expressed contamination, and therefore, students can
concerns about the unusual taste of the drink from them without fear of getting
water. This raised the need for further sick. Moreover, the study highlights the
investigation to address the students' importance of regular monitoring of water
concerns. quality in schools to ensure that drinking
water is safe for consumption. In

To address these concerns, the conclusion, the study's results show that

researchers conducted a bacteriological the water from the two water fountains at

analysis of the water from the fountains. BNCHS is safe for drinking and meets the

This analysis aimed to identify the PNSDW's bacteriological standards. The

presence of total coliform and fecal study's findings provide reassurance to the

coliforms in the water, which are school administration and students that

indicators of potential contamination. The

 2023
they can drink from the water fountains It is essential to remember that
without fear of getting sick. this is only one study and does not
necessarily imply that the water will

3.4 Evaluation of the findings' public remain safe in the future. As a result, it's

health implications and the need for important to regularly check and monitor

corrective measures or additional the water quality to guarantee that it

monitoring remains safe for consumption. This is

crucial because the microbial composition
of water can change as water sources and
The study's undisinfected sample
ambient factors do throughout time.
results, which show that the water in the
two different sampling stations is safe to
drink and meets the Philippine National 4. CONCLUSION

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW), The investigation yielded results

are reassuring from a public health indicating that the two water fountains
standpoint. This means that people who located near the Commission on Audit and
drink water from these sources are less SPJ building at Bayugan National
likely to get waterborne illnesses caused Comprehensive High School tested
by microbial pollution, like diarrhea, negative for harmful microorganisms,
cholera, typhoid fever, etc. indicating that they are safe for
consumption. While this finding assures

Corrective measures are required in that the water fountains are safe, it is

the case that the study identifies sources of important to note that regular cleaning and

contamination or regions of concern. It is maintenance of the fountains are still

necessary to work to find and address the necessary to prevent potential health risks.

cause of the pollution if a polluted water Due to the possibility of water

sample has been found. It might be contamination from inadequate sanitation

necessary to conduct research and analysis practices, proper handling and

to identify the source of the contamination, maintenance of the fountains are crucial to

then take the necessary remedial measures, ensure the continued safety of the drinking

such as treating the water source, to water provided by the fountains.

address the issue.

REFERENCES

Aho-Glélé, Bertrand, Quantin, Vanhems,
Lucet, Nuemi, Astruc, Chavanet, &
Lefebvre. (2017, July). Association
between Pseudomonas aeruginosa positive
water samples and healthcare-associated
cases: nine-year study at one university
hospital. Retrieved December 28, 2022,
from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
cle/pii/S0195670116305783
Aid & International Development Forum.
(2017, October 24). 5 Reasons Why
Everyone Needs Clean Drinking Water |
Health & WASH. Retrieved February 24,
2023, from
http://www.aidforum.org/health-and-
wash/5-reasons-why-everyone-needs-
clean-drinking-water/
American Heart & Stroke Association.
(2015, June 11). Increasing Access to Safe
Drinking Water in Schools and
Communities. American Heart
Association. Retrieved April 16, 2023,
from http://heart.org/-/media/files/about-
us/policy-research/policy-positions/
healthy-schools-and-childhood-obesity/
increasing-access-to-safe-drinking-water-
ucm_475974.pdf?
la=en&hash=020C152B5B78EA29F1D4F
F526AFEB0D21DE27FC4
Atlas Scientific. (2022). Dissolved Oxygen
In Drinking Water. Retrieved October 16,
2022, from
2023
https://atlas-scientific.com/blog/dissolved-
oxygen-in-drinking-water/
Baker, V. R. (2020, January 16). spring |
water. Britannica. Retrieved December 28,
2022, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/spring
-water
Barratt, R. (2018, April 10). Using alcohol
to disinfect healthcare surfaces | Reynard
Health Supplies. Reynard Health Supplies
|. Retrieved June 4, 2023, from
https://reynardhealth.com/using-alcohol-
to-disinfect-healthcare-surfaces/
Blades, N. (2022, August 15). Distilled
Water Overview. WebMD. Retrieved
December 28, 2022, from
https://www.webmd.com/diet/distilled-
water-overview
Blair Supply. (2021, February 23). What Is
Water Mains? | Best Municipal Water
Works Supply. Retrieved December 27,
2022, from
https://blairsupplyusa.com/what-mains-
water-supply-how-work/
Blyth, W. E., Shahsavari, E., Medina, A.
A., Ball, A. S., & Osborn, A. M. (2022,
March 14). Variation in the Structure and
Composition of Bacterial Communities
within Drinking Water Fountains in
Melbourne, Australia. MDPI. Retrieved
November 10, 2022, from

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-
4441/14/6/908/htm
Bonyan Organization. (2022, April 1).
Importance of sanitation and WASH in
schools. Retrieved February 24, 2023,
from https://bonyan.ngo/wash-in-schools/
Cambarihan, S. D., Patricio, E. R. P., &
Lumogdang, L. P. (2022, May 26).
Detection and Enumeration of Coliforms
in Drinking Water Sources in the Selected
Barangay in Santa Maria, Davao
Occidental Philippines. Retrieved
December 28, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leone
l-Lumogdang/publication/
360871688_Detection_and_Enumeration_
of_Coliforms_in_Drinking_Water_Sources
_in_the_Selected_Barangay_in_Santa_Ma
ria_Davao_Occidental_Philippines/links/
628f879a6886635d5ca42369/Detection-
and-E
Cambridge Dictionary. (2022, December
21). TAP WATER | definition in the
Cambridge English Dictionary. Cambridge
Dictionary. Retrieved December 28, 2022,
from
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/diction
ary/english/tap-water
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2019, November 13).
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection | HAI.
Retrieved December 28, 2022, from
2023
https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/pseudo
monas.html
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2020, November 30).
Preventing Waterborne Germs at Home |
Drinking Water | Healthy Water | CDC.
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. Retrieved February 27, 2023,
from
https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinkin
g/preventing-waterborne-germs-at-
home.html
Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. (2022, August 23). Water
Access | Healthy Schools | CDC. Retrieved
February 24, 2023, from
https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/nutriti
on/wateraccess.htm
Claymore Pure. (2018, September 28).
Drinking Spring Water Health Pros and
Cons. Claymore Pure. Retrieved December
29, 2022, from
https://www.claysmorepure.ca/uncategoriz
ed/drinking-spring-water-health-pros-and-
cons/
Clegg, B. (2017, March 22). Understand
water science. BBC Science Focus
Magazine. Retrieved December 13, 2022,
from
https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-
earth/understand-water-science/

Constantino, J., & Vega, T. C. (2022,
February 26). Microbiological Analysis,
Physical-Chemical Analysis, and
Acceptability of Deep Well Water of
NEUST-SIC Tabon. ,. Retrieved
November 27, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
40663755_Microbiological_Analysis_Phy
sical-
Chemical_Analysis_and_Acceptability_of
_Deep_Well_Water_of_NEUST-
SIC_Tabon
Covington, L. (2021, July 20). What Is
Mineral Water and How To Use It? The
Spruce Eats. Retrieved December 29,
2022, from
https://www.thespruceeats.com/what-is-
mineral-water-4772011
Degayo, R. M., Tampos, G. G., Bano, A.
E., Corpuz, E. F. R., Francisco, N. D.,
Montecillo, M. C. F., Gabato, A. M., &
Calica, P. (2018, September). Isolation and
Characterization of Bacteria from Drinking
Water Fountains at a School Canteen in
Davao City. Retrieved December 28, 2022,
from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Agapi
to-Gabato-Iii/publication/
328304998_Isolation_and_Characterizatio
n_of_Bacteria_from_Drinking_Water_Fou
ntains_at_a_School_Canteen_in_Davao_C
ity/links/5bc56e17299bf17a1c556c8f/
Isolation-and-Characterization-of-Bacter
2023
DENR Administrative Order. (2016).
PHILIPPINE STANDARDS FOR
DRINKING WATER 1993 UNDER THE
PROVISION OF CHAPTER II, SECTION
9 OF PD 856, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS
THE CODE ON SANITATION OF THE
PHILIPPINES. Retrieved February 28,
2023, from https://water.emb.gov.ph/wp-
content/uploads/2016/07/DAO-1994-
26A.pdf
Ejigu, M. T. (2021, March 07). Home.
YouTube. Retrieved November 13, 2022,
from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1
080/23311916.2021.1891711?
fbclid=IwAR0FW2mIiaAXUlZ1kGBOg5
6s4LDDcbRVLc591ZQsZ8o8RDVO0TN5
pvUsFPg&cookieSet=1
Element Team. (2022). Physical &
Chemical Properties of Water | Element.
Retrieved October 16, 2022, from
https://www.element.com/environmental-
testing/physical-chemical-properties-of-
water
Freitas, D. G., Silva, R. D. R., Bataus, L.
A. M., Barbosa, M. S., Bitencourt Braga,
C. A. d. S., & Carneiro, L. C. (2017,
February 8). Bacteriological water quality
in school's drinking fountains and
detection antibiotic resistance genes -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and
Antimicrobials. Retrieved December 13,

2022, from https://ann-
clinmicrob.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.
1186/s12941-016-0176-7
Karki, G. (2018). Biological parameters of
water quality/ Biological characteristics of
water. Retrieved November 11, 2022, from
https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/biolo
gical-parameters-of-water-quality-
biological-characteristics-of-water/
Karki, G. (2018). Chemical parameters of
water quality/ Chemical characteristics of
water. Retrieved October 16, 2022, from
https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/chem
ical-parameters-of-water-quality-chemical-
characteristics-of-water/
Kulton, A. J. (2016). Microbial
contamination of non-household drinking
water sources: a systematic review.
Retrieved October 21, 2022, from
https://iwaponline.com/washdev/article/8/3
/374/39018/Microbial-contamination-of-
non-household-drinkin
Li, P., & Wu, J. (2019, February 4).
Drinking Water Quality and Public Health.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s1
2403-019-00299-8
Lomboy, M., Riego de Dios, J., Magtibay,
B., Quizon, R., Molina, V., Fadrilan-
Camacho, V., See, J., Enoveso, A.,
Barbosa, L., & Agravante, A. (2017, July).
Updating national standards for drinking
water: a Philippine experience. Retrieved
2023
March 5, 2023, from
https://iwaponline.com/jwh/article/15/2/28
8/28272/Updating-national-standards-for-
drinking-water-a
Martins, M., Araujo, A., Souza, L., Araújo,
Y., Hernandes, L., Zanatto, L., Vilela, D.,
Oliveira, R., Teixeira, A. C., Messias, D.,
Yamada, M., Santos, R., Stuchi, A., &
Wolkers, C. P. (2021, 10 18). Microbial
Contamination in Drinking Water
Fountains and the Potential Risk
Associated with Location and Cleanliness:
Drinking Water Fountains Contamination.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
55403854_Microbial_Contamination_in_
Drinking_Water_Fountains_and_the_Pote
ntial_Risk_Associated_with_Location_and
_Cleanliness_Drinking_Water_Fountains_
Contamination
MATEO, J. C. (2009, December 4).
WATER QUALITY CONTROL DEPT.
MWSS REGULATORY OFFICE.
Retrieved March 5, 2023, from
https://ro.mwss.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads
/2016/12/KPI-Guide-Doc.pdf
Meeks, S., & Leech, J. (2022, May 5).
Alkaline Water: Benefits, Side Effects, and
Dangers. Healthline. Retrieved December
28, 2022, from
https://www.healthline.com/health/food-
nutrition/alkaline-water-benefits-risks

Meride, Y. (2016, January 21). Drinking
water quality assessment and its effects on
residents health in Wondo genet campus,
Ethiopia - Environmental Systems
Research. Retrieved February 24, 2023,
from
https://environmentalsystemsresearch.sprin
geropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40068-016-
0053-6
Meschede, M. S. C. (2018, October 31).
Drinking water quality in schools of the
Santarém region, Amazon, Brazil, and
health implications for school children.
Retrieved October 21, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
28644016_Drinking_water_quality_in_sch
ools_of_the_Santarem_region_Amazon_B
razil_and_health_implications_for_school
_children
Milan, A. (2020, February 28). What is
Purified Water? - Explanation. Water
Filters Guides. Retrieved December 28,
2022, from
https://waterfiltersguides.com/blog/what-
is-purified-water/
Mountain Valley Spring Water. (2021,
October 5). What is spring water? The
answer seems so simple. Mountain Valley
Spring Water. Retrieved December 28,
2022, from
https://www.mountainvalleyspring.com/bl
ogs/news/what-is-spring-water
2023
National Center for Biotechnology
Information. (n.d.). Use of disinfectants:
alcohol and bleach - Infection Prevention
and Control of Epidemic- and Pandemic-
Prone Acute Respiratory Infections in
Health Care. NCBI. Retrieved June 4,
2023, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK
214356/
National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
(2019, August 23). Drinking Water
Contaminant – Protozoa and Amoeba –
Drinking Water and Human Health.
Drinking Water and Human Health.
Retrieved November 15, 2022, from
https://drinking-water.extension.org/drinki
ng-water-contaminant-protozoa-and-
amoeba/
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. (n.d.). What is water
quality? Florida Keys National Marine
Sanctuary. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from
https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/ocean/waterqu
ality.html
New York State Department of Health.
(2017, July). Coliform Bacteria in
Drinking Water Supplies. Retrieved
February 24, 2023, from
https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/
water/drinking/coliform_bacteria.htm
Nóbrega, A. L. (2015). Análise
microbiológica e bromatológica da água

em bebedouros de escolas públicas em
Belém do Brejo do Cruz, PB - Dialnet.
Retrieved October 18, 2022, from
https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?
codigo=7304187
Oklahoma Department of Environmental
Quality. (2022, June 1). Licensing
Requirements for Child Care Programs.
Retrieved February 24, 2023, from
https://oklahoma.gov/content/dam/ok/en/o
kdhs/documents/okdhs-publication-
library/14-05.pdf
Omer, N. H., Mulvaney, K. K., & Merrill,
N. H. (2019, August 15). Water Quality
Parameters. Retrieved March 5, 2023,
from
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/695
68
OnitHome. (2020). Are Water Fountains
Filtered: Understanding Your Public Water
Source. Retrieved October 20, 2022, from
https://www.onithome.com/blog/water/are-
water-fountains-filtered-understanding-
your-public-water-source/#:~:text=Yes
%2C%20these%20water%20fountains
%20are,or%20viruses%20from%20the%2
Pathak, N. (2022, October 27).
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa: Bacterium Risk
Factors and Symptoms. Retrieved
February 24, 2023, from
https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/pse
udomonas-infection
2023
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2021,
September 30). Retrieved April 21, 2023,
from
https://psa.gov.ph/press-releases/id/165164
Phurisamban, R., & Gleick, P. (2017,
February). Drinking Fountains and Public
Health. Retrieved April 21, 2023, from
https://pacinst.org/wp-content/uploads/201
7/02/Drinking_Fountains_and_Public_Hea
lth_Feb_2017-1.pdf
Pink, R. M. (2016). Vietnam: A Struggle
against Climate-Change Drought.
Retrieved October 17, 2022, from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9
781137504234_10
Pink, R. M. (2016). Water Rights in
Southeast Asia and India. Retrieved
October 17, 2022, from
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/97
81137504234
Rahmanian, N., Homayoonfard, M., Ali,
N. J., Rehan, M., Sadef, Y., & Nizami, A.
S. (2015, March). Analysis of
Physiochemical Parameters to Evaluate the
Drinking Water Quality in the State of
Perak, Malaysia. Hindawi. Retrieved
November 15, 2022, from
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jchem/2
015/716125/
Roeder, F. (2021). Microbial
Contamination in Drinking Water
Fountains and the Potential Risk

Associated with Location and Cleanliness:
Drinking Water Fountains Contamination.
Retrieved October 21, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
55403854_Microbial_Contamination_in_
Drinking_Water_Fountains_and_the_Pote
ntial_Risk_Associated_with_Location_and
_Cleanliness_Drinking_Water_Fountains_
Contamination
Rose, J. B. (2016, November 11). Biofilms
and Drinking Water Quality – Water
Quality and Health Council. Water Quality
and Health Council. Retrieved December
22, 2022, from
https://waterandhealth.org/safe-drinking-
water/biofilms-drinking-water-quality
Sanches, S. M. (2015). Chemical and
microbiological analysis of public school
water in Uberaba Municipality. Retrieved
October 17, 2022, from
https://www.scielo.br/j/ambiagua/a/HJtgY
79KvsTgxzfwVh9JDNR/?lang=en
Sandle, T. (2015, October 30).
Microbiology laboratory techniques.
Retrieved March 5, 2023, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
cle/pii/B9780081000229000062
Santiago, R. (2013, May 16). Reliability
theory: Properties of probability
2023
distributions for lifetimes of systems of
components. RIT Scholar Works.
Retrieved February 23, 2023, from
https://scholarworks.rit.edu/cgi/viewconten
t.cgi?
referer=&httpsredir=1&article=6004&cont
ext=theses
Secondwind Water Systems Inc. (2021).
Chlorine In Drinking Water | Chlorine
Levels In Drinking Water. Retrieved
October 16, 2022, from
https://www.secondwindwater.com/blog/ch
lorine-in-drinking-water/
Sensorex. (2021). Three Main Types of
Water Quality Parameters Explained.
Retrieved October 16, 2022, from
https://sensorex.com/2021/09/20/three-
main-types-of-water-quality-parameters-
explained/
Sharma, D., Misba, L., & Khan, A. U.
(2019, May 16). Antibiotics versus
biofilm: an emerging battleground in
microbial communities. BioMed Central.
Retrieved April 16, 2023, from
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://aricj
ournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/
10.1186/s13756-019-0533-
3&ved=2ahUKEwi_vPaLu63-
AhVwsVYBHQylCBUQFnoECA0QAQ&
usg=AOvVaw1VS7WAeFUDObyQcT2Dd
jAU

Stangarlin-Fiori, L. (2020). Enterococci
were used as complementary indicators of
fecal contamination to assess water quality
from public schools in the city of Curitiba,
Paraná, Brazil. Retrieved October 19,
2022, from
https://www.scielo.br/j/bjft/a/gzGQxspsdV
ZF6s6bGbFsR7M/?lang=en
Stephens, C., McGrane, K., & Butler, N.
(2019, March 8). Types of Water: 9
Different Sources and Brands, Plus
Benefits & Risks. Healthline. Retrieved
December 28, 2022, from
https://www.healthline.com/health/food-
nutrition/nine-types-of-drinking-
water#flavored-or-infused
Tanauan Water District. (n.d.). Philippine
National Standards for Drinking Water.
Retrieved February 28, 2023, from
https://tanauanwd.gov.ph/wp-content/uploa
ds/2014/11/TS-1.2.2-PNSDW-2007.pdf
The Berkey. (2018, March 10). Water
Fountain at School: An Assessment of the
Drinking Water Condition and its Safeness
to Children. Retrieved December 22, 2022,
from https://theberkey.com/blogs/water-
filter/school-drinking-fountain-an-
assessment-of-the-water-condition-and-its-
safeness-to-children
The Water People. (2019, November 21).
Servicing A Drinking Water Fountain. The
Water People. Retrieved April 22, 2023,
2023
from
https://www.waterpeople.com.au/resource-
centre/how-to-clean-a-drinking-water-
fountain
Topness, E. S. (2018, December 07). What
Is the Purpose of Water & the Function It
Provides for the Body? Healthy Eating |
SF Gate. Retrieved December 13, 2022,
from
https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/purpose-
water-function-provides-body-3344.html
Unicef. (2017). 5.6 million children at risk
of waterborne diseases as rainy season hits
communities affected by Lake Chad crisis.
Retrieved October 21, 2022, from
https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/56-
million-children-risk-waterborne-diseases-
rainy-season-hits-communities-affected
Water Education Foundation. (2020, June
22). Potable Water. Retrieved February 24,
2023, from
https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia
-background/potable-water
Water Science School. (2018, November
13). Water Quality Information by Topic |
U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved April
17, 2023, from
https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-
science-school/science/water-quality-
information-topic

Wastewater Treatment. (2022).
Biochemical Oxygen Demand Testing -
Wastewater Treatment. Retrieved October
16, 2022, from https://www.climate-
policy-watcher.org/wastewater-treatment-
3/biochemical-oxygen-demand-
testing.html
2023
Western Washington University. (n.d.).
BACTERIAL EXAMINATION OF
WATER. Retrieved February 24, 2023,
from
https://fire.biol.wwu.edu/cmoyer/zztemp_f
ire/biol346_F07/labman_week9b.pdf

Westside Plumbing. (2022, March 14). https://www.westfortworthplumbing.com/h

How does a water fountain work? - Fort ow-does-a-water-fountain-work/
Worth. Retrieved December 27, 2022,
World Health Organization. (2022, March
from
Organization (WHO). Retrieved 21). Drinking-water. World Health
December 22, 2022, from
https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/drinking-water

World Health Organization. (2021).

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH).
Retrieved October 15, 2022, from
https://www.who.int/health-topics/water-
sanitation-and-hygiene-wash#tab=tab_1
 2023
Comparative Analysis of the Perceived Therapeutic Properties Phytochemical Analysis,
and Cytotoxicity Activity of Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata
*Bañosia, K.C., Goloran, P.J., Ondap, J.R.,

Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Natural alternatives have gained recognition as potent remedies, despite the
lack of robust scientific evidence supporting their efficacy. However, it is important to note
that using these remedies carries potential risks due to the absence of rigorous testing and
regulation. To ensure both safety and efficacy, consumers should exercise caution and consult
healthcare professionals before trying such remedies. Informed decision-making requires a
balanced, evidence-based approach. Recognizing the need for more information, a survey
was conducted in Saguma, Bayugan City. The survey aimed to identify the plants that are
commonly traded and three specific plants were selected for further study. These three plants,
namely Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata, are widely traded and
hold ethnomedicinal significance in Saguma Bayugan City. Through testing and analysis, this
study aims to provide insights into the properties and potential benefits of these plants. The
primary objective of this research is to assess the phytochemical composition and toxicity of
these plants through phytochemical screening and the implementation of the brine shrimp
lethality assay. The conducted phytochemical screening successfully identified the presence
of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, and saponins in Avverhoa bilimbi,
Ficus minahassae, and Parameria laevigata, thus confirming the existence of bioactive
compounds within these plants. Moreover, the brine shrimp lethality assay yielded LC50
values of 3.24 ppm, 3.21 ppm, and 3.16 ppm for Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and
Parameria laevigata, respectively. These findings hold considerable significance for the local
community as they provide concrete evidence of the presence of bioactive compounds and
cytotoxic activity within these plants. However, it is important to exercise caution and
acknowledge the limitations inherent in natural alternatives. This research significantly
contributes to our comprehension of Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and Parameria
laevigata by investigating their phytochemical composition and potential toxicity. The
presence of flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and alkaloids substantiates their perceived
therapeutic properties. Moreover, their cytotoxic activity, as evidenced by the brine shrimp
lethality assay, validates their potential as natural remedies. These findings enhance our
understanding of their medicinal potential; however, further investigation is imperative to
assess the efficacy and establish appropriate guidelines for utilization.
Keywords: Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, Parameria laevigata, Brine Shrimp
Lethality Assay, ppm (parts per million), Probit Analysis, LC50
1. INTRODUCTION
Over millennia, humans have source of phytochemical compounds with
acknowledged the immense medicinal therapeutic potential. Scientists have
properties of plants, which provide a rich delved into the utilization of medicinal
 2023
herbs to create innovative herbal In various areas of Bayugan City,
medications (Shakya, A., 2016). Medicinal particularly Barangay Saguma, the practice
plants are those that possess distinct of alternative medicine is prevalent,
medical characteristics and exert positive wherein residents rely on medicinal plants
pharmacological effects on humans and instead of purchasing pharmaceutical
animals (Natural Products and Drug drugs. The plants Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus
Discovery, 2018). Traditional cultures minahassae, and Parameria laevigata are
worldwide have embraced the use of frequently utilized in the area and are
medicinal plants and plant-derived claimed to have anti-inflammatory and
medicines, with contemporary society anti-diarrheal properties. This research
increasingly turning to them as natural aims to investigate the secondary
alternatives or supplements to synthetic metabolites, phytochemical composition,
drugs (Wyk, B., Wink, M., 2017). and potential toxicity of these three
commonly used plants sold in Bayugan
Plants contain a myriad of
City, specifically in Barangay Saguma.
biochemical compounds known as
phytochemicals, which are bioactive and
2. METHODOLOGY
offer numerous health benefits.
2.1 Research Design
Phytochemicals encompass substances
such as terpenes, polyphenols, and
An experimental design is used in
alkaloids. Alkaloids, for instance,
this study. There were three experimental
demonstrate significant pharmacological
treatments that utilized the selected species
activities, including anti-asthmatic and
of Dugtong ahas (Parameria laevigata),
anti-cancer properties (Alotaibi et al.,
Hagimit (Ficus minahassae), Iba
2021). Despite the advantages associated
(Averrhoa bilimbi), and brine shrimp. The
with medicinal plants, some concern arises
treatments will be used for testing the
regarding the potential negative
toxicity of the selected species. This study
consequences or side effects due to
will also contain three replicates in each
overdosing or the presence of toxic
treatment. This research study contains
components. This could lead to acute
descriptive, explanatory, and experimental
toxicity and endanger the lives of patients
designs. A formal descriptive study
(Schultz et al., 2020).
involves collecting, analyzing, preparing,
and presenting data and it examines one or
more variables using various research
 2023
methods. Explanatory research designs are minahassae, and Parameria laevigata
used to study understudied or inadequately woods were washed thoroughly using
clarified events.  running water and then air-dried at room
temperature for a period of 5 days.
2.2 Materials
Extraction Process (ROTOVAP) and
The materials that are used in this
Phytochemical Screening. The plant
experiment are 300g of Hagimit, Iba, and
samples were sent for ROTOVAP and
Dugtong Ahas. The researchers also used
Phytochemical Screening at the
distilled water, a beaker, a palette, 30g of
Department of Science and Technology
brine shrimp powder, 100w bulb, salt, and
(DOST), CARAGA State University
oxygen.
(CSU), Ampayon, Butuan City. The
laboratory test tube method, the
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure
preliminary assay, and the confirmatory
2.3.1 Research Setting
test will be utilized to identify alkaloids.
On December 4, 2022, the Dugtong
The Keller-Kalain Test is used to detect 2-
ahas (Parameria laevigata) were collected
doesysugars in the presence of steroids,
at Saguma, Bayugan City. And on January
whereas the Liebermann-Burchard Test is
13, 2023, Iba (Averrhoa bilimbi) and
used to detect unsaturated steroids. The
Hagimit (Ficus minahassae) were also
test tube screening method and the test for
collected at Saguma, Bayugan City. Three
leucoanthocyanins are Base-Smith and
hundred (300) grams of Dugtong Ahas
Metcalf Method. The froth test will be
(Parameria laevigata), Iba (Averrhoa
utilized to obtain saponins. Tannins will
bilimbi), and Hagimit (Ficus minahassae)
employ the ferric chloride test and the test
were identified according to their unique
tube.
wood textures. This experiment will
subsequently be subjected to
Cytotoxicity Test
phytochemical analysis and will focus on
these three species. In order to determine Hatching. The researchers measured 3
whether the plants we collect are in danger Liters of distilled water using a graduated
or not, it is necessary to get a permit after cylinder and poured it into a container.
the species have been collected. After measuring, 27 grams of table salt
was added to 1000 mL of distilled water,
Preparation for extraction. Before
then mixed with a stirring rod. The
Extraction, the Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus
researchers placed the tip of an airline tube
 2023
from an air pump into the bottom of the keeps 50% of the population (LC50) of the
aquarium to maintain proper aeration. 15 brine shrimp nauplii.
grams of brine shrimp eggs were placed
onto the dark side of the aquarium. An
incandescent bulb was placed a few inches
away from the transparent side of the jar.
Disposal. All containers submitted for
After 24 hours, the nauplii hatched. The
disposal were clearly labeled with the
researchers observed the eggs and the
complete chemical name(s) of all waste in
nauplii were collected. The hatched nauplii
the container. All containers were in good
were separated from the empty egg. This
condition without leaks, the outside of the
was done by turning off the aerator, and
container was free from contamination,
the lamp. The empty egg floated while the
and lids or covers were securely in place.
hatched brine shrimp concentrated where
Original Containers were used whenever
the source of light was nearest. Then
possible.
transferred 15 sets of 20 nauplii to an
empty watercolor palette using a dropper. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(Quazi Sahely Sarah, 2017).

Lethality assay. Fifteen (15) sets of 20

nauplii were exposed to different
concentrations of the plant extract. No. of
nauplii, survivors were counted every hour
in each treatment. The mortality rate of
each treatment was calculated.
Table 1. Perceived Therapeutic Properties
of Avverhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae,
Data Collection and Data Analysis. The
and Parameria laevigata.
nauplii were observed every hour for 24
hours, counting the live nauplii of every Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae,
treatment. The mortality rate for each and Parameria laevigata have been
setup was calculated using the formula traditionally ascribed with distinct
above. The researchers will also use Probit therapeutic properties, based on empirical
Analysis to determine the Lethal knowledge. Averrhoa bilimbi and
Concentration of the plant extracts that Parameria laevigata are reputed to possess
anti-diarrheal attributes, potentially
 2023
contributing to the amelioration of Alkaloids are known for their therapeutic
symptoms associated with diarrhea. properties such as anesthesia,
Meanwhile, Ficus minahassae is believed cardioprotection, and anti-inflammatory
to exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, which effects, which could potentially benefit
could potentially mitigate inflammatory conditions like asthma and eczema.
processes within the body.  Flavonoids, steroids, and saponins are
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS bioactive compounds recognized for their
RESULTS anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic,
antidiarrheal, blood sugar-lowering, and
insulin-increasing properties, as supported
by previous research (Ullah, A., et al.,
2018). The presence of these
phytochemical compounds further
validates the claims made by medicinal
plant vendors in Saguma, Bayugan City.

According to Hasanussaman et al.

(2013), Averrhoa bilimbi's fruit extract
contains a wide range of bioactive
compounds, including alkaloids, tannins,
saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides,
triterpenes, phenols, and carbohydrates.
These compounds offer diverse health
Table 2. Phytochemical Results of benefits, such as antimalarial, analgesic,
Averrhoa bilimbi, Ficus minahassae, and anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant,
Parameria laevigata. cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory,
immune-enhancing, and cardiovascular
The phytochemical analysis of
protective effects. The presence of
three plants revealed the presence of
prominent bioactive compounds like
similar bioactive compounds even in
steroids, flavonoids, and saponins in this
different parts of the plants. The common
plant further enhances its therapeutic
compounds found in the extracts were
potential. Steroids, in particular, have
steroids, flavonoids, and saponins, while
significant effects on brain function and
only Ficus minahassae exhibited alkaloids.
play a crucial role in growth, development,
 2023
and reproduction. Another medicinal plant, Figure 1. Mortality of brine shrimp
Parameria laevigata, has been studied by nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
Muharrami et al. (2020), confirming the A. bilimbi extract and control at different
presence of flavonoids, saponins, and time intervals.
steroids in its stem. These findings align The findings indicate that the set-
with previous research, reinforcing our up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
understanding of the chemical composition the highest average mortality rate among
and medicinal properties of Parameria the five set-ups. This is followed by the
laevigata.  set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
The lush branches of Ficus ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
minahassae. The leafy branches of Ficus with the negative control has the lowest
minahassae possess antirheumatic average mortality rate. This shows that the
properties when applied topically. A study mortality rate of the nauplii increases with
conducted by Uy and Lagunay in 2015 the concentration of the A. bilimbi extract.
confirmed the presence of various
compounds such as steroids, cardiac Table 3. Summary of results of the brine
glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract
tannins. These phytochemicals, known for of A. bilimbi after 12 hours post-treatment.
their anti-inflammatory properties, may
contribute to the plant's ability to alleviate
rheumatoid inflammation. Rheumatoid
arthritis, an inflammatory disease that can
affect multiple organs, is characterized by
this type of inflammation.
BRINE SHRIMP LETHALITY
ASSAY RESULTS The table presents data on various
AVERRHOA BILIMBI concentrations, total deaths, mortality
percentages, probit values, and the LC50.
Based on the results, it can be concluded
that a concentration of 3.24 ppm is lethal
to 50% of the population. According to the
Meyer toxicity test criteria, when the LC50
value is below 1000 ppm, it indicates that
 2023
Averrhoa bilimbi extract is considered
toxic. 

Table 4. Parameter estimates of the probit

analysis.
Figure 2. Linear regression analysis of
Log concentration vs. probits obtained
from the percent mortality at 12 hours
post-treatment.

Table 4 displays a significant value

of 0.000, which has a margin of error
lower than 0.05. This implies that the
concentrations have a significant effect on
the mortality rate of brine shrimp nauplii.
With a coefficient of determination
(R2) =0.8958, the result shows that 90% of
the variance in Probit Values is predictable
Table 5. Median lethal concentration and
from Log Concentration. This means that
95% confidence limits of the extract by
90% of the variance of the mortality rate is
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality
predictable with its concentration.
after 12 hours of treatment.

FICUS MINAHASSAE
 2023
Figure 3. Mortality of brine shrimp
nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
F. minahassae extract and control at
different time intervals.
The findings indicate that the set-
up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
the highest average mortality rate among
the five set-ups. This is followed by the
set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
ppm, this concludes that the Ficus
ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
minahassae extract is toxic.
with the negative control has the lowest
average mortality rate. This shows that the
mortality rate of the nauplii increases with
the concentration of the F. minahassae
extract.

Table 6. Summary of results of the brine

Table 7. Parameter estimates of the probit
shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract
analysis.
of F. minahassae after 12 hours post-
Table 7 shows a highly significant
treatment.
value of 0.000, indicating that the
concentrations have a significant impact
on the mortality rate of brine shrimp
nauplii. The margin of error is below 0.05,
further supporting this conclusion.
Table 8. Median lethal concentration and

The table shows the different

concentrations, total death, mortality
percentage, and probit values, and the
LC50 result shows that 3.210 ppm is the
lethal concentration that kills 50% of the
95% confidence limits of the extract by
population. According to Meyer toxicity
test criteria, when the value of LC50<1000
 2023
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality
after 12 hours of treatment.

Figure 4.  Linear regression analysis of average mortality rate. This shows that the

Log concentration vs. probits obtained mortality rate of the nauplii increases with

from the percent mortality at 12 hours the concentration of the P. laevigata

post-treatment. extract.

With a coefficient of determination

(R2) =0.9128, the result shows that 91% of
the variance in Probit Values is predictable
from Log Concentration. This means that
91% of the variance of the mortality rate is Table 9. Summary of results of the brine

predictable with its concentration. shrimp lethality assay of ethanolic extract

of P. laevigata after 12 hours post-
PARAMERIA LAEVIGATA
treatment.
The table shows the different
concentrations, total death, mortality
percentage, probit values, and LC50. The
result shows that 3.155 ppm is the lethal
concentration that kills 50% of the
population. According to Meyer toxicity
test criteria, when the value of LC50<1000
Figure 5. Mortality of brine shrimp
ppm, this concludes that the Parameria
nauplii exposed to four concentrations of
laevigata extract is toxic.
P. laevigata extract and control at different
Table 10. Parameter estimates of the
time intervals.
probit analysis.

The findings indicate that the set-

up with a concentration of 1000 ppm has
the highest average mortality rate among
the five set-ups. This is followed by the
set-up with a concentration of 100 ppm, 10
Table 10 reveals a notable value of
ppm, and 1 ppm, respectively. The set-up
0.000, indicating a significant impact of
with the negative control has the lowest
the concentrations on the mortality rate of
 2023
brine shrimp nauplii. The margin of error, The phytochemical analysis
which is less than 0.05, further confirms revealed the presence of steroids,
this finding. flavonoids, and saponins in Averrhoa
bilimbi (Iba), Ficus minahassae (Hagimit),
and Parameria laevigata (Dugtong-ahas).
Table 11. Median lethal concentration and Only Ficus minahassae exhibited
95% confidence limits of the extract by alkaloids. The LC50 values were
probit analysis of brine shrimp mortality determined as 3.24 ppm, 3.21 ppm, and
after 12 hours of treatment. 3.16 ppm, respectively. The margin of
error (p<0.05) indicates a significant
difference in the mortality rate of brine
shrimp nauplii among the different
concentrations. The findings are consistent
with the assertions put forth by the vendor,
as Averrhoa bilimbi and Parameria

Figure 6. Linear regression analysis of laevigata demonstrated the presence of

Log concentration vs. probits obtained flavonoids, which are scientifically

from the percent mortality at 12 hours recognized for their anti-diarrheal

properties, while Ficus minahassae
exhibited the presence of alkaloids, which
are known for their anti-inflammatory
effects. Hence, there is potential for the
utilization of these plants in the treatment
of diverse diseases.
post-treatment.
With a coefficient of determination REFERENCES

(R2) =0.8318, the result shows that 83% of

the variance in Probit Values is predictable
from Log Concentration. This means that
83% of the variance of the mortality rate is
predictable with its concentration.
4. CONCLUSION
ACS, (2018). Tannic
acid.https://www.acs.org/molecule-of-the-
week/archive/t/tannic-acid.html
Adhya, D., Annuario, E., Lancaster, M.A.,
Price, J., Baron-Cohen., Srivastava, D.P.
(2018). Understanding the role of steroids
in typical and atypical brain development:
Advantages of using a “brain in a dish”
approach”.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
/PMC5838783/#:~:text=Steroids%20have
%20an%20important%20role,varying
%20effects%20on%20the%20brain.
Ahn, K. (2017). The worldwide trend of
using botanical drugs and strategies for
developing global drugs. BMB Reports.
Korean Society for Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology - BMB
Reports.https://doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.20
17.50.3.221
Ain, Q. U., Khan, H., Mubarak, M. S., &
Pervaiz, A. (2016). Plant alkaloids as
antiplatelet agents: Drugs of the future in
the light of recent developments. Frontiers
in Pharmacology, 7,
292.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.
3389/fphar.2016.00292/full
Ali, M. R., Hossain, M., Runa, J. F., &
Hasanuzzaman, M. (2013). Preliminary
cytotoxic activity of different extracts of
Averrhoa bilimbi (fruits). International
Current Pharmaceutical Journal, 2(3), 83-
84.
https://sci-hub.se/https://www.banglajol.inf
o/index.php/ICPJ/article/view/13634
Aquino, J. D. C., Pajarillaga, L. M., &
Undan, J. R. (2018). DNA barcoding and
phytochemical profiling of wild plant" Lal
lat tan" from Imugan, Sta Fe, Nueva
Vizcaya, Philippines. International Journal
of Secondary Metabolite, 5(4), 353-
361.https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ijsm/iss
ue/39967/493809?publisher=ijate
Banu, K. S., & Cathrine, L. (2015).
General techniques involved in
phytochemical analysis. International
journal of advanced research in chemical
science, 2(4), 25-
32.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/5
6221117/5libre.pdf?
2023
1522708866=&response-content
disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DGeneral_Techniques_Involved_in_Ph
ytochem.pdf&Expires=1678033383&Sign
ature=Fdk9GkurYDiQHpSZVzlympMNW
Gsa2d6IVO8eoKPdAD4s6leIYxghKdjXv
ONPS0rhcS0X-
sT1tywdzVoQEtpQRw9nZQarincQr-
f1PK8ShclxgS25I0CF2aB8ilS~aDtj1-
NFRf5tHnMke6cH4b~LKxw7~Ht80K~4S
I3mv65bB2zBkQGLdBhbsxlWM1rIkDlfd
Lj3CGhbyFns5aZ7OoiRfhfRpe4kAL~anG
sJhk62xPanH6Oy~BUlxrFCRI95~wIgPcK
4-
1R32K8sNcCyUNKi~QBk56fueuqwehI3y
cDzkXx5bCa0IaQGuFyRI0KxfFJHej~8Zr
LmHGrT5vtCL0x7Ag__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Chowdhury, S., Uddin, G., Mumtahana,
N., Hossain, M., Hasan, R., (2012). IN-
VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND
CYTOTOXIC POTENTIAL OF
HYDROMETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF
AVERRHOA BILIMBI L.
FRUITS.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront
.net/68575877/IN-
VITRO_ANTIOXIDANT_AND_CYTOT
OXIC_POTEN20210803-21423-
1yjahv6.pdf?1628037235=&response-
content-disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DIn_Vitro_Antioxidant_and_Cytotoxic
_Poten.pdf&Expires=1678036835&Signat
ure=acSrP~si4Z7OQLcx0-
ON~ECjtoV9J0uRsLHHw~hNuhAVG1~C
x2IWLT-4-
l30wsUsZqwujyiMaaZfKGZ4xugq3V~zM
Thd1GjCsyi-
KyBGbnfnroc2t~AC7FiSMkERENq44Sq
qXt~amr4QBt2UNnMxusfFOv5HtqzupBr
8-eGwt4FcCOxbByxQ-7bRPQo~AuOZl0-
pEQ3gCiLC6yJUQnKFnfsIOpyZ82yLarK
xQMqtL2ZOz9NXBFnsp3-
WLVWq1eM931cxWTvoqrbG55HzCKd4

vCfL9P66RxILGJFN4LbDjI~NqBdAHdG
0Ek4NaZn~UD1xEwDMxyX~HYgf70-
g3wFLCA__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Chua, L. K., Lim, C. L., Ling, A. P. K.,
Chye, S. M., & Koh, R. Y. (2019).
Anticancer potential of Syzygium species:
a review. Plant Foods for Human
Nutrition, 74, 18-
27.https://link.springer.com/article/10.100
7/s11130-018-0704-z
Chua, L. K., Lim, C. L., Ling, A. P. K.,
Chye, S. M., & Koh, R. Y. (2019).
Anticancer potential of Syzygium species:
a review. Plant Foods for Human
Nutrition, 74, 18-
27.https://link.springer.com/article/10.100
7/s11130-018-0704-z
Degen, B., Ward, S. E., Lemes, M. R.,
Navarro, C., Cavers, S., & Sebbenn, A. M.
(2013). Verifying the geographic origin of
mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King)
with DNA-fingerprints. Forensic Science
International: Genetics, 7(1), 55-
62.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/abs/pii/S1872497312001366
Diliarosta, S., Sari, M., Ramadhani, R.,
Efendi, A., (2021). Ethnomedicine Study
on Medicinal Plants Used by Communities
in West Sumatera,
Indonesia.httxps://www.intechopen.com/c
hapters/76298
Gershenz on J, Ullah C (January 2022).
"Plants protect themselves from herbivores
by optimizing the distribution of chemical
defenses". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 119
(4).
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3508436
1/
2023
Gurfinkel, D. M. (2000). The bioactivity of
saponins: triterpenoid and steroidal
glycosides. Drug metabolism and drug
interactions, 17(1-4), 211-236.
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/
10.1515/DMDI.2000.17.1-4.211/html
Hasanussaman, M., Hasan, M., Khan, M.
M., Khan, M. S., & Jamal, A. H. M. M.
(2013). Phytochemical screening and
evaluation of antioxidant activities of
Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruit extracts. Journal
of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology
& Research, 4(2), 116–
122.https://doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i4.1405
8
Hasanuzzaman, M., Ali, M. R., Hossain,
M., Kuri, S., & Islam, M. S. (2013).
Evaluation of total phenolic content, free
radical scavenging activity, and
phytochemical screening of different
extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi (fruits).
International Current Pharmaceutical
Journal, 2(4), 92-
96.https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/I
CPJ/article/view/14058
Hussain, F., Ganguly, A., Hossain, M. S.,
& Rahman, S. A. (2014). Analgesic and
anti-diarrhoeal activities of Lagerstroemia
speciosa roots in experimental animal
model. Dhaka University Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(1), 57-62.
https://www.banglajol.info/index.php/JPha
rma/article/view/21860
Jiang, G., Xiao, X., Zeng, Y.,
Nagabhushanam, K., Majeed, M., & Xiao,
D. (2013). Targeting beta-catenin signaling
to induce apoptosis in human breast cancer
cells by z-guggulsterone and Gugulipid
extract of Ayurvedic medicine plant
Commiphora mukul. BMC
Complementary and Alternative Medicine,

13(1), 1-
12.https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.bi
omedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472-
6882-13-203
Krippner, R., & Staples, J. (2003).
Suspected Allergy to Artemether—
Lumefantrine Treatment of Malaria.
Journal of travel medicine, 10(5), 303-
305.https://academic.oup.com/jtm/article/1
0/5/303/1847824
Kurek, J. (2019). Introductory Chapter:
Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature
and for Human Life. IntechOpen.
10.5772/intechopen.85400  Z9tgw71vbiqK84s1HNbPJMPvxaMTHP3
Lemes, M. R., Gribel, R., Proctor, J., &
Grattapaglia, D. (2003). Population genetic
structure of mahogany (Swietenia
macrophylla King, Meliaceae) across the
Brazilian Amazon, based on variation at
microsatellite loci: implications for
conservation. Molecular Ecology, 12(11),
2875-2883.https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/
doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-
294X.2003.01950.x
Liu, Y., Cui, Y., Lu, L., Gong, Y., Han, W.,
& Piao, G. (2020). Natural indole‐
containing alkaloids and their antibacterial
activities. Archiv der Pharmazie, 353(10),
2000120.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.
1002/ardp.202000120
Mollejon, B., Mollejon, C., (2019). Anti-
Microbial Activities and Phytochemical
Screening of the Premna Odorata Blanco
(Alagaw) Leaf
Extract.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.
net/59918789/74_Anti-
Microbial_Activities_and_Phytochemical_
Screening_of_The_Premna_Odorata_Blan
co__Alagaw__Leaf__Extract20190703-
79871-1ncmry9-libre.pdf?
2023
1562139238=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DAnti_Microbial_Activities_and_Phyt
ochemi.pdf&Expires=1678031907&Signat
ure=X2wityPxYFf2jZEpHUkvusDkIEG4S
hRVERQ2gXQJrqha7mKGXrv0YggWnY
RTpTdAz53cZgYmv1QFQSja-
Ua5ZyNicLeCq0cnagKA~vS6B05XOID3
HHjDCpNMe7LDGjrfEB0o54GHV-
9pZMgX1sN4q8tiQ~Seb093DLZceE88Yb
fON~n2h9EjW~65i2ksu7BBSXD2SWUO
al5s9s44zn1I2DriZgiZPq8BsEW0YQsQ8f
7vY~sI6gAhwm1m1L0dIX9u-3XGdLm-
zawa5mmgBPVVmoozrn3m8epoXtmrf0b
-adqYlocNq7AJ1bw__&Key-Pair-
Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
Mosisa Gudeta, B., Melesie Taye, G.,
Abula, T., & Alemayehu Gadisa, D.
(2020). Evaluation of Anti-Diarrheal
Activity of 80% Methanol Extracts of
Vernonia amygdalina Delile (Asteraceae)
Leaves in Mice. Journal of experimental
pharmacology, 12, 455–462.
https://doi.org/10.2147/JEP.S282669
Muhammad, A., Ahmed, Q., (2016).
Averrhoa bilimbi Linn.A review of its
ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, and
pharmacology.
https://journals.lww.com/jpbs/Fulltext/201
6/08040/Averrhoa_bilimbi_Linn___A_revi
ew_of_its.1.aspx
Muharrami, L. K., Munawaroh, F., Ersam,
T., & Santoso, M. (2020).
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT: a Preliminary
Test on Five Medicinal Plants on
Bangkalan. Jurnal Pena Sains Vol,
7(2).https://www.researchgate.net/profile/
Mardi-Santoso-3/publication/
347093254_PHYTOCHEMICAL_SCREE
NING_OF_ETHANOLIC_EXTRACT_a_

Preliminary_Test_on_Five_Medicinal_Pla
nts_on_Bangkalan/links/
5febacd145851553a004eaba/
PHYTOCHEMICAL-SCREENING-OF-
ETHANOLIC-EXTRACT-a-Preliminary-
Test-on-Five-Medicinal-Plants-on-
Bangkalan.pdf?_sg
%5B0%5D=started_experiment_milestone
&origin=journalDetail
Nesa, F., Shoeb, M., Islam, M., Islam, N.,
(2021). Studies of Physico-chemical
Properties and Cytotoxicity of Fruits of
Syzygium jambos L. against HeLa and
Vero Cell
Lines.https://doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v24i2.54
709
Panche, A. N., Diwan, A. D., & Chandra,
S. R. (2016). Flavonoids: an overview.
Journal of nutritional science, 5,
e47.https://www.cambridge.org/core/journ
als/journal-of-nutritional-science/article/
flavonoids-an
overview/C0E91D3851345CEF4746B104
06908F52
Pum, J., (2019). Chapter Six - A practical
guide o validation and verification of
analytical methods in the clinical
laboratory
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
cle/abs/pii/S006524231930006X
Quazi, S., Fatema, C., Mir, M. (2017).
Brine Shrimp lethality
assay.https://scholar.archive.org/work/ubsh
en2v6bdnrp4ygik63j33cq/access/
wayback/https://www.banglajol.info/
index.php/BJP/article/download/
32796/22168
Rai, P., Singh, S., Nimesh, S., (2021). The
design and development of Novel Drugs
and
2023
Vaccines.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-
12-821471-8.00014-3
Ravichandran, S., (2008). Data analysis
through SAS with special emphasis on
Probit analysis.
https://naarm.org.in/VirtualLearning/vlc/e-
chapters/Probit%20Analysis-
ravichandran.pdf
Santiago, L. Â. M., Neto, R. N. M., Santos
Ataíde, A. C., Fonseca, D. C. S. C., Soares,
E. F. A., de Sá Sousa, J. C., ... & de Sousa,
E. M. (2021). Flavonoids, alkaloids and
saponins: Are these plant-derived
compounds an alternative to the treatment
of rheumatoid arthritis? A literature review.
Clinical Phytoscience, 7(1), 1-10.
https://clinphytoscience.springeropen.com/
articles/10.1186/s40816-021-00291-3
Sarah, Q., Chowdhury, F., Misbahuddin,
M., (2017). Brine Shrimp Lethality
Assay.https://scholar.archive.org/work/ubs
hen2v6bdnrp4ygik63j33cq/access/
wayback/https://www.banglajol.info/
index.php/BJP/article/download/
32796/22168
Shaikh, J. R., & Patil, M. (2020).
Qualitative tests for preliminary
phytochemical screening: An overview.
International Journal of Chemical Studies,
8(2), 603-
608.https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v
8.i2i.8834
Singh, A., & Zahra, K. (2017). Lc50
assessment of cypermethrin in
Heteropneustes fossilis: Probit analysis. Int
J Fisheries Aquatic Studies, 5(5), 126-130.
https://www.fisheriesjournal.com/archives/
2017/vol5issue5/PartB/5-5-3-543.pdf
Sireeratawong, S., Piyabhan, P., Singhalak,
T., Wongkrajang, Y., Temsiririrkkul, R.,

Punsrirat, J., Ruangwises, N., Saraya, S.,
Lerdvuthisopon, N., Jaijoy, K. (2011).
Toxicity evaluation of sappan wood extract
in rats. Journal of the Medical Association
of Thailand, 93(12),
50.http://aunp.med.tu.ac.th/UserFiles/File/
Data%20microsite/Preclinic/Research-
2554/paper-2553/10-029.pdf
Sofowora, A. (1996). Research on
medicinal plants and traditional medicine
in Africa. The Journal of Alternative and
Complementary Medicine, 2(3), 365-
372.https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/1
0.1089/acm.1996.2.365
Souza, C. R., Bezerra, W. P., & Souto, J. T.
(2020). Marine alkaloids with anti-
inflammatory activity: Current knowledge
and future perspectives. Marine Drugs,
18(3), 147. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-
3397/18/3/147
Stuart, G., (2019). Dugtong-Ahas.
http://www.stuartxchange.org/DugtongAha
s uluulublog. (2018). Ficus minahassae:
Stuart, G., (2019). Kamias.
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Kamias
Stuart,G.(2020).Banaba.http://
www.stuartxchange.org/
Banaba.html#:~:text=%2D%20The
%20bark%2C%20flowers%20and
%20leaves,dysuria%2C%20and%20other
%20urinary%20dysfunctions.
Sun, Z., Huang, Q., & Feng, C. (2020).
Complete chloroplast genome sequence of
the rose apple, Syzygium jambos
(Myrtaceae). Mitochondrial DNA Part B,
5(3), 3460-
3462.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full
/10.1080/23802359.2020.1826000
2023
Syamsunarno, M. R. A., Safitri, R., &
Kamisah, Y. (2021). Protective effects of
Caesalpinia sappan Linn. and its bioactive
compounds on cardiovascular organs.
Frontiers in pharmacology,
2476.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/1
0.3389/fphar.2021.725745/full
Takahashi, N., Kadota, S., & Tezuka, Y.
(2012). Mechanism-based CYP2D6
inactivation by acridone alkaloids of
Indonesian medicinal plant Lunasia amara.
Fitoterapia, 83(4), 774-
779.https://www.sciencedirect.com/science
/article/abs/pii/S0367326X12000779
Ullah, A., Munir, S., Badshah, S. L., Khan,
N., Ghani, L., Poulson, B. G., Emwas, A.
H., & Jaremko, M. (2020). Important
Flavonoids and Their Role as a
Therapeutic Agent. Molecules (Basel,
Switzerland), 25(22), 5243.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules2522524
3
Introduction.https://borneoficus.info/2018/
03/30/ficus-minahassae-introduction/
UROBOTYRA SIAMENSIS HIEPKO
EXTRACTShttps://web.archive.org/web/2
0180429000119id_/http://www.rsu.ac.th/
bhst/public/upload/journal/article/
abstract/20141218FLP8update_3_p13-
20_Laksana_Phytochemical
%20Screening.pdf
Valsan, A., & Raphael, K. R. (2016).
Pharmacognostic profile of Averrhoa
bilimbi Linn. leaves. South Indian J. Biol.
Sci, 2(1), 75-
80.https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/4
5239877/75-80-libre.pdf?
1462082449=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DPharmacognostic_profile_of_Averrho
 2023
a_bili.pdf&Expires=1678032616&Signatu Zhang, S., & Hu, Z. (1985). Anti-
re=UcvpBHfhVU4JYW3jP- ulcerogenic effects of Ginseng flower
qXToVK~nwFlELa- saponins in the rat Zhongyao Tongbao 10:
J5V8VBxqyp2aLlveg7kpmTf606n~FicFd 331. In Chem Abstr (Vol. 104, p. 512).
AU1wDJgIQir0PUT-
jf~NF6S0HLJ7c1D6WPHcgzxYKnJ1vqk
Bf2G1hM4rj9EXdnUTLpgp-
1OpdHEFgjIi8jgEdK-AY6-
fwW8a23fR9X3iXNWlOu7yni7ryHUAT
GGK66lo2W2262l~oEZAnTP~XWiNdiD
4yAQK3MwsvWl85GuXomwnWiNMv~
WXQduamvIxe3ysyRtlzX4rSWKDxRB6
K74QusjuhDX-
OZLBV2Rwn6eHvhxSyCTs2HpRpg6FtD
uPrIS4pQTWMxzrvGec5eg0IiKA__&Key
-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

Veldkamp JF., (2004). Bilimbia (Lichenes)

resurrected Lichenologist.
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/li
chenologist/article/abs/bilimbia-lichenes-
resurrected/
63FFFB0BE53E8A7AC1277F9DE3F425
F9

Xiwen, L., Jie, L., Puhua, H., Fa’nan, W.,

Hongbin, C., Werff, H., (2012).
LAURACEAE.
http://flora.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/vol
ume07/Lauraceae.pdf
 2023

PLANT
SCIENCE
 2023

SPECIES COMPOSITION AND DIVERSITY OF TREES IN BAYUGAN

NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL
*Heramis, G., Improso, S., Sunjay G.M.
Bayugan National Comprehensive Highschool, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT

Trees in academic environments are considered urban trees, which are essential to the
functioning of biodiversity. Assessing the species composition and diversity of an area can
yield vital information for its conservation and protection. The study was carried out on the
campus of Bayugan National Comprehensive High School. A total of 252 individual trees
from 30 species and 16 families were found. The richest species is Moringa oleifera.
Moraceae is the most represented family. (15) species were found to be least concerned; only
1 species is endangered or vulnerable based on the data from IUCN. Based on the DAO
2017–11, 27 out of 30 species are considered OWS or other wildlife species. Only (1) species
are found to be threatened and (2) vulnerable.
The endemicity was based on data from Co's Digital Flora of the Philippines. The
most represented classification is native; 11 species out of 30 were found to be native in the
Philippines, and 7 are naturalized, followed by 5 species that are considered not native but
naturalized. Most of the individual trees that grew inside the study area were classified as
mature. The diameter breast height (DBH) and height were acquired. The DBH of all
individual trees is 191 centimeters, and the highest measurement of height is 12 meters. The
Shannon-Wiener diversity index is 2.584, which is considered moderately diverse; the
Simpsons diversity index is 0.885, which is highly diverse; and the evenness index is 0.4416,
which is considered moderately diverse. The school management must conduct conservation
measures to protect the diversity of the campus.
Keywords: Diversity, Species Composition, Urban Trees, Endemicity, School Campus.

1. INTRODUCTION needs to be recognized more. Trees and

The genetic diversity of trees is
green areas are important for urban
great. Mankind benefits a lot from trees.
planning, mental and physical health,
The contribution that trees play in
leisure activities, heat mitigation, and
regulating the temperature, filtering air
many other variables (Robertson I.,2023).
pollutants, and providing food, fiber, and
However, urban trees often encounter a
fuel are just a few of the ways that humans
wide range of issues, including drought-
benefit from trees (Cavender-Bares J.
like conditions, high winds, invasive pests,
2022). Given that most people now live in
road salts, and air pollution. Certain trees
cities, the benefit of trees in urban settings
are better suited than others to withstand
 2023
the strains of the city. There is biodiversity and the state of wildlife
broadconsensus that social and economic conservation are accurate, current, and
advancement and the preservation and appraised. It is also critical
conservation of natural resources must that the conservation status of existing
coexist. Trees are crucial for resource species be reviewed on a regular basis to
management and conservation in both take into account new information. The
urban and rural settings, and educational study also seeks to identify the diversity of
settings are not exempt from this. Since tree species that exist in the study's area.
trees on university campuses and in Each tree's endemicity and geographic
academic settings are regarded to be urban location will also be determined. It is
trees, it is vital to keep track of the trees crucial to assess the current status of
there. For this reason, tree conservation species variety, composition, and
efforts and tree assessments are important. abundance in order to prevent trees from
The total number of different species in a diminishing. Such data on
given biome or ecosystem is referred to as trees is helpful for tree managers who want
the species composition. Knowing the to maximize species composition and the
species variety and composition of various advantages that trees have for the
species, in particular trees, not just in ecosystem.
forests but also in other habitats, is
essential. Knowing the fundamentals of 2. METHODOLOGY
the tree is one method to protect its
diversity. In this study, the taxonomic 2.1 Research Design
classification of trees as well as the species The parameters used in this study's
composition and diversity of trees on the quantitative descriptive, a non-
campus of Bayugan National experimental type of research, are
Comprehensive High School is to be measured in numerical terms. Quantitative
gathered. The Philippines is one of the descriptive research uses two
most important conservation areas in the methodologies namely observational
world because it is home to over 700 research and survey research
endangered species (Fran 2022). As a methodologies, this study uses
result, one of the primary goals of this observational research methods to get the
study is to identify the risk of extinction or species composition and the total number
the status of tree conservation. It is of species and all individual trees found in
essential that the monitoring of
 2023
the school campus of Bayugan National After that, the growth
Comprehensive High School. The process classification of each tree gathered was
of data collection is through observation acquired as well as the total number of
and the data gathered is translated into a individual trees in each species that are
numeric form such as frequency, matured, pole, sapling, and wildling. The
percentage, etc, which is mainly used in conservation status was determined based
getting the number of individual trees in on the data found in IUCN and DAO 2017,
each species. the endemicity of each tree was then
2.2 Research Locale identified using the Co’s Digital Flora of
The study was conducted inside the the Philippines. The researchers also
school campus of Bayugan National obtained the frequency of each tree in
Comprehensive High School located at terms of taxonomic classification,
Narra Avenue Poblacion Bayugan City, conservation status and endemicity.
Agusan del Sur, Philippines. The Next, the researchers asked
observation was conducted inside the CENRO personnel to create a map of
school campus where the trees were Bayugan National Comprehensive High
planted. The conduct of the study was School containing all the tree species and
done with the guidance of the CENRO the other map containing all the growth
personnel. classification. On the second attempt of
surveying the whole campus after 3
2.3 Data Gathering Procedure months since the first survey, the
The researchers surveyed the whole researchers listed the trees that were gone
campus of Bayugan National in the campus and also identified the
Comprehensive High School, the diameter breast height or DBH as well as
taxonomic classification of each tree was the height of all the trees present. Lastly
identified with the help of City of the diversity indices was then obtained by
Environment and Natural Resources the researchers.
Office (CENRO) personnel who are
experts in this field, specifically foresters. 2.4 Instrument
The mentioned data were gathered In getting the GPS coordinates of
together with the GPS coordinates of each each tree, the researchers used the
tree using an aAndroidapplication “Timestamp Camera Enterprise” android
specifically "Timestamp Camera app. The measuring tape was used to get
Enterprise '' the DBH of each tree.
 2023

2.5 Data Analysis

Biodiversity Analysis Software and the
Paleontological Statistics (PAST) software
package for data analysis and education
were usedto calculate diversity indices.
For the species evenness, the Shannon
Wiener and Simpson's Diversity indices
were obtained.

3. RESULTS
Figure 1. Bayugan National

3.1 Introduction Comprehensive High School map

containing all species  on the first

This chapter shows the results, evaluation

findings of the study, and its discussion. Species inside the Bayugan

These are presented through tables. National Comprehensive High School on

the first evaluation in February 2023. The

3.2 Map collected GPS coordinates of each tree

were used as a guide for creating the map.
On the right  are the legends of the map
which vary in color and appearance to
classify the different species found in a
certain area of the map. The legends
contain all 34 species that were gathered
on the first evaluation of the researchers.
However, on the second attempt of
conduct there were changes in the number
of species and individual trees.  The
following table that will be shown in this
chapter will be based on the second
conduct.
2023
 2023
Table 1. Taxonomic list, endemicity and conservation status of tree species found in Bayugan
National Comprehensive High School 

FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME ENDIMICITY CONSERVATION STATUS

IUCN DAO 2017-11

Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica Mangga Naturalized Data Deficient OWS

Annonaceae Annona muricata Rabana Cultivated, Not naturalized Least Concern OWS

Byttneriaceae Theobroma cacao Cacao Not native, Not Threatened OWS

Combretaceae Terminalia cattapa Talisay Native Not Threatened OWS

Cupressaceae Platycladus Orientalis Oriental Arborvitae Not Native, Cultivated not naturalzed Least Concern
OWS

Dombeyaceae Pterospermum diversifolium Bayug Native Not Threatened OWS

Durionaceae Durio Zibethinus Durian Naturalized Vulnerable OWS

Euphorbiaceae Jatropha curcas Tuba-tuba Cultivated,Not Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Fabaceae Leucaena leucocephala Ipil-ipil Not native, Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Fabaceae Pterocarpus Indicus Narra Naturalized Endangered Vulnerable

Lamiaceae Premna odorata Abgao Native Least Concern OWS

Lamiaceae Gmelina arborea Gmelina Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Lamiaceae Vitex negundo Lagundi Native Least Concern OWS

Lauraceae Persea americana Avocado Not native, Cultivated Not naturalized Least Concern OWS
 2023

Meliaceae Swietenia mahagoni Mahogany Not native, Naturalized Near Threatened OWS

Meliaceae Sandoricum koetjape Santol Native Least Concern OWS

Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Lanzones Native Not Threatened OWS

Moraceae Artocarpus altilis Breadfruit Naturalized Near Threatened OWS

Moraceae Ficus septica Lagnob Native Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Nangka Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Moraceae Broussonetia papyrifera Paper mulberry Not native, Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Ficus variegata Tangisang Bayawak Native Least Concern OWS

Moraceae Ficus nota Tibig Native Least Concern OWS

Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Kamunggay Cultivated, Not naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Myrtaceae Psidium guajava Bayabas Not Native, Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Myrtaceae Syzygium samarangense Makupa Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola Balingbing Not native, Naturalized Not Threatened OWS

Phyllanthacea Flueggea Flexuosa Anislag Native Not Threatened Threatened

e

Rutaceae Citrus maxima Boongon Cultivated, Not Naturalized Least Concern OWS

Sapindaceae Nephelium lappaceum Rambutan Native Least Concern Vulnerable

3.3 Tree species composition  followed by Pterocarpus indicus that

A total of 252 individual trees from contains 45 individual trees, followed by
30 species and 19 families were found. Terminalia catappa that has 29 individual
The richest species is Moringa oleifera trees. Out of 19 families, Moraceae is the
which consist of 55 individual trees, most represented one with (6) species,
 2023
followed by Lamiaceae, Meliaceae which found threatened, which is the anislag
contain (3) species each.  (Flueggea flexuosa). However it is
considered as not threatened in the IUCN.
3.4 Conservation Status Based on the DAO 2017-11, narra
(Pterocarpus indicus) is vulnerable
International Union for Conservation of however it is endangered in the world wide
Nature (IUCN)  scale or the IUCN Red List. Rambutan
The Philippines are home to (Nephelium lappaceum) is also found
different critically important species. In vulnerable, however it is considered as
the data gathered from the International least concern in the IUCN Red List. 
Union for Conservation of Nature 3.5 Endemicity
(IUCN),  (15) species were found to be              The endemicity was based on the
least concerned as  It is followed by not data from Co's Digital Flora of the
threatened species that is composed of (10) Philippines. The most represented
species. Only the narra (Pterocarpus classification is the native, 11 species out
indicus) is found to be endangered, and of 30 were found to be native in the
Durian (Durio zibethinus) is the only Philippines. This findings is the same in
species considered as vulnerable.  the study of Susilowati, A et al (2021)
wherein the most represented species in
DAO 2017-11 the university campus are native. Based on
 The data shown from DAO 2017- the findings 7 species in Bayugan National
11 revealed that there are 27 out of 30 Comprehensive High School are
species that are considered as OWS or naturalized, followed by 5 species which
other wildlife species. Only (1) species is are considered as not native, naturalized.
3.6 Trees measurement

Table 2: Shows where the measurements ranges in DBH and Height of each species
in different growth classification

DBH Height
Species
Matured Pole Sapling Wild Matured Pole Sapling Wildling
Abgao 54cm 7m
11cm-
Anislag 3m-4m
13cm
Avocado 50cm 5m
Balingbing 20cm 5m
Bayabas 63cm 7cm 3cm-5cm 6m 3m 0.95m-
 2023
2m
Bayug 46cm 7cm-30cm 6cm-11cm 5m-7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Boongon 9cm-48cm 23cm 2cm 5m 4m 2cm
Breadfruit 142cm 20cm 11m 4m
Cacao 42cm 3m
Durian 37cm 6cm
Gmelina 38cm-95cm 6cm-9cm 5m-10m 1m-2m
10cm- 2cm-
Ipil-ipil 1cm-6cm 3m-4m 1m 0.5m-1m
11cm 3cm
Kamunggay 15cm-77cm 6cm-28cm 3cm-19cm 5m-7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Lagnob 6cm 6cm 2m 2m
Lagundi 15cm 15cm 5m 2m
Lanzones 25cm-64cm 5m
mahogany 114cm 9m
Makupa 7cm 2m
74cm-
Mangga 3cm-9cm 1cm 5m-12m 0.5m-1m 0.9m
146cm
Nangka 46cm-90cm 25cm 4cm 5m-6m 4m 2m
42cm- 15cm-
Narra 2m-5m 5m-12m 4m 1m-2m
191cm 50cm
44cm-
Oriental Arborvitae 4m
46cm
Paper mulberry 73cm 8cm-23cm 4cm-27cm 7m 3m-4m 1m-2m
Rambutan 33cm-58cm 5m-7m
Rarbana 30cm 5m
Santol 81cm 8cm 11m 4m
40cm- 14cm- 2.5cm- 2cm- 0.75m-
Talisay 5m-12m 3m-4m 0.5m-2m
137cm 28cm 10cm 3cm 0.8m
Tangisang Bayawak 19cm 4m
Tibig 30cm-32cm 5m
Tuba-tuba 32cm 5m

Table 2 shows the measurements where the DBH and height range from. The highest DBH
measurement of all individual trees is 191 centimeters and the highest measurement of tree
height is 12 meters
3.7 Growth Classification  matured, pole, sapling, and wildling. Most
of the individual trees that grew inside the
              Table 3 shows the total number of
study area were classified as mature. There
individual trees in each species that belong
are 136 individual trees out of 252 that
to each growth classification. The tree
belong to matured growth classifications,
species found in the study area were
and the most represented species in this
classified into 4 growth classifications:
growth classification is the narra

(Pterocarpus indicus), which consists of 38
matured individual trees. The pole growth
classification consists of 59 individual
trees out of 252. The most represented
species in this growth classification is the
kamunggay (Moringa oleifera) which
consists of 15 pole individual trees. The
sapling growth classification consists of 49
individual trees, and the kamunggay is still
2023
the most represented species, which
consists of 11 sapling individual trees. The
last growth classification is the wildling,
which only consists of 8 individual trees
out of 252 and the most represented
species in this growth classification is the
mangga (Mangifera indica) which consists
of 3 wildling individual trees.

Table 3. Total number of individual trees

on each species belonging to each growth
classification 

COMMON SCIENTIFIC NAME Growth classification Frequen Percentage

NAME cy (%)
Matured POLE Sapling  Wildling

Abgao Premna odorata 1 1 0.4

Anislag Flueggea Flexuosa 3 3 1.2

Avocado Persea americana 1 1 0.4

Bayug Pteruspermum 7 11 6 24 9.5

heterophyllum

Balingbing Averrhoa Carambola 1 1 0.4

Bayabas  Psidium guajava  1 1 3 5 2

Boongon Citrus maxima 2 1 1 4 1.6

Breadfruit Artocarpus altilis 1 1 2 0.8

Cacao Theobroma cacao 1 1 0.4

Durian Durio Zibethinus 1 1 0.4

Gmelina Gmelina arborea 2 3 5 2

 2023
Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala 3 8 2 13 5.2

Kamunggay  Moringa oleifera 29 15 11 55 21.8

Lagnob Ficus septica 1 1 2 0.8

Lagundi Vitex negundo 1 1 2 0.8

Lanzones Lansium domesticum 2 2 0.8

Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni 1 1 0.4

Makupa Syzygium samarangense 1 1 0.4

Mangga Mangifera indica 11 2 3 16 6.3

Nangka Artocarpus 4 1 1 6 2.4

heterophyllus

Narra Pterocarpus Indicus 38 4 3 45 17.9

Oriental Platycladus Orientalis  4 4 1.6

Arbovitae

Paper Broussonetia papyrifera 1 7 3 11 4.4

mulberry

Rabana Annona muricata 1 1 0.4

Rambutan Nephelium lappaceum 10 10 4

Santol Sandoricum koetjape 1 1 2 0.8

Talisay  Terminalia cattapa 17 5 5 2 29 11.5

Tangisan Ficus variegata 1 1 0.4

Bayawak

Tibig Ficus nota 2 2 0.8

Tuba-tuba Jatropha curcas 1 1 0.4

TOTAL:   59 49 8 252 100

 2023

3.8 Diversity campus can achieve a high diversity of tree

species, which is essential to our
Table 4 shows the indices value including
biodiversity. The most prevalent species is
the Shannon Wiener diversity index, which
Moringa Oleifera, indicating that DepEd
has a value of 2.584, this is considered as
Memorandum No. 234, s., is followed on
moderate in the descriptions proposed by
the campus of Bayugan National
Fernando (1998). The evenness is also
Comprehensive High School. 2008's
considered as moderate. The Simpson's
"Planting of Malunggay Trees in Schools"
value index has a value of 0.8856 which is
calls on all school administrators to
considered as diverse. 
support the planting of Malunggay or
moringa trees on school grounds and

Table 4. Diversity Indices Values and communities by incorporating them into

interpretation  science lessons and school community

outreach initiatives.
Diversity value  Interpretation
Indices 
REFERENCES:
Shannon 2.584 Moderately Amonum, J. I., Jonathan, B. A., & Japheth,
wiener Index Diverse
H. D. (2019). Structure and diversity of
Simpson's 1-D 0.885 Diverse tree species at the college of forestry and
5
fisheries, university of agriculture
Evenness  0.441 Moderately makurdi, benue State, Nigeria.
6 Diverse International Journal of Forestry and
Horticulture (IJFH), 5(1), 20-
4. CONCLUSION 27 https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36807.
75686
The Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School is moderately Ampoorter, E., Barbaro, L., Jactel, H.,
diverse in tree species composition. Thus, Baeten, L., Boberg, J., Carnol, M.,
school administrators must conduct Castagneyrol, B., Charbonnier, Y., Dawud,
conservation measures that aim to take S. M., Deconchat, M., De Smedt, P., De
care of and conserve the present species to Wandeler, H., Guyot, V., Hättenschwiler,
remain diverse and avoid extinction. Tree S., Joly, F., Koricheva, J., Milligan, H.,
planting must also be done so that the Muys, B., Nguyen, D., . . . Allan, E.

(2020). Tree diversity is key for promoting
the diversity and abundance of forest‐
associated taxa in Europe. Oikos, 129(2),
133–146.
https://doi.org/10.1111/oik.06290
Anwadike, B. C., Nadia, K., & Mhadhbi,
H. (2020). Biodiversity Conservation in
Nigeria: Perception, Challenges and
Possible Remedies. Current Investigations
in Agriculture and Current Research, 8(4).
https://doi.org/10.32474/ciacr.2020.08.000
293
Ayomide, K. (2022, October 26).
GuiderSpot – Helping You Make Right
decisions - GuiderSpot. GuiderSpot.
https://guiderspot.com/map-of-nigeria-
showing-vegetation-zones
Barrios, E., Valencia, V., Jonsson, M.,
Brauman, A., Hairiah, K., Mortimer, P. E.,
& Okubo, S. (2018). Contribution of trees
to the conservation of biodiversity and
ecosystem services in agricultural
landscapes. International Journal of
Biodiversity Science, Ecosystems Services
& Management, 14(1), 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2017.13
99167
Bassett, C. G. (2015). The Environmental
Benefits of Trees on an Urban University
Campus. ScholarlyCommons.
2023
https://repository.upenn.edu/mes_capstone
s/66/
Borma, L., & Borma, L. (2023, March 2).
Why Tropical Forests Are Important for
Our Well-Being. Eos.
https://eos.org/editors-vox/why-tropical-
forests-are-important-for-our-well-being 
Bukar, M. G., Oyebamiji, N. A., &
Adeogun, P. F. (2021). Diversity and
composition of tree species in the
University of Maiduguri campus. Journal
of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and
Environment, 13(3), 22-28 
Carrick, P. J., & Forsythe, K. J. (2020).
The species composition—ecosystem
function relationship: A global meta-
analysis using data from intact and
recovering ecosystems. PLOS ONE, 15(7),
e0236550.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.02365
50
Cavallito, M. (2022, May 24). Fires and
poverty fuel deforestation in
Nigeria. Re Soil Foundation.
https://resoilfoundation.org/en/environmen
t/growing-deforestation-in-nigeria/
Cavender-Bares, J., Nelson, E. J.,
Meireles, J. E., Lasky, J. R., Miteva, D. A.,
Nowak, D. J., Pearse, W. D., Helmus, M.

R., Zanne, A. E., Fagan, W. F., Mihiar, C.,
Muller, N. Z., Kraft, N. J. B., & Polasky,
S. (2022). The hidden value of trees:
Quantifying the ecosystem services of tree
lineages and their major threats across the
contiguous US. PLOS Sustainability and
Transformation, 1(4), e0000010.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pstr.000001
0 we-need-to-plant-native-philippine-trees
Coracero, E., Urriza, H., & Foster, P. G.
(2021). Species composition and diversity:
baseline for tree conservation at Laguna
State Polytechnic University, San Pablo,
Philippines. International Research Journal
of Advanced Science, 2(1), 10-16  37–46.
Cordonnier, T., Kunstler, G., Courbaud,
B., & Morin, X. (2018). Managing tree
species diversity and ecosystem functions
through coexistence mechanisms. Annals
of Forest Science, 75(3).
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-018-0750-
6
Dangulla, M., Manaf, L. A., Ramli, M. F.,
& Yacob, M. R. (2020). Urban tree
composition, diversity and structural
characteristics in North-western Nigeria.
Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 48,
126512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.12651
2 MacBeath, T., Heard, N., Konstant, W. R.,
 
2023
Datu C.L (2022, January 13). PIA.
https://pia.gov.ph/news/2022/01/13/denr-
renews-call-for-protection-of-sierra-madre 
De Jesus, A. (2021, March 6). Why we
need to plant native Philippine trees |
Inquirer Business. INQUIRER.net.
https://business.inquirer.net/319013/why-
 
Eisawi, K. a. E., He, H., Shaheen, T., &
Yasin, E. H. E. (2021). Assessment of
Tree Diversity and Abundance in Rashad
Natural Reserved Forest, South Kordofan,
Sudan. Open Journal of Forestry, 11(01),
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojf.2021.111003
Fenneman J.  (n.d) Introduction to
Taxonomy
https://linnet.geog.ubc.ca/biodiversity/eflor
a/IntroductiontoPlantTaxonomy.html
 
Fran. (2022, January 21). Endangered
species in the Philippines - causes and
conservation - FutureLearn. FutureLearn.
https://www.futurelearn.com/info/futurelea
rn-international/endangered-species-
philippines
Gascon, C., Brooks, T. M., Contreras-
Lamoreux, J. F., Launay, F., Maunder, M.,
Mittermeier, R. A., Molur, S., Mubarak, R.

K. A., Parr, M., Rhodin, A. G. J., Rylands,
A. B., Soorae, P. S., Sanderson, J., & Vié,
J. (2015). The Importance and Benefits of
Species. Current Biology, 25(10), R431–
R438.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.03.041  Similarity in Intact and Degraded Forest in
Glossary of forestry terms. (n.d.). West
Virginia Forestry Association. Retrieved
June 6, 2023, from
http://www.wvfa.org/pdf/sfi/Glossaryoffor
estryterms.pdf
Hancock L. (2022) What is biodiversity
and why is it under threat? (n.d.). World
Wildlife Fund.
https://www.worldwildlife.org/pages/what
-is-biodiversity  Nigeria. International Journal of
Harrison, S. R., & Gregorio, N. (2010).
Designing a wildling collection strategy to
support production of planting materials
for green offsets in Southern Mindanao.  Kanieski, M. R., Longhi, S. J., & Soares,
Hoskins R. (2019, June 24). Lifecycle of a
Tree: How Do Trees Grow. Woodland
Trust.
https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/blog/20
19/06/tree-lifecycle/#:~:text=A%20tree
%20becomes%20mature
%20when,productivity%20around
%2080%2D120%20years
Ifo, S. A., Moutsambote, J., Koubouana,
F., Yoka, J., Ndzai, S. F., Bouetou-
Kadilamio, L. N. O., Mampouya, H.,
2023
Jourdain, C., Bocko, Y. E., Mantota, A. B.,
Mbemba, M., Mouanga-Sokath, D.,
Odende, R., Mondzali, L., Wenina, Y. E.
M., Ouissika, B., & Joel, L. J. (2016). Tree
Species Diversity, Richness, and
the Tropical Rainforest of the Congo
Basin: Case of the Forest of Likouala in
the Republic of Congo. International
Journal of Forestry Research, 2016, 1–12.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7593681 
Jeje, A., Olanipekun, M. K., & Otoide, J.
E. (2021). Assessment of the diversity and
abundance of tree species in Afe Babalola
University, Ado- Ekiti, Ekiti State,
Biodiversity and Conservation, 13(3),
144–151.
https://doi.org/10.5897/ijbc2021.1498 
P. R. C. (2017). Methods for Biodiversity
Assessment: Case Study in an Area of
Atlantic Forest in Southern Brazil. InTech
eBooks.
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71824 
Lennon, N. (2023, May 21). What Is a
Tree Sapling? Home Questions Answered.
Retrieved June 6,2023,from
https://www.homequestionsanswered.com/
what-is-a-tree-sapling.htm

Mona (2022c, July 1). Philippines as a
biodiversityhotspot
https://biodiversityphilippines.org/philippi
nes-as-a-biodiversity-hotspot/
Ogunyebi, A. L., Abiodun, M. J., Oludoye,
O. O., Omoyajowo, K. O., Fayenuwo, G.
A., & Fingesi, T. S. (2018). Assessment of
tree species diversity in the University of
Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. Journal of Applied
Sciences and Environmental Management.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Assessment+of
+tree+species+diversity+in+the+Universit
y+of+Lagos&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=16824
76777070&u=%23p%3DfEmM5rGSEsAJ
Pankau R. (2019, September 27) Benefits
of Urban Trees.  Illinois Extension.  1
https://extension.illinois.edu/blogs/garden-
scoop/2019-09-27-benefits-urban-trees
Pataki, D. E., Alberti, M., Cadenasso, M.
L., Felson, A. J., McDonnell, M. D.,
Pincetl, S., Pouyat, R. V., Setälä, H., &
Whitlow, T. H. (2021). The Benefits and
Limits of Urban Tree Planting for
Environmental and Human Health.
Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.603757
Peterson, M. (2020). Environmental
Abundance: Moringa & the UN Goals
(Part 2). Strong Harvest International.
2023
https://www.strongharvest.org/community
-development/environmental-abundance-
moringa-the-un-goals-part-2/
#:~:text=Drought%2Dresistant%20and
%20fast%2Dgrowing,control%2C%20and
%20reforests%20the%20land.
Raji, I. A., & Babalola, F. D. (2018).
Assessment of tree diversity and
abundance in University of Ilorin campus:
Towards conservation. In Proceedings of
6th NSCB Biodiversity Conference (p.
450).
Redowan, M. (2015). Spatial pattern of
tree diversity and evenness across forest
types in Majella National Park, Italy.
Forest Ecosystems, 2(1).
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-015-0048-
Robertson, I. (2023). The Importance Of
Urban Trees. The Word Forest
Organisation.
https://www.wordforest.org/2022/03/26/th
e-importance-of-urban-trees/
Roe, D. (2019). Biodiversity loss—more
than an environmental emergency. The
Lancet Planetary Health, 3(7), e287–e289.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s2542-
5196(19)30113-5 
Sahu, S. C., Pani, A. K., Mohanta, M. R.,
& Kumar, J. (2019). Tree species

diversity, distribution and soil nutrient
status along altitudinal gradients in
Saptasajya. . . ResearchGate.
https://doi.org/10.6165/tai.2019.64.28  Stice E. (2023) Trees and the College
Samarasekara, D. (2022). IMPORTANCE
OF SCHOOL-BASED TREE PLANTING
PROGRAMS.www.linkedin.com.https://w
ww.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-
school-based-tree-planting-programs-
dinushi-samarasekara?
trk=public_profile_article_view#:~:text=T
he%20school%2Dbased%20tree
%20planting,as%20their%20love%20of
%20nature.
Samprathi, J. (2022, April 3). Why mature
trees have special value in the ACT’s
environment - Conservation Council ACT
Region. Conservation Council ACT
Region.
https://conservationcouncil.org.au/blog/20
22/03/31/why-mature-trees-have-special-
value-in-the-acts-environment/
#:~:text=They%20oxygenate%20the
%20air%20for,value%20to%20First
%20Nations%20People
Sivarajah, S., Smith, S. M., & Thomas, S.
C. (2018). Tree cover and species
composition effects on academic
performance of primary school students.
PLOS ONE, 13(2), e0193254.
2023
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.01932
54
Campus. Perspectives on History | AHA.
https://www.historians.org/research-and-
publications/perspectives-on-history/
february-2023/trees-and-the-college-
campus 
Tarakeswara Naidu, M., Premavani, D.,
Suthari, S., & Venkaiah, M. (2018).
Assessment of tree diversity in tropical
deciduous forests of Northcentral Eastern
Ghats, India. Geology, Ecology, and
Landscapes, 2(3), 216-227. 
Tropical forests fight climate change.
(2021, June 4). Cary Institute of
Ecosystem Studies.
https://www.caryinstitute.org/news-
insights/feature/tropical-forests-fight-
climate-change?
fbclid=IwAR0qGYWzpl0DXsLngIAU6e1
mwEAyqlTuuSNX7RFqVwj_onli7boBFL
AT210 
Turner-Skoff, J. B., & Cavender, N.
(2019). The benefits of trees for livable
and sustainable communities. Plants,
People, Planet, 1(4), 323–335.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.39
Weeden M. (2022, May 19) 7 Species That
Help Biodiversity. One Tree Planted.
 2023
https://onetreeplanted.org/blogs/stories/7-
species-forest-
biodiversity#:~:text=Planting%20trees
%20for%20biodiversity%20will,stability
%20by%20restoring%20degraded
%20areas

Why preserving trees is important in

today’s developing world. (2021, July 27).
Times of India Blog.
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/reader
sblog/stay-motivated/why-preserving-
trees-is-important-in-todays-developing-
world-35715/?
fbclid=IwAR09ph2fmrh4uxcEIIvOHQRL
VHusQYavcCYRXQtyKtYGRzJW9_Gsz
aqUdmQ

Zart, K. (2022, December 19). Trees and

Their Essential Role in Biodiverse
Ecosystems. Arbor Day Blog.
https://arbordayblog.org/uncategorized/tre
es-and-biodiverse-ecosystems/
 2023
Species Account and Conservation Status of Ornamental Plants 
Being Sold in the Bayugan City Market
*Atupan, A.J., Nalam, K., Perez, K.K.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT
Ornamental plants play a vital role in sustaining life on Earth, with its distinct
qualities and a wide array of species. However, due to ongoing threats, there were species
that become threatened. Therefore, it is crucial to evaluate and gather background
information on these plants to develop effective management strategies in the Bayugan City
Market. The study aimed to determine the taxonomic classifications, scientific and common
names of ornamental plants. Additionally, it assessed the conservation status, necessary
conservation measures for threatened species, and the endemicity of these plants. Data
collection for the study involved direct inquiries with sellers, as well as the use of
applications, websites, and lists from conservation authorities. A total of 101 ornamental
plants from 16 families were analyzed, with Araceae being the most dominant family. Among
these total species, 16 were native to the Philippines, while 85 were exotic. In terms of
conservation status, there were five threatened species identified, the vulnerable species such
as Anthurium plowmanii (Wave of Love Anthurium), Dendrobium victoriae-reginae
(Dendrobium Sirin Peach), Dendrobium victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Sonia), Dendrobium
victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Queen Victoria), and Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet).
These plants fall under the threatened category, emphasizing the need to protect it according
to R.A. 9147 Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act. The study's findings
emphasize the need for conservation measures to safeguard these ornamental plants. By
providing background information on these species, the study plays a crucial role in raising
awareness among the community and informing conservation authorities about the at-risk
plants in need of preservation.
Keywords: Ornamental Plants, Species Account, Conservation Status, Bayugan City Market
1. INTRODUCTION of potential as a business because more
people are purchasing plants to keep the
Ornamental plants were essential to
people occupied while working from home
maintaining life on Earth (Zeaiter, 2016).
or because people must limit its outside
It has been proposed that ornamental
activities (Suminah., et al., 2021).
plants be used to rehabilitate damaged
Ornamental plants were identified for its
landscapes, stop erosion, consume less
distinctive qualities and numerous species,
water and energy, and enhance the
however, there were threatened species
aesthetic appeal of indoor and outdoor
that were facing extinction as a result of
living spaces (Francini, A., et al., 2022).
ongoing threats. The effect of threatened
Due to the high demand of the public for
ornamental plants was a serious issue in
ornamental plants during the pandemic,
the world. Not only because it would ruin
ornamental plant commodities have a lot

the natural environments of the planet, but
also because it affects plant diversity in
many countries.
The ornamental plant species that
could be found in the Philippines were
Calathea, Sansevieria, Dumb Canes, etc.,
(Rey, 2019). However, there were also
endangered ornamental plants in the
Philippines including Kibatalia puberula,
Phalaenopsis lindenii, Cycas wadei, etc.,
(Suico, 2019).
Within the country, the community
would be affected if there were threatened
ornamental plants being sold which lead to
a shortage of these particular plants in its
endemicity. Established on the previous
studies, the location conducted was based
on a natural environment. That was why,
the researchers would conduct the study in
a market setting by determining the
taxonomic classification of ornamental
plants so that the researcher would grasp
information about its conservation status
and endemicity. In this study, Bayugan
City Market would be the basis for
conducting the study because it is a
common place for selling and purchasing
ornamental plants.
The researchers conducted this
study so that the community would be
aware of the conservation status of
ornamental plants. Additionally, the
researchers provided conservation
measures for the threatened ornamental
2023
plants in order to regulate this species. In
this way, the study would be beneficial
that would help city residents and
conservation authorities in maintaining the
necessary ornamental plants that were
being sold in Bayugan City Market.
Species account and conservation status
evaluation was crucial for the community
to understand the problem and could make
understand that these specific ornamental
plants should be protected. It hoped to gain
new insights into the problem in this
manner.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
A descriptive quantitative design
was applied in this study. A descriptive
quantitative approach is a type of non-
experimental research methodology in
which variables are measured using
numerical terms (Mbuva, n.d.). This would
help analyze the background information
and determine the total number of
ornamental plants.
Through the use of descriptive
statistics, it would summarize the collected
data. Descriptive statistics would arrange
the data through the use of pie graphs and
tables which was relevant to the study.
2.2 Research Instrument
 2023
The researchers employed several
resources to enhance the data collection of 2.3 Research Procedure
ornamental plants within the market. The In conducting the study, the
researchers directly inquired the sellers researchers interviewed the sellers first in
and gathered information about the Bayugan City Market from November 11,
common names of the ornamental plants 2022, to January 13, 2023, every weekend.
being sold. In addition, the researchers When interviewing, the researchers
used various applications and websites acquired information about the common
specialized in plant identification. These names of the plant being sold, the
tools, including Picture This!, Plant researchers also took the plants’ photos. In
Identifier, Plant Snap, Pl@ntNet, and Co’s determining the plant taxonomy, the
Digital Flora of the Philippines, provided researchers used various apps and
valuable assistance to verify the common websites. The researchers used Picture
names and other information of This!, Plant Identifier, Plant Snap, and
ornamental plants. By utilizing these Pl@ntNet Identify for the Scientific Name
resources, the researchers were able to and Family Name. On the other hand, the
obtain accurate information regarding the researchers used Co’s Digital Flora in
plants' background information. To assess identifying its variety. After assessing its
the conservation status of the ornamental taxonomic classifications, the researchers
plants, the researchers relied on the IUCN then classified its conservation status with
website. Furthermore, the researchers the help of the IUCN Red List and the
consulted the lists provided by the Forest conservation lists provided by the Forest
Management Bureau of the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources
(FMB-DENR) and Wildlife Resources
Division - Biodiversity Management
Bureau (BMB). The researchers also
Management Bureau - Department of identify the ornamental plants that needed
Environment and Natural Resources to be conserved. Furthermore, the
(FMB-DENR) and Wildlife Resources researchers still used Co’s Digital Flora in
Division - Biodiversity Management identifying the plants’ endemicity whether
Bureau (BMB). These helped the the plant is endemic or exotic. The
researchers to ensure the accuracy of the researchers then classified the ornamental
study’s findings. plants based on its taxonomic
 2023
classification, likewise to its endemicity. Table 1. Taxonomic Classification,
Lastly, the researchers classified the Conservation Status, and Endemicity of

ornamental plants based on its Ornamental Plants

conservation status and identified the ARACEAE

threatened species that need to be

BACKGROU FIGURE
protected. ND
INFORMATI
ON 

Scientific Name:
Aglaonema
commutatum
Common Name:
2.4 Data Analysis Pink Lady 
Family Name:
The taxonomic classifications were Araceae
Conservation
identified through the use of the apps and Status: Not
Evaluated
websites such as Picture This!, Plant Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Identifier, Plant Snap, and a website called
Scientific Name:
Pl@ntnet Identify. On the other hand, the Aglaonema
commutatum
plant’s conservation status was classified Common Name:
Pink Legacy
using the IUCN Red List, FMB-DENR, Family Name:
Araceae
and BMB. Meanwhile, the endemicity was Conservation
Status: Not
determined using websites such as Co's Evaluated
Endemicity:
Digital Flora. Endemic/Native

Using descriptive statistics, it Scientific Name:

Aglaonema
would be used in analyzing the acquired commutatum
Common Name:
data. Descriptive Statistics was used to Pink Lipstick
Family Name:
summarize the data of ornamental plants Araceae
Conservation
being sold in Bayugan City Market. Status: Not
Evaluated
Through the use of tables and pie graphs, Endemicity:
Endemic/Native
the researchers would arrange the data of
Scientific Name:
ornamental plants according to its Aglaonema
commutatum
taxonomic classification, categories in Common Name:
Silver Queen 
conservation status, and endemicity as Family Name:
Araceae
well. Conservation
Status: Least
Concern
Endemicity:
3. RESULTS Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Big Roy Pink Itarus
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Black Legacy Siam Pearl
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Manila Pride Snow Dream
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Aglaonema sp.
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Panama Stardust 
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Endemic/Native

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Aglaonema sp. Anthurium
Common Name: hookeri
Pink Dalmatian  variegata
Family Name: Common Name:
Araceae Anthurium
Conservation Foliage
Status: Not Variegated
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Endemic/Native Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Anthurium Caladium sp.
plowmanii Common Name:
Common Name: Black Mamba
Wave of Love Family Name:
Anthurium Araceae
Family Name: Conservation
Araceae Status: Not
Conservation Evaluated
Status: Endemicity:
Vulnerable Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Scientific Name:
Caladium sp.
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Anthurium Doble Kara
superbum Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Superbum Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity: Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic Dieffenbachia
seguine
Common Name:
Scientific Name: Dumb Canes
Caladium bicolor
Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Elephant’s Ear
Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae
Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Scientific Name:
Foreign/Exotic
Dieffenbachia
seguine
Scientific Name:
Common Name:
Caladium bicolor Leopard Lily
Common Name:
Family Name:
Red Beret Araceae
Family Name:
Conservation
Araceae Status: Not
Conservation
Evaluated
Status: Not Endemicity:
Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Epipremnum
aureum
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Caladium Devil’s Ivy
lindenii Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Angel Wings Conservation
Family Name: Status: Not
Araceae Evaluated
Conservation Endemicity:
Status: Not Foreign/Exotic
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Excoecaria Philodendron
cochinchinensis bipennifolium
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Cochin Burle Marx
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Least Status: Not
Concern Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Endemic/Native Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Homalomena
rubescens
Common Name:
Maggie
Family Name: Scientific Name:
Araceae Philodendron
Conservation bipennifolium
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Green Violin
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Scientific Name: Status: Not
Monstera Evaluated
adansonii Endemicity:
Common Name: Foreign/Exotic
Swiss Cheese
Vine Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae domesticum
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Not Golden Calkins
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name: Evaluated
Philodendron Endemicity:
billietiae Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Emerald Vine Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae erubescens
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Not Blushing
Evaluated Philodendron
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Philodendron Philodendron
erubescens erubescens
Common Name: Common Name:
Pink Princess Prince of Orange
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Philodendron Philodendron
erubescens martianum
Common Name: Common Name:
Red Emerald Pacová
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Least Status: Least
Concern Concern
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Philodendron Philodendron
erubescens melanochrysum
Common Name: Common Name:
White Knight Melano
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Least
Evaluated Concern
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Philodendron Philodendron sp.
erubescens Common Name:
Common Name: Birkin
White Princess Family Name:
Family Name: Araceae
Araceae Conservation
Conservation Status: Not
Status: Not Evaluated
Evaluated Endemicity:
Endemicity: Foreign/Exotic
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Scientific Name: Philodendron sp.
Philodendron Common Name:
hastatum Cherry Red
Common Name: Family Name:
Silver Sword Araceae
Family Name: Conservation
Araceae Status: Not
Conservation Evaluated
Status: Least Endemicity:
Concern Foreign/Exotic
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Scientific Name:
Philodendron sp.
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Philodendron Choco Cardinal
hederaceum Family Name:
Common Name: Araceae
Dwarf Lime Conservation
Moonlight Status: Not
Family Name: Evaluated
Araceae Endemicity:
Conservation Foreign/Exotic
Status: Least
Concern
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Endemicity:
Philodendron sp. Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Jungle Boogie Scientific Name:
Family Name: Philodendron
Araceae tatei
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Least Green Congo
Concern Family Name:
Endemicity: Araceae
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name: Evaluated
Philodendron sp. Endemicity:
Common Name: Foreign/Exotic
Paraiso Verde
Family Name: Scientific Name:
Araceae Schismatoglottis
Conservation wallichii
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Drop Tongue
Endemicity: Family Name:
Foreign/Exotic Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Scientific Name: Foreign/Exotic
Philodendron
squamiferum  Scientific Name:
Common Name: Scindapsus
Red Bristle pictus 
Philodendron Common Name:
Family Name: Satin Pothos
Araceae Family Name:
Conservation Araceae
Status: Least Conservation
Concern Status: Not
Endemicity: Evaluated
Foreign/Exotic Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
Scientific Name:
Philodendron Scientific Name:
tatei Spathiphyllum
Common Name: sp.
Dwarf Red Common Name:
Congo Dwarf Sensation
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Least Status: Not
Concern Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Philodendron
tatei
Common Name:
Giant Red Congo
Family Name:
Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Syngonium Zamioculcas
chiapense zamiifolia
Common Name: Common Name:
Arrowhead Welcome
Syngonium Variegated
Family Name: Family Name:
Araceae Araceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Syngonium
ARALIACEAE
podophyllum
Common Name:
Scientific Name:
Arrowhead Plant
Polyscias
Family Name:
guilfoylei
Araceae
Common Name:
Conservation
Geranium-leaf
Status: Not
aralia
Evaluated
Family Name:
Endemicity:
Araliaceae
Foreign/Exotic
Conservation
Status: Not
Scientific Name:
Evaluated
Syngonium
Endemicity:
podophyllum
Foreign/Exotic
Common Name:
Arrowhead Vine
Family Name: ASPARAGACEAE
Araceae 
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Agave
Evaluated pachycentra
Endemicity: Common Name:
Foreign/Exotic Agave
Family Name:
Scientific Name: Asparagaceae
Thaumatophyllu Conservation
m xanadu Status: Least
Common Name: concern
Split-leaf Endemicity:
Philodendron Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Araceae Scientific Name:
Conservation Agave univittata 
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Thorn-crested
Endemicity: agave
Foreign/Exotic Family Name:
Asparagaceae
Scientific Name: Conservation
Thaumatophyllu Status: Least
m xanadu Concern
Common Name: Endemicity:
Xanadu Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Araceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Sansevieria Begonia
hyacinthoides hydrocotylifolia
Common Name: Common Name:
Brown Fire King
Sansevieria Begonia
Snake Plant Family Name:
Family Name: Begoniaceae
Asparagaceae Conservation
Conservation Status: Not
Status: Not Evaluated
Evaluated Endemicity:
Endemicity: Foreign/Exotic
Endemic/Native
Scientific Name:
ASTERACEAE Begonia
imperialis
Scientific Name: Common Name:
Chrysanthemums Imperial Begonia
indicum Family Name:
Common Name: Begoniaceae
Indian Conservation
Chrysanthemums Status: Not
Family Name: Evaluated
Asteraceae Endemicity:
Conservation Foreign/Exotic
Status: Not
Evaluated Scientific Name:
Endemicity: Begonia
Foreign/Exotic masoniana
Common Name:
Iron Cross
Begonia
Family Name:
BEGONIACEAE Begoniaceae
Conservation
Scientific Name: Status: Not
Begonia bowerae Evaluated
Common Name: Endemicity:
Eyelash begonia Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Begoniaceae Scientific Name:
Conservation Begonia rex
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Helen teupel
Endemicity: Begonia
Foreign/Exotic Family Name:
Begoniaceae
Scientific Name: Conservation
Begonia Status: Not
heracleifolia Evaluated
Common Name: Endemicity:
Starleaf Begonia Foreign/Exotic
Family Name:
Begoniaceae Scientific Name:
Conservation Begonia rex
Status: Not Common Name:
Evaluated Silver Queen
Endemicity: Begonia
Foreign/Exotic Family Name:
Begoniaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name:
Begonia sp.
Common Name:
U400 Begonia
Family Name:
Begoniaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

BROMELIACEAE

Scientific Name:
Cryptanthus
acaulis
Common Name:
Sansevieria
Family Name:
Bromeliaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Cryptanthus
bivittatus
Common Name:
Earth Star
Family Name:
Bromeliaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

CRASSULACEAE

Scientific Name:
Aeonium sp.
Common Name:
Sunburst
Family Name:
Crassulaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Kalanchoe Gladiolus
orgyalis gandavensis
Common Name: Common Name:
Copper Spoons Sword Lilies
Family Name: Family Name:
Crassulaceae Iridaceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

DEVALLIACEAE
MALPIGHIACEAE
Scientific Name:
Nephrolepis Scientific Name:
cordifolia Malpighia
Common Name: coccigera
Narrow Sword Common Name:
Fern Singapore Holly
Family Name: Family Name:
Devalliaceae Malpighiaceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

FABACEAE MARANTACEAE

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Christia Calathea
obcordata roseopicta
Common Name: Common Name:
Green Butterfly Manoa Blush
plant Calathea 
Family Name: Family Name:
Fabaceae Marantaceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Not Status: Not
Evaluated Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

GESNERIACEAE

Scientific Name: Scientific Name:

Saintpaulia Calathea
ionantha roseopicta
Common Name: Common Name:
African Violet Maria Calathea
Family Name: Family Name:
Gesneriaceae Marantaceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Status: Not
Vulnerable Evaluated
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic

IRIDACEAE
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Calathea sp. Stromanthe
Common Name: thalia
Calathea Rusco Common Name:
Family Name: Tricolor
Marantaceae Stromanthe
Conservation Family Name:
Status: Not Marantaceae
Evaluated Conservation
Endemicity: Status: Not
Foreign/Exotic Evaluated
Endemicity:
Scientific Name: Foreign/Exotic
Goeppertia
makoyana NEPHROLEPIDACEAE
Common Name:
Peacock Scientific Name:
Family Name: Nephrolepis
Marantaceae exaltata 
Conservation Common Name:
Status: Not Boston Fern
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Nephrolepidacea
Foreign/Exotic e
Conservation
Scientific Name: Status: Least
Goeppertia Concern
roseopicta Endemicity:
Common Name: Foreign/Exotic
Dottie
Family Name: NYCTAGINACEAE
Marantaceae
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Bougainvillea
Evaluated glabra
Endemicity: Common Name:
Foreign/Exotic Purple
Bougainvillea
Scientific Name: Family Name:
Goeppertia Nyctaginaceae
rufibarba Conservation
Common Name: Status: Least
Furry Feather Concern
Calathea Endemicity:
Family Name: Foreign/Exotic
Marantaceae
Conservation Scientific Name:
Status: Not Bougainvillea
Evaluated glabra
Endemicity: Common Name:
Foreign/Exotic Rosenka
Bougainvillea 
Scientific Name: Family Name:
Goeppertia sp. Nyctaginaceae
Common Name: Conservation
Marion Calathea Status: Least
Family Name: Concern
Marantaceae Endemicity:
Conservation Foreign/Exotic
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

ORCHIDACEAE
 2023
Scientific Name: Scientific Name:
Dendrobium Dendrobium
closterium  closterium 
Common Name: Common Name:
Dendrobium Dendrobium
Kalapana Sunset Thongchai Gold
Family Name: Family Name:
Orchidaceae Orchidaceae
Conservation Conservation
Status: Least Status: Least
Concern Concern
Endemicity: Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic Foreign/Exotic
 2023
Scientific Name: Status:
Dendrobium Vulnerable
nobile  Endemicity:
Common Name: Endemic/Native
Dendrobium
Violet Scientific Name:
Phalaenopsis Dendrobium
Family Name: victoriae-reginae 
Orchidaceae Common Name:
Conservation Dendrobium
Status: Not Sonia
Evaluated Family Name:
Endemicity: Orchidaceae
Foreign/Exotic Conservation
Status:
Scientific Name: Vulnerable
Dendrobium Endemicity:
nobile  Endemic/Native
Common Name:
Dendrobium Scientific Name:
White Dendrobium
Phalaenopsis victoriae-reginae 
Family Name: Common Name:
Orchidaceae Dendrobium
Conservation Queen Victoria
Status: Not Family Name:
Evaluated Orchidaceae
Endemicity: Conservation
Foreign/Exotic Status:
Vulnerable
Scientific Name: Endemicity:
Dendrobium Endemic/Native
nobile 
Common Name:
Purple Moth
Orchid
Family Name:
Orchidaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Endemic/Native

Scientific Name:
Dendrobium sp.
Common Name:
Dendrobium
Yellow Red Lip
Family Name:
Orchidaceae
Conservation
Status: Not
Evaluated
Endemicity:
Foreign/Exotic

Scientific Name:
Dendrobium
victoriae-reginae 
Common Name:
Dendrobium
Sirin Peach 
Family Name:
Orchidaceae
Conservation
 2023

Table 2. No. of Species in Each Family

FAMILIES NO. OF SPECIES

Araceae 59

Araliaceae 1

Asparagaceae 3

Asteraceae 1

Begoniaceae 8

Bromeliaceae 2

Crassulaceae 2

Devalliaceae 1

Fabaceae 1

Gesneriaceae 1

Iridaceae 1

Malpighiaceae 1

Marantaceae 8

Nephrolepidaceae 1

Nyctaginaceae 2

Orchidaceae 9

TOTAL: 16 TOTAL: 101

There were one hundred-one (101)
ornamental plants being sold in the
Bayugan City Market. In terms of the
families of the ornamental plants, there
were sixteen (16) families in total. Fifty-
nine (59) ornamental plants belong to the
family of Araceae (58.42%). This means
that the species belonging to the arum
family, Araceae, were common
popular in the market and were currently
in high demand across the flora industry.
Followed by the Orchidaceae family which
consists of nine (9) species each (8.91%).
On the other hand, both Begoniaceae and
Marantaceae families have eight (8)
species (7.92%), while the Asparagaceae
family has three (3) species (2.97%). The
families, Bromeliaceae, Crassulaceae, and
Nyctaginaceae, had two (2) species each
(1.98%), and the families, Araliaceae,
Asteraceae, Devalliaceae, Fabaceae,
and Gesneriaceae, Iridaceae, Malpighiaceae,
and Nephrolepidaceae, have one (1)
species each (0.99%). 
According to a previous study
conducted by Rambey, R., Permana, J.,
 2023
2022, the researchers discovered that the in the Wild (EW), and Extinct (EX). This
most abundant families were Orchidaceae also means that most of the ornamental
and Araceae. The only difference is that in plants being sold at the Bayugan City
this study’s findings, the most abundant Market were not yet evaluated by IUCN.
family in the Bayugan City Market was In accordance with Republic Act 9147,
Araceae with 59 species (58.42%) also known as the Wildlife Resources
followed by Orchidaceae with 9 species Conservation and Protection Act, it is
(8.91%), on the other hand, in the previous imperative to recognize the importance of
study, Orchidaceae (up to 6 species or preserving endangered species. Although
31.57%) was the most abundant instead of the species in the findings were not
Araceae (up to 4 species or 21.05%) in classified as endangered, it is still crucial
Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, North to conserve these species as these were
Sumatra. Nevertheless, these findings threatened with extinction, and these
continue to support the idea that both species must be regulated in the market.
Araceae and Orchidaceae were among the Among the species mentioned, which
most abundant families. comprised 4.95% of the total, there were
five species classified as Vulnerable (VU),
Table 3. No. of Species in Each
indicating its vulnerability to extinction.
Consevation Status Category
According to the International
CONSERVATION STATUS NO. OF
Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) SPECIES
Red List and Forest Management Bureau
Not Evaluated 80
of the Department of Environment and
Data Deficient 0
Natural Resources (FMB-DENR), eighty
Least Concern 16
(80) species were Not Evaluated (79.21%),
Nearly Threatened 0
while sixteen (16) ornamental plants were
Vulnerable 5
categorized as Least Concern (15.84%).
Endangered 0
On the other hand, according to the
Critically Endangered 0
Wildlife Resources Division - Biodiversity
Extinct in the Wild 0
Management Bureau (BMB), five (5)
Extinct 0
species belong to Vulnerable (4.95%).
TOTAL: 9 TOTAL: 101
However, there were no (0) ornamental
These species include Anthurium
plants classified as Data Deficient (DD),
plowmanii (Wave of Love Anthurium),
Nearly Threatened (NT), Endangered
Dendrobium victoriae-reginae
(EN), Critically Endangered (CR), Extinct
 2023
(Dendrobium Sirin Peach), Dendrobium It is essential to consider the
victoriae-reginae (Dendrobium Sonia), implications of the predominance of exotic
Dendrobium victoriae-reginae ornamental plants since these species may
(Dendrobium Queen Victoria), and have the potential to become invasive,
Saintpaulia ionantha (African Violet).  where when being adapted to a new area, it
Conservation measures must be reproduces and harms the native plants of
taken to ensure the safety of the the region (Invasive Species, n.d.). It is
ornamental plants especially the threatened crucial to promote the conservation and
ones or species that belong to the cultivation of native ornamental plants as it
Vulnerable category. Actions such as was better adapted to local conditions
banning Vulnerable species to be sold in (NatureAdmin, 2018).
the market and regulating what ornamental
plants are being sold in the market are 4. CONCLUSION

some conservation measures that must be Araceae family members were

taken by the authorities, and also, for the prominently featured in the market in

vendors to not sell Vulnerable species.
Table 4. No. of Species in Each Endemicity
Category
ENDEMICITY NO. OF SPECIES
Endemic/Native 16
Foreign/Exotic 85
TOTAL: 2 TOTAL: 101
Sixteen (16) of these ornamental
plants (15.84%) were Native/Endemic. On
the other hand, eighty-five (85) of these
species (84.16%) were Foreign/Exotic.
This means the ornamental plants being
sold in the Bayugan City Market were
mostly Foreign/Exotic to the Philippines.
This suggests a preference for exotic plants
among consumers or a greater availability
of such species in the market.
Bayugan City, which had a broad selection
of ornamental plants. The majority of the
101 species found belonged to this well-
liked family, suggesting its prevalence and
appeal in the flora sector. Another finding
was that a sizable majority of the
ornamental plants sold were exotic species,
with only 16 natives to the Philippines and
85 coming from other nations. This
implies that in order to satisfy consumer
demand, plants may be imported from
other nations. The IUCN Red List, FMB-
DENR, and the Wildlife Resources
Division BMB were also cited by the
researchers. These sources classified 80
species as Not Evaluated, 16 as Least
Concern, and 5 as Vulnerable. Aglaonema
plowmanii, an Araceae species, was

recognized as one of the vulnerable species
and as having a high risk of extinction.
Based on the study's findings, the
researchers came to the conclusion that the
market's sale of ornamental plants
increases the risk of extinction, particularly
for species of the family Araceae that are
in great demand. Improved conservation
measures are required, especially for
species that have not been subjected to
evaluation. Regardless of how well-
conserved the plants are, all ornamental
plants need to be protected and conserved.
Even if the majority of plants on the
market were not in danger right now,
preventative action was still required to
keep it from going extinct. In order to
avert a decline in its populations, the study
highlighted five vulnerable species,
including Anthurium plowmanii (Wave of
Love Anthurium), Dendrobium victoriae-
reginae (Dendrobium Sirin Peach,
Dendrobium Sonia, and Dendrobium
Queen Victoria), and Saintpaulia ionantha
(African Violet). Given these results, the
researchers emphasized the significance of
proactive conservation and protection
initiatives by Philippine conservation
authorities, vendors, and the community to
preserve the beauty of ornamental plants
and encourage conservation. The findings
of the study offer the people of Bayugan
City useful direction in its endeavors to
accomplish these aims.
2023
REFERENCES
AmphibiaWeb.    (2022).     Conversation
Status. Retrieved on September 25, 2022, 
from            
https://amphibiaweb.org/conservation.html 
Australian Museum. (2019).     
Conservation Status -       what does it
mean? Retrieved on September 25, 2022,
from 
https://australian.museum/learn/animals/co
nservation-status-what-does-it-mean/ 
Bansal, P., et al., (2023, January 26).          
Floristic diversity of native wild
ornamental plants of Aravalli Hill Range: 
a case study from district Rewari,
Haryana, India | Journal of Threatened
Taxa.      Retrieved on September           
19,              2022,                               from
https://threatenedtaxa.org/JoTT/article/vie
w/8068 
Byju's Learning. (2022, September 30).
Plant Taxonomy: Taxonomy and
Systematics, List of Systems, Importance.
Retrieved on February 28, 2023, from
https://byjus.com/neet/important-notes-of-
biology-for-neet-plant-taxonomy/
Changing Perspective (n.d.). Plant
Conservation. Retrieved on June 25, 2023,
 2023
from hness_and_composition_in_urban_parks_s
https://agardenthroughtime.wordpress.com tudies_in_Metro_Cebu_Philippines  
/themes-2/conservation/ 
Francini, A., et al. (2022, December 2).
DENR-9 warns poachers, collectors on The Contribution of Ornamental Plants to
illegal plant trade. Manila Bulletin. Urban Ecosystem Services. Retrieved on
Retrieved on May 21, 2023, from May 23 2022, from
https://mb.com.ph/2020/09/10/denr-9- https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4834/3/4/71 
warns-poachers-collectors-n-illegal-plant-
trade/  Garland, L. (2020, May 19). Native Versus
Non-native: Which Plants are Best for
Department of   Environment and   Water.  Biodiversity? The Nature of Cities.
(n.d.).  Conservation status of threatened Retrieved on March 4, 2023, from
species. Retrieved on September 17, 2022, https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2020/0
from 5/18/native-versus-nonnative-which-
https://www.environment.sa.gov.au/topics/ plants-are-best-for-biodiversity/ 
plants-and-animals/threatened-species- Ghatas,    Y.    (2022, August).  
and-ecological-communities/conservation- Definition of   Ornamental    Plants.
status-of-threatened-species  Retrieved on September 24, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
Dublin,  H.(2022).       IUCN       Red      43894469_Definition_of_Ornamental_Pla
List     of       Threatened     Species. nts 
Retrieved on September 17, 2022,   from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/IUCN- Invasive Species. (n.d.). Retrieved on June
Red-List-of-Threatened-Species  3, 2023, from
https://education.nationalgeographic.org/re
Flores, P.M, et al., (2020, September). source/invasive-species/ 
Ornamental plant diversity richness and
composition in urban parks studies in IUCN Red List. (2022). IUCN    Red   
Metro Cebu Philippines. Retrieved on List    of    Threatened    Species.
September 15, 2022, from Retrieved on September 25, 2022, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3 https://www.iucnredlist.org/ 
44406217_Ornamental_plant_diversity_ric
 2023
Kaviani, B., & Kulus, D. (2022). %27t%20just,pollutants%20from
Cryopreservation of Endangered %20nearby%20pollinating%20plants 
Ornamental Plants and Fruit Crops from
Tropical and Subtropical Regions. Mbuva, G., (n.d.). Quantitative descriptive
Biology, 11(6), 847. Retrieved on research: definition, types, methodology,
September 16, 2022, from methods, characteristics, examples and
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles advantages | Accounting Nest. Retrieved
/PMC9219781/  on June 24, 2023, from
https://www.accountingnest.com/articles/r
Kuchta, D. (2021). The History of IUCN esearch/quantitative-descriptive-
Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved research#:~:text=Quantitative
on September 25, 2022,  from %20Descriptive%20Research%20is
https://www.treehugger.com/iucn-red-list- %20a,not%20manipulated%20by%20the
of-threatened-species-5119212  %20researcher. 

Kuswanto, L., et al. (2021). Identification Native Plants - Garden for Wildlife |
and documentation of wild plant species National Wildlife Federation. (n.d.).
with ornamental potentials at Mount Prau, National Wildlife Federation. Retrieved on
Central Java, Indonesia. Retrieved on March 4, 2023, from
September 19, 2022 from,  https://www.nwf.org/Garden-for-wildlife/a
https://www.scielo.br/j/oh/a/jNVrTgdZN9 bout/native-plants 
cN83cPgPRNy5H/?lang=en&format=pdf 
Law Insider (n.d.). Conservation Measures NatureAdmin. (2018, March 15). Why
definition. Retrieved on June 25, 2023, Native Plants Are the Better Choice for a
from Changing World. Nature Change.
https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/co Retrieved on June 3, 2023, from
nservation-measures  https://naturechange.org/2018/03/15/why-
Make My Garden. (2020, November 27). native-plants-are-the-btter-choice-for-a-
Benefits of Ornamental Gardening. changing-world/#:~:text=Native%20plants
Retrieved on September 27, 2022, from %20are%0better%20adapted,non
https://makemygarden.com/benefits-of- %2Dnatives%20and%20invasive
ornamental-gardening/#: %20species. 
%7E:text=Ornamental%20plants%20don
 2023
Nazrullah, A. (2021, January 9). Good https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1
Benefits of Ornamental Plants for Your 755-1315/1115/1/012024/pdf 
Home Environment. The Garden Granny.
Retrieved on September 27, 2022, from Republic Act No. 9147. Official Gazette of
https://thegardengranny.com/8523/good- the Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved
benefits-of-ornamental-plants/  on May 20, 2023 from
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/0
Newsy Today. (2021, June 17). What are 7/30/republic-act-no-947/ 
the Benefits of Ornamental Plants for
Body Health? Retrieved on September 27, Rey, M. V. (2019, July 18).
2022, from https://www.newsy- ORNAMENTAL PLANTS - Decorative
today.com/what-are-the-benefits-of- Plants In The Philippines. Philippine
ornamental-plants-for-body-health/  News. Retrieved on September 17, 2022,
from
Queensland, C. O. S. O. (2021, March 16). https://philnews.ph/2019/07/10/philippine-
Near threatened and least concern species. ornamental-plants/ 
Retrieved on September 25, 2022, from Ryan, A. (2017, May 22). Subspecies,
https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/plant Varieties and Cultivars. Succulent
s-animals/conservation/threatened- Gardens. Retrieved on February 28, 2023
wildlife/threatened-species/near-threatened  from
https://sgplants.com/blogs/news/subspecie
s-varieties-and-cultivars
Rafferty, J. P. (2023, March 1). Invasive
species | Description, Characteristics, Ryutaro A., Akemi O., and Takashi O.
Examples, Solutions, & Facts. ( 2018, January). Current researches in
Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved on ornamental plant breeding. Retrieved on
March 4, 2023, from September 24, 2022, from 
https://www.britannica.com/science/invasi https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
ve-species  /PMC5903985/  
Rambey, R., & Permana J. (2022). Smith,  K. A. (2021, September 1)
Identification of ornamental plant species  Geographic Range. Oxford
in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, Bibliographies.  Retrieved on March 1,
North Sumatra. Retrieved on September 2023 from
19, 2022 from https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/dis
 2023
play/document/obo-9780199830060/obo- plant taxonomy: The science of names.
9780199830060- Retrieved on February 28, 2023. from
0141.xml#:~:text=Geographic%20range https://botanicalsociety.org.za/the-science-
%20describes%20the of-names-an-introduction-to-plant-
%20spatial,distribution%20and taxonomy/#:~:text=Plant%20taxonomy
%20abundance%20of%20species. %20is%20the%20science,organisms
%20into%20different%20taxonomic
Suico, J. (2019, March 2). Endangered  %20levels.
Plants of  the  Philippines.  Sciencing.
Retrieved on September 17, 2022 from The Living Rainforest. (2018, April 10).
https://sciencing.com/endangered-plants- IUCN Conservation Status Explained.
philippines-7297876.html    Retrieved on September 20, 2022, from
Suminah., et al., (2021). Self reliance of https://livingrainforest.org/learning-
ornamental plants agribusiness actors resources/iucn-conservation-status-
during the Covid pandemic in Surakarta. explained 
Retrieved on May 23, 2022 from
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1 TransAgra International Inc. (2022).
755-1315/905/1/012062/meta  Ornamental Plant Problems & Probiotic
Plus Solutions. Retrieved on September
Tiwari (2021). Begomovirus on 27, 2022, from
Ornamental Plants: Diversity and https://transagra.com/probiotic-prebiotic-
Management. Retrieved on September 15, solutions/plant-health-problems/
2022, from ornamental-plant-health-problems/  
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/
978-981-16-3919-7_20   Understanding Global Change. (2022,
The American Begonia Society. (2021, March 9). Species ranges. Retrieved on
December 28). Species, Hybrids, Cultivars March 5, 2023, from
& Varieties Explained. Retrieved on https://ugc.berkeley.edu/background-
March 1, 2023 from content/species-ranges/#:~:text=A
https://www.begonias.org/species-hybrids- %20species%20range%20is
cultivars-varieties-explained/ %20the,suitable%20habitat%20for%20the
%20species 
The Botanical Society of South Africa. Young People’s Trust For the
(2020, August 26). An introduction to Environment. (n.d.), (2022). Conservation.

Retrieved on September 25, 2022, from
https://ypte.org.uk/factsheets/conservation/
why-is-conservation-important-for-the-
environment  prospects of ornamental plant genomics.
Zeaiter, J. (2016, October 9). Benefits of
Ornamental Plants. Retrieved on
September 27, 2022, from,
https://www.evergreengrowers.com.au/blo
gs/news/benefits-of-ornamental-plants 
2023
Zheng, T., Li, P., Li, L., & Zhang, Q.
(2021). Research advances in and
Horticulture research, 8. Retrieved on
September 13, 2022, from
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41438-
021-00499-x  
 2023

Assessment of Botanical and Taxonomical Characteristics of the Presumed Species of

Sapindaceae Family in Magkiangkang, Bayugan City
Valenzona, A., Oquilan, S., Oraliza, N.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSRACT
The Sapindaceae family is a widely recognized and admired plant family known for
its diverse fruit-bearing and decorative species. However, with Magkiangkang in Bayugan
City's densely populated area, it is essential to study and understand the specific properties
of the Sapindaceae family species in the region. Therefore, this study took place with the aim
of analyzing the taxonomic and botanical characteristics of the Sapindaceae family's
specimens discovered in Purok 5, Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. The researchers spoke to
the owner of the trees and collected plant specimens, which were then studied, recognized,
and grouped using taxonomic keys and other botanical methods. The study investigated six
known species belonging to the Sapindaceae family, each containing unique properties such
as dimensions of the tree and twig, leaf size and shape, flower and fruit description, and
preferred climate and elevation. The outcome of the research provides a useful resource for
further research and conservation programs. The study's findings shed light on the crucial
botanical and taxonomic traits of the Sapindaceae family, especially those found in
 2023
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. This info will help in future sustainability programs to better
understand the plants and their unique properties and biological characteristics. The
knowledge gained via this study will be essential to the conservation of these vital plant
species and their environment.

Keywords: Assessment, Botanical, Characteristics, Sapindaceae Family, Taxonomic,

Bayugan City

1.INTRODUCTION
The Sapindaceae was mostly trees
and shrubs, and tendril-bearing vines
comprising about 140 genera and 1,500
species. (Menzel, 2003) One of its species
is the Alupag, alupag trees are native to the
Philippines and are evergreen fruit-bearing
plants with the scientific name
Dimocarpus didyma. It bears scrumptious
fruits and is closely related to litchi (Carr,
2015). Longan (Dimocarpus Longan), is a
lychee-related fruit. On trees, longans
develop in groups (WebMD Editorial
Contributors, 2022). When the shell is
removed, a longan resembles an eyeball
and has a grape-like flavor. The white
flesh and black seed resemble a pupil.
Consequently, it is also known as dragon
eye fruit (Dube, 2022). The fruit rambutan,
or Nephelium lappaceum, is indigenous to
Southeast Asia and is also one of the
species under the Sapindaceae.
It thrives well in tropical areas like
those in Malaysia and Indonesia and can
grow in a tree up to 80 feet (27 meters)
tall. The golf-ball-sized fruit, known as a
rambutan, was named after the Malay
word for hair because its red and green
shell was covered in hairs. Its distinctive
look is frequently contrasted with that of a
sea urchin. (Petre, 2018)
The solely found in Mindanao,
Philippines, subspecies of Litchi chinensis,
known as Mindanaensis, was also last
observed in 1912 by Adolph Daniel
Edward Elmer in Mount Urdaneta,
Cabadbaran, Agusan del Norte, Mindanao,
Philippines. Since it was last seen a
century ago, the current subspecies of
Litchi chinensis is presumed, the current
subspecies is not grown and the fruits are
not known to be consumed in the
Philippines. Based on one specimen,
which was furthermore sterilized, the
former researcher was hesitant to consider
this as a part of the original region of
dispersion. (Petre, 2018)
Furthermore, this study will attest
if the tree is the presumed Sapindaceae
family’s species. The researchers are using
different methods to acquire the botanical

and taxonomic characteristics of the
presumed Sapindaceae species in P-5,
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
2023
      Healthy, mature, unbruised leaves and
twigs were collected from Purok 5,
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City in the
presumed species of Sapindaceae family
are then used as samples to collect
measurements.

Measuring of Plant Materials

The design of this study was a
descriptive study. Descriptive research
aimed to accurately and systematically
described a population, situation,
phenomenon. We had answered the what,
where, when, and how questions, but not
the why. Descriptive research designs
A scale tape and IOS app was used
to measure the average length and width of
the plant’s leaves and the height of the tree
or and the diameter of its trunk were
determined using a tape measure.
2.3 Research Procedure

allow you to examine one or more

This study was conducted during the
variables using a variety of research
months of November to June and currently
methods.
on speculations. To study the Sapindaceae

The aim is to provide sufficient tree in Purok 5 Magkiangkang Bayugan

information on the botanical and City, conduct an interview with the owner

taxonomic characteristics of the species of to gain insights into its history and

Sapindaceae family currently inferred in significance. Identify botanical

Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. characteristics, taxonomical

Researchers had documented the botanical characteristics, and conduct a comparative

and taxonomic characteristics of a analysis to determine its classification.

suspected lychee species in Continue observing until blooming and

Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. fruiting to gain further insights into the

tree's lifecycle and behavior.

2.4 Data Analysis

2.3 Research Materials
Descriptive statistics described,
Collection of Plant Materials showed, and summarized the basic features
 2023
of a data set found in a given study, Sapindaceae family prefers tropical
presented in a summary that describes the climates; the growth cycle is typically 11
data sampled and its measurements. to 24 weeks; the temperature ranges from
33°C to 39°C; the preferred season, or
By gathering and compiling all the
bearing or blooming time, is between
information:
January and March; the altitude is 799

The study determined the altitude meters above sea level; and the fruit can be

from sea level, the measurements, the leaf harvested when the color turns dark violet,

pattern, or the botanical characteristics of which indicates it is already ripe.

presumed species of Sapindaceae family

3.2 Taxonomical Description
found in Purok-5, Magkiangkang,
The researchers were able to
Bayugan City.
identify the taxonomical characteristics of
3. RESULTS the species of the Sapindaceae family. It
3.1 Botanical Description has a noticeable kingdom Plantae; its
phylum or division is Magnoliophyta. 
In Magkiangkang Bayugan City, a This species also belongs to the
species said to belong to the Sapindaceae Magnoliopsida class, and it also belongs to
family grows to a height of 15.06 meters, Sapindales in order. And it also belongs
with twigs that are 22.86 centimeters long, clearly to Sapindaceae family with the
and leaves that are 16.51 centimeters long. genus Chinensis. And lastly, it is a Litchi
It is alternatively complex and oblong. In chinensis species.
terms of appearance, the flower is Furthermore, the taxonomic
described as having small, apetalous, analysis also made it easier to classify and
discoidal flowers with a dischasial cyme and identify the researched species. To
for an inflorescence. identify the genus and species of each
Each fruit only contains one seed, which is plant, the researchers used a variety of
either spherical or ellipsoid in shape. The taxonomic tools and procedures, such as
fruit is described as being red when it is botanical keys, morphological analysis,
not quite ripe, tasting sour, and beginning and literature reviews.
to have little hairs. The little hairs will be
gone but leave a mark, the color will turn 3.3 Distribution of Habitat
dark violet, and the flavor will become In a single location in Magkiangkang
sweet if it is already ripe. The Bayugan City, Sapindaceae trees are
 2023
planted alongside the road and spaced Aman, A., Rany, R., Ahmad, F., Karuna,
apart by more than one meter. It was K., Pal, A., Shambhawi, S., Sahay, S., &
flanked by some typical Philippine trees, Kushwaha, C. (2022, August 25).
such the Falcata and coconut trees. Assessment of leaf nutrient status at
different phenological stages of litchi
(Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in subtropics of
Bihar. The Pharma Innovation. Retrieved
November 10, 2022, from
https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archiv
es/2022/vol11issue10/PartS/
119395359.pdf
Figure 1. Location of the
Sapindaceae’s Family Species
Camongol, R., Agarin, R., & Pangilinan,
4. CONCLUSION
L. (2017, October 28). Determination of
This study aims to classify,
Fatty Acid Content of Rambutan
characterize, and introduced the botanical
(Nephelium lappaceum L.) Seed. Asia
and taxonomic of the species of
Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary
Sapindaceae family in Purok 5,
Research. Retrieved February 28, 2023,
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City. Shreds of
from
evidence and observations of the fellow
http://www.apjmr.com/wpcontent/uploads/
species of Sapindaceae family, the
2019/08/APJMR2017.5.4.3.07.pdf?
researchers have distinguished the correct
fbclid=IwAR2WROdfYGkKVy5NtxKDSj
data for the species in Purok 5,
iNcwmIRDBFlLI2U4oDRRND7XJ46Gn
Magkiangkang, Bayugan City.
B66C7G8
Additionally, the scarce subspecies
Mindanaensis is not either one of the tree Carr, G. (2015). Sapindaceae. Department
species in Purok 5, Magkiangkang, of Botany and Plant Pathology. 
Bayugan City. http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/
carr/sapind.htm

Chaudhary, P., & Dhaka, N. (2017, March

REFERENCES 28). Litchi chinensis (Litchi): A General
Account with Special Reference to
Propagation Practices. Springer Link.
 2023
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/ November 7, 2022, from
9789811036446_17? https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597021009976.
fbclid=IwAR22vDi17noyt2dUS60dnEtFg
YmtmrBsNfZz86mmeaxSt5KUyB5oVaH Gupta, A., Nath, V., Singh, A., Singh, M.,
xXT0 Marbho, E. S., Pandey, S., & Pathak, A.
(2017, May 31). Systemic Information for
Crane, Jonathan, et al. “LYCHEE Future Perspectives in Litchi Crop
GROWING IN THE FLORIDA Improvement. Springer Link.
HOME LANDSCAPE.” Askifas, 1 July https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/9
2020, 789811042478_8?
edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/MG051? fbclid=IwAR1JagS7Iqzliov60agUE9WeC1
fbclid=IwAR0Ore2vEqihDp2frgngagWCr dDDWLTnHePTbVeBL7CX85p_z3PAE3
CyFrVw-gV21HsulPKZ- RSUQ
gbtWu8LzLCoFw.
Harahap, S. N., Ramli, N., Vafaei, N., &
Said, M. (2012). Physicochemical and
Dube, P. (2022, February 11). Longan
nutritional composition of rambutan anak
Fruit: Health Benefits, Nutritional
sekolah (Nephelium lappaceum L.) seed
Value & Drawbacks. HealthyfiMe.
and seed oil. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition.
Retrieved June 25, 2023, from 
Retrieved March 16, 2023, from
https://www.healthifyme.com/blog/
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
longan-fruit/
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=nutrients+of+ra
mbutan&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=167893387
Fern, K. (2022, July 20). Dimocarpus
6705&u=%23p%3DwTKFz_vesDkJ
longan. Tropical Plants Database. 
Retrieved March 2, 2023, from
Huang, S., Han, D., Wang, J., Guo, D., &
https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.p
Li, J. (2021, June 7). Floral Induction of
hp?id=Dimocarpus+longan
Longan (Dimocarpus longan) by
Potassium Chlorate: Application,
Govaerts, R., Nic Lughadha, E., Black, N.,
Mechanism, and Future Perspectives.
Turner, R. & Paton, A. (2021). The 
Frontiers. Retrieved June 25, 2023, from
World Checklist of Vascular Plants, a
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
continuously updated resource for
9/fpls.2021.670587/full
exploring global plant diversity. Retrieved
 2023
Hu, B., Zhao, J., Lai, B., Qin, Y., Wang, ng_of_longan_fruit_Dimocarpus_Longan_
H., & Hu, G. (2016, January 8). LcGST4 Lour
is an anthocyanin-related glutathione S-
transferase gene in Litchi chinensis Sonn. Jiang, Y. M. (2006, November 10).
Postharvest characteristics and handling
Springer Link. Retrieved November 10,
of 
2022, from litchi fruit — an overview. CSIRO
PUBLISHING.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s0
https://www.publish.csiro.au/an/EA05108?
0299-015-1924-4 fbclid=IwAR2vTntO8yh5akItofnbtl0ZDB
NfipcGWEBFIxS2zRP9Zv4xVKetQu8Qc
I
Hussain, s., Naseer, B., Qadri, T., Fatima, Kilari, E. K., & Putta, S. (2016, January
T., & Bhat, T. (2021, June 16). Litchi 19). Biological and Phytopharmacological
(Litchi chinensis): Morphology, Descriptions of Litchi Chinensis. National
Taxonomy, Composition, and Health Library of Medicine. Retrieved October
Benefits. Springer Link. 12, 2022, from
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
9783030755027_14? /PMC4791990/
fbclid=IwAR2P0pipleaKQhiypIxcW4ir7w
xjVxLwHYL8oQiA3VR4L27ilDmEqfDrc Lai, B., Hu, B., Qin, Y. H., Zhao, J. T.,
Wang, H. C., & Hu, G. B. (2015, March
Ibrahim, R. M., & Mohamed, A. (2015, 21). Transcriptomic analysis of Litchi
September 2). Litchi chinensis: medicinal chinensis pericarp during maturation with
uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. a focus on chlorophyll degradation and
National Library of Medicine. Retrieved flavonoid biosynthesis. BMC Genomics.
February 28, 2023, from Retrieved November 10, 2022
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2634251 https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/ar
8/ ticles/10.1186/s12864-015-1433-4

Jiang, Y. M., Joyce, D., & Ketsa, S. (2022, Liu, W. (2015, August 11). Identifying
November). Postharvest biology and Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) Cultivars
handling of longan fruit (Dimocarpus and Their Genetic Relationships Using
Longan Lour.). Research Gate. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/4 Markers. PLOS ONE. Retrieved October
3470818_Postharvest_biology_and_handli 12, 2022, from
 2023
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article? fbclid=IwAR3na9yRIdf1_pAB74yd1qKg
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0135390 D8ia4zjjYv__Uju_Ir_csfeEtEJgmAH3ldk

Mahmood, K., & Kamilah, H. (2018, Nazario, MD., B. (2020, September 16).
March 19). Nutritional and Health Benefits of Longan. Nourish 
therapeutic potentials of rambutan fruit by WebMD. Retrieved October 11, 2022,
(Nephelium lappaceum L.) and the by- from
products: a review. Springer Link. https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-
Retrieved October 12, 2022, from benefits-longan
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s1
1694-018-9771-y NT.GOV.AU. (2016). Rambutan.
NT.GOV.AU. Retrieved November 30,
March, P. (2018, December 3). Alupag 2022 
Dimocarpus Didyma. Fruitpedia. https://nt.gov.au/environment/home-
Retrieved October 9, 2022, from gardens/growing-vegetables-at-home/
https://www.fruitipedia.com/2018/12/alup rambutan?fbclid=IwAR1nPeLT-c-
ag_dimocarpus-didyma/ HK1_eRHSpKO16WezK8luE0R8jJkUh6c
02LvszAuXBWmBm1Go#:~:text=Preferre
Menzel, C. M. (2003). FRUITS OF d%20climate%20and%20soil,of
TROPICAL CLIMATES | Fruits of the  %20around%205.5%20and%206.5
Sapindaceae. Science Direct. Retrieved
February 26, 2023, from Parmarch & Fruitipedia. (2018, March 12).
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agric Alupag. Fruitipedia. Retrieved February
ultural-and-biological-sciences/ 28, 2023, from
sapindaceae http://www.fruitipedia.com/2018/12/alupa
g_dimocarpus-didyma/
Leenhouts, P. W. (1978). Systematic notes
on the Sapindaceae-Nephelieae. Blumea: Petre, MS., A. (2018, December 7).
Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography Rambutan: A Tasty Fruit with Health 
of Plants. Retrieved December 8, 2022, Benefits. Healthline. Retrieved October
from 11, 2022, from
https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525412? https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/ramb
utan
 2023

Pinnamaneni, J., Sambamoorthy, U., & Saive, M., Genva, M., Istasse, T.,
Thota, P. (2020, March 10). LITCHI Frederich, M., Maes, C., & Fauconnier, M.
CHINENSIS AS A FUNCTIONAL (2020, August 4). Identification of a
SOURCE OF PHYTOCHEMICAL Proanthocyanidin from Litchi Chinensis
NATURALLY DYNAMIC Sonn. Root with Anti-Tyrosinase and
CONSTITUENTS IN VARIOUS PIECES Antioxidant Activity. MDPI.
OF LYCHEE: A RUN DOWN AND https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/10/9/1
DESCRIPTION OF 347?
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES fbclid=IwAR0uMXhLxTnD_wFaQDcyO
INCLUDING HYPOGLYCAEMIC WuT7bCXaBi6ZsvbW28TNn2WmlIxKjH
ENCEPHALOPATHY AND REVIEW 1xSh4o6
OF PATENTS. World Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. Shahrajabian, M. H., Sun, W., & Leng, Q.
https://wjpr.s3.apsouth1.amazonaws.com/a (2019, October 6). Modern
rticle_issue/1585274713.pdf? pharmacological actions of Longan fruits
fbclid=IwAR3QtbnrvaAFKytdtLBGYQqc and their usages in traditional herbal
Ukk5tE7loKMu2WcVAl3h0JyulepmvvSU remedies. Journals of Medicinal Plants
ZGc Studies. Retrieved October 24, 2022, from
https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/20
Saika, P., & Kotoky, U. (2022, June 25). A 19/vol7issue4/PartC/7-4-5-719.pdf
Study on the morphological characters of
elite Litchi (Litchi chinensis) cultivars in Sivakumar, D., & Korsten, L. (2014,
Jorhat, Assam. The Pharma Innovation. March 27). Litchi (Litchi chinensis
Retrieved November 8, 2022 Sonn.).  Retrieved October 11, 2022, from
https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archiv https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
es/2022/vol11issue7/PartY/11-7-217-591. cle/pii/B9781845697358500152
pdf
Sotto, R. (2022, March). LYCHEE
PRODUCTION IN THE PHILIPPINES.
FAO. Retrieved March 7, 2023, from
 2023
https://www.fao.org/3/AC684E/ac684e0b.
htm#bm11

Sun, W., Hesam Shahrajabian, M., Shen,

Sotto, R. C. (2012). Morphological and H., & Cheng, Q. (2021, January). Lychee
biochemical investigations on three (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), the King of
sapindaceous species: Longan Fruits, with Both Traditional and Modern
(Dimocarpus longan Lour. ssp. longan var Pharmacological Health Benefits.
longa), Lychee (Litchi chinensis Sonn. ssp. ResearchGate.
chinensis) and Alupag (L. chinensis Radlk. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
ssp. philippinensis (Radlh.) Leenh). 48658726_Lychee_Litchi_chinensis_Sonn
AGRIS. _the_King_of_Fruits_with_Both_Traditio
https://agris.fao.org/agrissearch/search.do? nal_and_Modern_Pharmacological_Health
recordID=PH19970130841&fbclid=IwAR _Benefits
3vHQem7m4LMRpO-
5bs5A70i5WqyhjVucJz- Sytsma, K., & Porter, D. (2018).
4eqZWNG8eraUAKK6AfQRNQ Economic and ecological importance.
Britannica. Retrieved February 28, 2023,
Staughton, J. (2021, July 22). 15 from
Wonderful Benefits Of Longan Fruit. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Sapindal
Organic Benefits. Retrieved November 10, es/additional-info#history
2022, from WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2022,
https://www.organicfacts.net/longanfruit.ht September 9). Health Benefits of Longan.
ml?fbclid=IwAR39GXNGEqvW2OEsjvbo Nourish by Web MD. Retrieved June 25,
2023, from
Students of the Gastronomic Sciences at https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-
Pollenzo. (2020). Alupag. Slow Food benefits-longan
Foundation for Biodiversity. Retrieved
November 7, 2022, from Wijaya, C. D., Sim, M., & Singh, R.
https://www.fondazioneslowfood.com/en/a (2022). Antibacterial Effectiveness of 
rk-of-taste-slow-food/alupag/ Rambutan Peel Extract (Nephelium
lappaceum L.) in Inhibiting the Growth of
Enterococcus Faecalis Bacteria.
Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of
 2023
Biomedicine and Translational Research. from
Retrieved December 8, 2022, from https://www.nparks.gov.sg/FloraFaunaWe
https://www.bioscmed.com/index.php/bsm b/Flora/3/2/3290
/article/view/487
Yao, P., & Gao, Y. (2021, July 31). Litchi
(Litchi chinensis Sonn.): a 
comprehensive review of phytochemistry,
medicinal properties, and product
development. Retrieved October 12, 2022,
from
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelandi
ng/2021/fo/d1fo01148k/unauth

Zhang, X., Guo, S., Ho, C. T., & Bai, N.

(2020, January 28). 
Phytochemical constituents and biological
activities of longan (Dimocarpus longan
Lour.) fruit: a review. ScienceDirect.
Retrieved October 19, 2022, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
cle/pii/S2213453020300331

Zhao, L., Wang, K., Wang, K., Zhu, J., &

Hu, Z. (2018, June 18). Nutrient 
components, health benefits, and safety of
litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A review.
COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN
FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY.
Retrieved March 7, 2023, from
https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/
10.1111/1541-4337.12590
(2022, February 22).
Litchi chinensis Sonn... NParks Flora &
Fauna Web. Retrieved August 20, 2021,
 2023

Ethnobotanical Assessment and Phytochemical Screening of Medicinal Plants that are

Sold in Bayugan City Market
*Rebucas, H., Servado, V.R.R., Trazo, H.M, Tulang, M.R., Winfield, J.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT

Human life has always depended on plants. Medicines are mostly found in medicinal
plants. People from different cultures have experimented with and kept using plants that
proven useful throughout time. Medicinal plants have positive pharmacological effects on
both human and animal bodies. In order to prioritize research efforts and find novel plant-
based medicines, ethnobotanical studies are essential. A phytochemical is a non-nutritive
plant compound that may enhance well-being and reduce the chance of acquiring chronic
illnesses. Infections in humans, animals, and plants are prevented and treated with
antimicrobial medications. The objective of this project is to record and conserve local
knowledge about medicinal plants in the Bayugan City market, while also recognizing the
value of this information for future drug development, cultural traditions, biodiversity, and
community healthcare.
The study was done in the Market of Bayugan City and was finished within 10 weeks.
There was a total of 16 medicinal plants gathered by the researchers. There were 13 families
to treat 46 different health conditions. The Fabiaceae, Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniace
families have the most species, each having two. While the remaining ten families, namely,
Annonaceae, Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
Poaceae, Rutaceae, and Smilacaceae, has contributed only one (1) specie each. 2 out of the
16 medicinal plants had their conservation status assessed. According to the IUCN List of
Threatened Species (2018), Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal (Kaningag) was designated as a
Vulnerable (VU) species. Furthermore, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC (Gabon) was designated
as one species of Least Concern (LC). The remaining fourteen (14) species were designated
as Not Evaluated (NE). The Phytochemical analysis of sixteen (16) medicinal plant extracts
in Bayugan City, Agusan Del Sur revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as Alkaloids,
Steroids, Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannis, and Terpenoids. Antibacterial and Antifungal are
found in Antimicrobial activity using agar disc diffusion, Agar well diffusion, and
Microdilution methods against Escherichia coli, S. Typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
subtilis, Candida albicans, Escherichia Coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Pseudomonas aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella
dysenteriae.
This whole ethnobotanical study assesses the entire city, to conclude it. Research on
ethnobotany may help to create a strong foundation for preservation and reenergize the
knowledge gap between older and more modern generations. Agusan del Sur's traditional
medicine is in addition to other modalities of therapy employed by the many cultures
throughout the world since medicinal plants have been the basis for the treatment of
numerous ailments in emerging towns like the City of Bayugan.

Keywords: Medicinal Plants, Conservation Status, Benefits of each Plants, Phytochemical,
Anti-Microbial
1. INTRODUCTION
Humans have always relied on
plants for basic necessities and continued
survival. It is commonly known that native
plants are used in human medicine
Srivastava, (2018). People and cultures
have tested and kept using plants that were
useful over time.
The earliest recorded knowledge of
medicinal plants as sources of sickness
alleviation comes from China, India, and
the Near East based on the study of
Jamshidi-Kia (2018). The cultures have
developed as a result of the transmission of
ever-more complex plant knowledge and
its applications from generation to
generation.
Plant-based ingredients have a variety of
therapeutic benefits according to (Wang,
2019). Around 60–80% of people
worldwide use herbal medication for main
healthcare needs (Silveira, 2018).
Understanding the function of plants in
past and present societies is necessary to
examine human life on Earth. Even today,
plants and vital pollinators support the
existence and survival.
Following this, there are now more
plants that are suggested for usage as
herbal remedies (Rathore and Aditi, 2018).
2023
Medicinal plants are becoming more well-
known in regions where healthcare is
thought to be expensive, particularly in
Asia and Africa (Zhang et al., 2018).
According to Alexiades (2018), the
study of human-plant interactions,
including how plants are seen, named, and
categorized as well as the symbolic and
material elements of management,
harvesting, processing, and usage, is
known as ethnobotany. Nevertheless,
current usage of the term emphasizes the
study of indigenous or traditional plant
knowledge. It entails indigenous plant
classification, cultivation, and use as food,
medicine, and shelter.
The earliest recorded knowledge of
medicinal plants as sources of sickness
alleviation comes from China, India, and
the Near East based on the study of
Jamshidi-Kia (2018). The cultures have
developed as a result of the transmission of
ever-more complex plant knowledge and
its applications from generation to
generation.
The most commonly used part of
the plant is the leaves (Agapin, 2019)
Medicinal plants like Panyawan are
commonly used due to its efficacy in
illnesses like diabetes, constipation due to
 2023
liver problem, asthma, cough, sinus, skin protozoans, and fungi such as mold and
complexion and any related diseases due mildew (Wikipedia, 2018). Antimicrobial
to the problem of that organs. medicines can be grouped according to the
microorganisms act primarily against. For
The discovery of new plant-based
example, antibiotics are used against
medications may be facilitated by
bacteria, and antifungals are used against
ethnobotanical studies, which will help
fungi. Antimicrobials including antibiotics,
biomedical researchers focus its study
antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitic are
priorities (Balangcod, 2015). It may be
medicines used to prevent and treat
possible to stop additional habitat
infections in humans, animals and plants
degradation and species loss and improve
(Wikipedia, 2017).
villager attitudes toward plant conservation
through timely ethnobotanical The goal of this research study is to
documentation, identification of document local medicinal plant use
appropriate conservation projects, and traditions and encourage the preservation
identification of priority species for of the medicinal plants that are available in
conservation (Fiscal, 2017). Bayugan City Market.

Phytochemicals also known as

phytonutrients are chemical compounds
2. METHODOLOGY
produced by plants, generally to help resist
fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, 2.1 Research Design

and also consumption by insects and other This research study is of the
animals. These substances are found in interview type. A research design known
plant-based foods such as fruits, as the qualitative technique involves open-
vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds and ended questions. The survey (interview
legumes. Phytochemicals can help the type) will be used to ensure a more
body by strengthening the immune system, accurate sample for gathering targeted
reducing inflammation, preventing DNA results from which to draw conclusions.
damage, and helping DNA repair The researchers will also conduct
(Anderson, 2016). interviews and provide additional

Antimicrobial products kill or slow information to netizens who sell medicinal

the spread of microorganisms. plants in Bayugan City Market. Applying

Microorganisms include bacteria, viruses, this to the study enables to interview


people directly impacted by particular
circumstances for first-hand information.
2.2 Participants of the Study
The vendors that sell medicinal
plants in the public market in Bayugan
City, Agusan del Sur, were chosen through
snowball sampling as the respondents met
the criteria for the said research project.
Snowball sampling is one of the
most often used sampling techniques in
qualitative research, snowball sampling is
based on the principles of networking and
recommendation. Typically,
researchers begin with a small group of
initial contacts (seeds) who meet the
requirements for the study and are
requested to participate. The willing
participants are then requested to suggest
further contacts who meet the research
criteria and may be willing participants,
who in turn suggest additional possible
volunteers, and so on.
In order to establish early links and
build a sampling momentum that would
eventually capture a larger chain of
participants, researchers exploit the social
networks. Once a specified sample size or
saturation point is reached, sampling often
comes to an end. This entry starts off by
outlining the benefits of snowball
sampling before moving on to various
criticisms and the method's limitations.
2023
Examples of the application of
snowball sampling in qualitative research
projects are given in the next section. The
following sections look at situations where
snowball sampling stalls or fails to
produce volunteers and give two examples
of situations where researchers overcome
such challenges. The entry's conclusion
examines certain snowball sampling
variations that have appeared as a result of
technology advancements.
2.3 Instrumentation
The researchers used a self - made
the
qualitative survey, a survey type
questionnaire by means of interviewing the
participants with open-ended questions.
Adding recorded audios and videos are an
instrumentation tool to gather clearer data.
2.4 Validation of Research Instruments
For comments, ideas,
recommendations, and revisions, the
survey questionnaire was submitted to and
evaluated by the experts,
2.5 Gathering Procedures
To gather responses from the
respondents, the researcher will send a
letter to the Principal of Bayugan National
Comprehensive High School asking for
permission to leave school in order to
conduct the study. After confirming the
validity and dependability of the research
tool, the researchers will request
permission from the (head of the agency)
 2023
of Taglatawan, Bayugan City, to perform This chapter presents the results and
the study on the relevant individuals in the discussions of the gathered data. It
public market of Bayugan City. includes the list of medicinal plants that
are sold in Bayugan City Market, what
To ensure that the respondents
parts of it are used, the conservation status
were aware of the study's goal, the
of each identified medicinal plant, the
researchers employed a qualitative survey
preparation, and its administrations.
by interviewing the participants with open-
ended questions to collect data and
information from them. After the
3.2 Medicinal Plants that are Sold in
respondents have finished responding,
Bayugan City Market
recorded audio and videos are gathered.
The phytochemicals and antimicrobials The list of medicinal plant species

will be examined at the Department of available in Bayugan City Market is shown

Science and Technology (DOST) in in Table 3.1.1. According to the data, local

Ampayon, Butuan City, Agusan del Norte. populations sell and employ sixteen (16)
medicinal species from thirteen (13)
2.6 Research Analysis Method
families to treat forty-six (46) different
health conditions. The Fabaceae,
The researchers will evaluate the
Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniaceae
data after all the recorded audios and
families have the most species, each
videos. The information gathered was
having two (2). Moreover, the remaining
arranged. The researchers will gather the
ten families, namely, Annonaceae,
data of the survey respondents and
Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae,
identify the medicinal plant(s) that the
Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
vendors sell, the plant parts that used in
Poaceae, Rutaceae, Smilacaceae, has
treatments, and the specific procedures
contributed only one (1) species.
that used the medicinal plant for, and to
determine which plants contain Table 3.1.2, on the other hand,
phytochemicals and antimicrobials and reveals that just two (2) of the sixteen (16)
which do not. medicinal plant species found in Bayugan
City Market had its conservation status
3. Results
assessed. According to the IUCN List of
3.1 Introduction Threatened Species (2018), Cinnamomum
mercadoi S. Vidal (Kaningag) was
 2023
designated as a Vulnerable (VU) species.
Furthermore, Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC
(Gabon) was designated as one species of
Least Concern (LC). As shown in Table
4.1.2 below, the remaining fourteen (14)
species were designated as Not Evaluated
(NE).

Iinsert inyo table diri


3.2 Medicinal Plants Used Categories
According to Table 3.2.1, the locals
used medicinal herbs to treat forty-six (46)
different illnesses. The significant diseases
were ulcer, fever, cuts and wounds,
diarrhea, cough, dysentery, skin rashes,
and itchiness. There were twelve (12)
different classifications for these illnesses
and its equivalent number of species used
for each ailment.
Most plants were utilized to cure
digestive and integumentary issues among
the illnesses. For the digestive order, there
are six (6) different species of Diarrhea,
five (5) different species of stomach
trouble, five (5) different species of ulcer,
three (3) different species of flatulence,
three (3) different species of gas pain, two
(2) different species of abdominal pain (2),
two (2) different species of dysmenorrhea,
one (1) different species of vomiting, one
(1) different species of dysentery (1), and
one (1) different species of sore throat.
2023
On the other hand, the first
integumentary diseases are cuts and
wounds, of which there are six (6) species,
skin rashes and itchiness, boils scabies,
three (3) species, two (2) species; burns,
acne, skin eruption, and one (1) species;
ringworm, insect bites, allergy. A higher
use of plants for the treatment of digestive
issues has been reported in ethnobotanical
studies conducted by (Wahid Hussain,
2018).
Table 3.2.1 further illustrates the
eight (4) different illnesses that are
classified as musculoskeletal problems,
along with the appropriate number of
plants that are utilized as treatments.
Following closely behind are urologic
disorders with five (2), nervous disorders
with four (4), respiratory disorders, and
dental conditions with three (3)
categorized ailments; circulatory disorders,
endometriosis, nutritional issues and
tonics, and skeletal disorders with two (3);
and finally, ophthalmic disorders, and
endocrine disorders with one (1)
categorized ailments. Nevertheless, among
the diseases mentioned, fever has the most
plant use with eight (8) species, followed
by cough with seven (7) species, diarrhea
with nine (6) species, stomach trouble and
ulcer with five (5) species; gas pain,
flatulence with three (3) species,
abdominal pain and dysmenorrhea with
 2023
two (2) species, and then vomiting, different ways of preparing recipes were
dysentery, and sore throat with one (1) noted in the current study. It includes
species. direct application of remedies, decoction,
pounding, crushing, infusions, and heating.
3.3 Plant parts used to treat Human
(Figure 4.4.1).
ailments
In order to develop traditional
The treatments were made using
treatments for a range of ailments, locals
the entire plant, which included the roots,
employ a number of methods. Different
stem, branches, leaves, fruits, rhizomes,
preparations are utilized depending on the
bark, and sap. In (Fig. 3), the relative
type and location of the illness.
usage of these plant parts is shown. The
most often used plant components were Decoction accounted for fifteen
barks (36%) followed by leaves (19%), (15) preparations (48%) of remedies, with
roots (14%), sap (11%), stems (11%), direct application coming in second with
branches (6%), and fruits (3%). nine (9) preparations (29%), followed by
infusion with three (3) preparations (10%),
Parts Used pounding with three (3) preparations
Branches Fruits
6%
(10%), and heating with only one
Stems 3% Bark
11% 36% preparation (3%) of traditional medicines.
Sap Figure 4.4. Decoction was the main
11%
method of medication preparation, as
Roots
14% Leaves
19% revealed by Dapar (2020). This result

Bark Leaves Roots Sap

Stems Branches Fruits
Figure 3.1.1 Plant Parts Used
3.4 Preparation and
Administration of Remedies
It is crucial to gather information
for the creation of treatments using
medicinal plants. For the purpose of
identifying the active ingredients and
consuming the proper dosage of the
medication, this information is crucial. Six
confirms that decoction is the most
common type of preparation. Megersa
(2018) revealed that crushing was the
predominant method of remedy production
Mode of in a study that was similar to the study of
Megersa.
On the other hand, many methods
of administration were used while using
therapeutic plants. Figure 4.4.2 shows that
internal administration of prescriptions
made up a significant majority of the
 2023
study's prescriptions 50%, whereas Figure 3.4.1 Plant parts
external application made up 50%. This preparation

outcome is consistent with that of

(Megersa, 2018). Internal illnesses were
Administration of Plant Parts'
frequently treated by having the patient
drink herbal remedies; tooth infections
were treated by crushing and applying the External
50% Internal
healing plant portion to the tooth surface; 50%
and external skin diseases, including
ringworm, were treated by applying herbal
remedies to the affected area.
Internal External

Preparation of Plant Parts'

Figure 3.4.2 Mode of
Heating
3% Administration
Pounding
10%
Infusion
Decoction
10%
48%

Direct
Applica-
tion
29%
Decoction Direct Application Infusion
Pounding Heating

3.5 Report of the Phytochemical absent, as indicated by their negative

Analysis results.

The phytochemical analysis of This discovery sheds light on the

albutra bark provided intriguing findings.
The analysis revealed the presence of
Alkaloids and Steroids, indicating their
potential as active compounds within the
bark. However, it was observed that
flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were
specific phytochemical composition of
albutra bark, highlighting the presence of
Alkaloids and Steroids as the predominant
constituents. Alkaloids are known for their
diverse biological activities and have been
associated with various therapeutic effects.
Similarly, Steroids are a class of
 2023
compounds that often possess significant According to the data, local
pharmacological properties. populations sell and employ sixteen (16)
medicinal species from thirteen (13)
The absence of flavonoids,
families to treat forty-six (46) different
saponins, and tannins in albutra bark
health conditions. The Fabaceae,
indicates that these particular compounds
Menispermaceae, and Sparmanniaceae
may not contribute significantly to its
families have the most species, each
overall phytochemical profile. Flavonoids
having two (2). Moreover, the remaining
are renowned for their antioxidant and
eleven families, namely, Annonaceae,
anti-inflammatory properties, while
Araceae, Asteraceae, Lecythidaceae,
saponins exhibit various therapeutic
Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae,
effects, such as antimicrobial and
Poaceae, Rutaceae, Smilacaceae has
anticancer activities. Tannins, on the other
contributed only one (1) species.
hand, are known for their astringent
The conservation status of two
properties.
different species was assessed,
It is worth noting that the presence Cinnamomum mercadoi S. Vidal
or absence of specific phytochemicals in (Kaningag or Kalingag) was tagged as
albutra bark could influence its potential Vulnerable plant for its conservation status
applications in traditional medicine, and Blumea balsamifera Lumiaceae
pharmacology, or other fields. Further (Gabon) was tagged as Least concern.
research and investigations are warranted
4.1.2 Medicinal Plants used Categories
to fully understand the biological activities
and potential benefits associated with the
The locals used medicinal herbs to
detected Alkaloids and Steroids in albutra
treat forty-six (46) different illnesses, with
bark, as well as to explore the reasons
twelve (12) different classifications and
behind the absence of flavonoids,
species used for each ailment. Most plants
saponins, and tannins.
were utilized to cure digestive and
integumentary issues among the illnesses.
4. Conclusion

For the digestive order, there are

4.1.1 Medicinal Plants that are Sold in
six (6) different species of Diarrhea, five
Bayugan City Market
(5) different species of stomach trouble,
five (5) different species of ulcer, three (3)

different species of flatulence, three (3)
different species of gas pain, two (2)
different species of abdominal pain (2),
two (2) different species of dysmenorrhea,
one (1) different species of vomiting, one
(1) different species of dysentery (1), and
one (1) different species of sore throat (1).
A higher use of plants for the treatment of
digestive issues has been reported in
ethnobotanical studies conducted by
(Wahid Hussain, 2018).
2023
various illnesses. Decoction was the
primary technique of remedy preparation,
followed by infusions, direct application,
pounding, crushing, and heating. Internal
administration of prescriptions made up a
significant majority of the study's
prescriptions (50%), while external
applications made up fifty percent (50%).
Internal illnesses were treated by drinking
herbal remedies, tooth infections were
treated by crushing and applying the
healing plant portion to the tooth surface,
and external skin diseases were treated by
applying herbal remedies to the affected
area.

4.1.3 Plant Part used to treat Human

Ailments 4.1.5 Phytochemical of Medicinal Plants

The treatments were made using Phytochemical analysis of sixteen

the entire plant, which included the roots, (16) medicinal plant extracts in Bayugan

stem, branches, leaves, fruits, bark, and City, Agusan Del Sur revealed the

sap. In (Fig. 3), the relative usage of these presence of phytochemicals such as

plant parts is shown. The most often used Alkaloids, Steroids, Flavonoids, Saponins,

plant components were barks (36%) Tannis, and Terpenoids. Alkaloids are a

followed by leaves (19%), roots (14%), class of basic, naturally occurring organic

sap (11%), stems (11%), branches (6%), compounds that contain at least one

and fruits (3%). nitrogen atom, including some related

compounds with neutral and even weakly
4.1.4 Preparation and Mode of
acidic properties (Salas, C. R., et al.,
Administration of Remedies
2017).
The current study found that local
Steroids are biologically active
people use a variety of methods for
organic compounds with four rings
making traditional remedies to treat
arranged in a specific molecular
 2023
configuration, steroid have two principal the treatment of hypercalciuria in humans,
biological functions: as important and as an antidote against acute lead
components of cell membranes that alter poisoning (Anderson, M. H,. et al., 2016).
membrane fluidity; and as signaling Tannins are a class of astringent,
molecules (Sunil, K., et al., 2016). Steroids polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and
can help the body with inflammatory precipitate proteins and various other
conditions such as asthma and eczema. organic compounds including amino acids
Steroids also reduce the activity of the and alkaloids. Many classes of tannins
immune system, which is the body's have antioxidant properties, which have
natural defense against illness and been found to lower total cholesterol,
infection (Hamdy, K. A., et al., 2018). lower blood pressure and stimulate the
immune system. Researchers also have
Flavonoids are water-soluble
antibacterial properties that, among other
phenolic compounds found in plant cell
things, fight tooth decay (Anderson, M. H,.
vacuoles and have significant antioxidant
et al., 2016).
activity (Monali, G. D., et al., 2017).
Anthocyanins, quercetin and catechins are Terpenoids also known as
all types of flavonoids. Flavonoids can isoprenoids, are a class of naturally
help the body in a variety of ways, such as occurring organic chemicals derived from
managing high blood pressure, inhibit the 5-carbon compound isoprene and its
tumor growth, reduce inflammation and derivatives called terpenes, diterpenes, etc.
boost immunity (Anderson, M. H,. et al., It has been said that studies in recent
2016). Saponins, also selectively referred decades have demonstrated that terpenes
to as triterpene glycosides, are bitter- exert anti-inflammatory effects by
tasting usually toxic plant-derived organic inhibiting various proinflammatory
chemicals that have a foamy quality when pathways in ear, bronchitis, chronic
agitated in water (Pawar, M. A., et al obstructive pulmonary disease, skin
2015). inflammation, and osteoarthritis
(Wikipedia, 2017).
Saponins can help the body by
decreasing blood lipids, lower cancer risks, The study found that 69% or 11 out
and lower blood glucose response. A high of 17 medicinal plants have alkaloids, 31%
saponin diet can be used in the inhibition or 5 out of 17 plants have steroids, 50% or
of dental caries and platelet aggregation, in 7 out of 17 plants have saponins, 47.06%

have tannins, 44% have terpenoids, and
Flavonoids with 100% which is 15 out of
17 plants have flavonoids. The study's
findings indicate that the discovered
phytochemical compounds are bioactive
components, and that these plants are
proving to be an increasingly important
reservoir of bioactive molecules with great
medicinal value.
4.1.6 Anti-microbial of Medicinal Plants
2023
methods, were used to evaluate the
antibacterial activity. The results
demonstrated significant inhibitory effects
of the plant extracts against the test
organisms, including both gram-positive
and gram-negative bacteria. These findings
suggest that these medicinal plants have
potential applications in the development
of novel antibacterial treatments and can
contribute to combating infectious diseases
caused by bacterial resistance.

The antibacterial activity of various References

medicinal plants and their parts is
discussed. Coleus amboinicus Lour, Alexiades, Miguel. (2018). Ethnobotany
specifically its essential oil, displayed [The International Encyclopedia of
significant antibacterial activity against Anthropology, H.Callan, ed.]
Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
epidermidis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and 27463137_Ethnobotany_The_International
Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial _Encyclopedia_of_Anthropology_HCallan
properties of other plants such as _ed
Lagerstromia speciosa, Caesalpinia
Agapin, J. S. F. (2019). Medicinal Plants
sappan, Barringtonia asiatica, Eleusine
Used by Traditional Healers in Pagadian
indica, Dendrocni de luzonensis,
City, Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines.
Homalomena philippinensis, Blumea
Philipp. J. Sci.
balsamifera, Gliricidia sepium,
https://philjournalsci.dost.gov.ph/images/p
Cinnamomum mercadoi, and Tinospora
df/pjs_pdf/vol149no1/medicinal_plants_us
crispa were also studied, indicating their
ed_by_traditional_healers_.pdf
potential as antibacterial agents against
various test organisms. Ankur, G., Surabhi, M., Rajendra, S.,
(June 2015) Evaluation of antimicrobial
The methods and results of the
activity of Curcuma longa rhizome extract
antimicrobial studies are summarized.
against Staphylococcus aureus.
Different techniques, such as agar-well
diffusion, disk diffusion, and microdilution
 2023
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti Barrientos, A. M., Miraflores, J., Serisola,
cle/pii/S2215017X15000090 R. S., and Mediodia, C. J. Antimicrobial
Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus
Arquion, R. D., Galanida, C. C., Villamor,
from Leaf Extracts of Talus (Homalomena
B. and Aguilar, H. T. 2015. Ethnobotanical
philippinensis) and Boracan (Merremia
study of indigenous plants used by local
peltata L. Merr.): Ethnobotanical Plants.
people of Agusan del Sur, Philippines.
http://www.publiscience.org/wp-content/u
https://po.pnuresearchportal.org/ejournal/i
ploads/2020/04/Antibacterial-Activity-
ndex.php/apherj/article/view/102
Against-Staphylococcus-aureus-from-
Leaf-Extracts-of-Talus-Homalomena-
Baddu VD, Oanu NB. 2018.
philippinensis-and-Boracan-Merremia-
Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants
peltata-L.-Merr.-Ethnobotanical-Plants.pdf
used by the Y’Apayaos of Sta. Praxedes in
the Province of Cagayan, Philippines.
Bhaladia, N.R. and Shukla, V. J. 2011.
Mindanao J Sci Technol 16 (2018).
Antibacterial and Antifugal Activities from
https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/7286
Leaf Extract of Cassia Fsitula: An
Ethnobotanical Plant.
Balangcod, T., and Balangcod, A. K.
https://www.scirp.org/(S(oyulxb452alnt1a
(2015). Ethnomedicinal Plants in Bayabas,
ej1nfow45))/reference/ReferencesPapers.a
Sablan, Benguet Province, Luzon,
spx?ReferenceID=2048176
Philippines. E J. Biol.
https://ejbio.imedpub.com/ethnomedicinal-
plants-in-bayabas-sablan-benguet-
province-luzon-philippines.php?aid=7365 Catarino S, Duarte MC, Costa E, Carrero
PG, Romeiras MM. Conservation and
Balinado, L. and Chan, M. A. 2017. An
sustainable use of the medicinal
ethnomedicinal study of plants and
Leguminosae plants from Angola. PeerJ.
traditional health care practices in District
2019.
7, Cavite, Philippines.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
/PMC6535223/
32103581_An_Ethnomedicinal_Study_of_
Plants_and_Traditional_Health_Care_Prac
tices_in_District_7_Cavite_Philippines
 2023
Cordero, C., and Alejandro, G. J. D. Dapar, M.L.G., Alejandro, G.J.D., Meve,
(2021). Medicinal Plants Used by the U. et al. Quantitative
Indigenous Ati Tribe in Tobias Fornier, ethnopharmacological documentation and
Antique, Philippines. molecular confirmation of medicinal plants
https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/7286 used by the Manobo tribe of Agusan del
Sur, Philippines. J Ethnobiology
Cordero, C., Ligsay, A., and Alejandro, G.
Ethnomedicine 16, 14 (2020).
(2020). Ethnobotanical Documentation of
https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/art
Medicinal Plants Used by the Ati Tribe in
icles/10.1186/s13002-020-00363-7#citeas
Malay, Aklan, Philippines. J.
Complement. Med. Res. Demetillo MT, Betco GL, Goloran AB.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles 2019. Assessment of native medicinal
/PMC8784692/ plants in a selected mining area of Claver
Surigao del Norte, Philippines. J Med
Dapar, M. L. G., Meve, U., Liede-
Plants Stud
Schumann, S., & Alejandro, G. J. D.
https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/?
(2020). Ethnomedicinal plants used for the
year=2019&vol=7&issue=2&part=C&Arti
treatment of cuts and wounds by the
cleId=970
Agusan Manobo of Sibagat, Agusan del
Sur, Philippines. Fajardo, W. T., Cancino, L. T., Guzman,
https://ethnobotanyjournal.org/index.php/e D. SCS., and Macayana, F. B., (December
ra/article/view/1777/999 2017) Phytochemical Screening of
Selected Ethnomedicinal Plants of
Bolinao, Pangasinan, Northern
Philippines.
https://www.psurj.org/wpcontent/uploads/
Dapar MLG, Demayo CG. 2017. Folk 2018/01/JONAS_0007.pdf
medical uses of Lunas Lunasia amara
Fatima, I., Kanwal, S., Mahmood, T. 2018.
Blanco by the Manobo people, traditional
Evaluation of biological potential of
healers, and residents of Agusan del Sur,
selected species of family Poaceae from
Philippines.
Bahawalpur, Pakistan.
http://www.sciint.com/pdf/636354510498
https://bmccomplementmedtherapies.biom
500713.pdf
edcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12906-
018-2092-1
 2023
Fatemeh J.K., Zahra L., Hossein A.K. Baganihan, Marilog District, Davao City.
Medicinal plants: Past history and future https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mela
perspective Journal of Herbmed nie-Garcia-13/publication/
Pharmacology. 328464271_Ethnobotanical_Practices_of_
http://herbmedpharmacol.com/Article/jhp- Matigsalug_Tribe_on_Medicinal_Plants_a
1198 t_Barangay_Baganihan_Marilog_District_
Davao_City/links/
Fiscal RR. 2017. Ethnomedicinal Plants
60b3bdf445851557baaeb474/
Used by Traditional Healers in Laguna,
Ethnobotanical-Practices-of-Matigsalug-
Philippines. Asia Pacific Journal of
Tribe-on-Medicinal-Plants-at-Barangay-
Multidisciplinary Research
Baganihan-Marilog-District-Davao-
https://www.academia.edu/42003673/Ethn
City.pdf
omedicinal_Plants_Used_by_Traditional_
Healers_in_Laguna_Philippines Hidayati, S., Franco, F. M. & Bussmann,
R. W. (2015). Ready for phase 5 - current
Galvez, M. A. C. (January 2016)
status of ethnobiology in Southeast Asia.
Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical
https://ethnobiomed.biomedcentral.com/art
Screening of Selected Folkloric Medicinal
icles/10.1186/s13002-015-0005-7
Plants of Maggok, Hungduan, Ifugai,
Cordillera Administrative Region, Himesh, S., Sharma, S., Patel, S. S.,
Philippines. Mishra, K., and Singhai, A. K. (2011)
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document? Preliminary phytochemical screening and
repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=b067646a81b HPLC analysis of flavonoid from
13e835302221faca9a9e57479b6e9 methanolic extract of leaves of Annona
squamosal.
Gaoue O.G., Coe M.A., Bond M. 2017.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/2
Theories and major hypotheses in
85321018_Preliminary_Phytochemical_Sc
ethnobotany.
reening_and_HPLC_Analysis_of_Flavono
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3
id_From_Methanolic_Extract_of_Leaves_
19637393_Theories_and_Major_Hypothes
of_Annona_squamosa
es_in_Ethnobotany
Janice S. Garcia et al. (2018). An
Guevara CPB, Garcia MM. 2018.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants
Ethnobotanical practices of Matigsalug
and Perceptions on Plant Biodiversity
tribe on medicinal plants at Barangay
Conservation in Leyte, Philippines
 2023
https://ovcre.uplb.edu.ph/journalsuplb/inde https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles
x.php/JHE/article/view/348/326 /PMC8784692/

Jeffry M. Saro, Joji D. Daguio, Roselyn A. Ouelbani R, Bensari S, Mouas TN, Khelifi
Bayotas, Daisy M. Mercader et al. 2022 D. Ethnobotanical investigations on plants
"Indigenous Plants: An Ethnobotanical used in folk medicine in the regions of
Herbal Medicinal Plants used by Local Constantine and Mila (north-east of
Inhabitants of Barangay Berseba, Bayugan Algeria). J Ethnopharmacol. 2016.
City, Agusan del Sur, Philippine" https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2759231
http://journalcra.com/sites/default/files/iss 2/
ue-pdf/43890.pdf
Paraguison LD, Tandang DN, Alejandro
Mapatac LC. 2019. Characterization of GJD. Medicinal Plants used by the
selected medicinal plants of Mamanwa Manobo Tribe of Prosperidad, Agusan Del
tribe in Caraga, Philippines.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3 Sur, Philippines-an Ethnobotanical Survey.
33674198_Characterization_of_Selected_ Asian J Biol Life Sci. 2020.
Medicinal_Plants_of_Mamanwa_Tribe_in
https://www.ajbls.com/sites/default/files/A
_Caraga_Philippines/citation/download
sianJBiolLifeSci-9-3-326_2.pdf
Michel, J., Rani, N. Z., Husain, K. 2020. A
Review on the Potential Use of Medicinal
Paraguison, L. D. R., Tandang, D. N., and
Plants from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae
Plant Family in Cardiovascular Diseases. Alejandro, G. J. D. (2021). Medicinal
Frontier Pharmacology.
Plants Used by the Manobo Tribe of
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338
9/fphar.2020.00852/full Prosperidad, Agusan Del Sur,
Philippinesan Ethnobotanical Survey.
Morah, F. N., & Odey, C. O. (2020).
Chemical composition and antimicrobial https://www.ajbls.com/article/2020/9/3/32
activity of Eleusine indica leaf essential 6-333
oil. International Journal of Chemical and
Biochemical Sciences, 8, 137-141.
https://www.iscientific.org/wpcontent/uplo Patwardhan, B. (2005),
ads/2020/05/16-IJCBS-20-18-16.pdf
Ethnopharmacology and drug discovery
Odchimar, N. M., Nuñeza, O., Uy, M., and https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1602381
Senarath, W. T. P. S. (2017). Ethnobotany 1/
of Medicinal Plants Used by the Talaandig
Pešić, M. (2015). Development of natural
Tribe in Brgy. Lilingayon, Valencia City,
product drugs in a sustainable manner.
Bukidnon, Philippines.
Brief for United Nations Global
 2023
Sustainable Development Report. Rios, J. L., and Recio, M. C. (2005)
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/cont Medicinal plants and antimicrobial
ent/documents/6544118_Pesic_Developme activity.
nt%20of%20natural%20product%20drugs https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
%20in%20a%20%20sustainable cle/pii/S0378874105003247
%20manner.pdf.
Rubio MM, Naïve MA. 2018.
Pizon, J. R. L., Nuneza, O. M., Uy, M. M., Ethnomedicinal plants used by traditional
and Senarath, W. T. P. S. K. (2016). healers in North Cotabato, Mindanao,
Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants Used by Philippines. J Biodivers Environ Sci
the Subanen Tribe of Lapuyan, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mark
Zamboanga del Sur.  _Arcebal_Naive/publication/
 
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3 330112498_Ethnomedicinal_plants_used_
12194214_Ethnobotany_of_Medicinal_Pla by_traditional_healers_in_North_Cotabato
nts_Used_by_the_Subanen_Tribe_of_Lap _Mindanao_Philippines/links/
uyan_Zamboanga_del_Sur      5c2e03b0a6fdccd6b58f70f3/
Ethnomedicinal-plants-used-by-traditional-
Pucot, J. R., Manting, M. M. E., and
healers-in-North-Cotabato-Mindanao-
Demayo, C. G. (2019). Ethnobotanical
Philippines.pdf
Plants Used by Selected Indigenous
Peoples of Mindanao, the Philippines as Saad, S., Taher, M., Susanti, D., Qaralleh,
Cancer Therapeutics H., and Awang, B. I . F. (2012). In vitro
https://pharmacophorejournal.com/storage/ antimicrobial activity of mangrove plant
models/article/fwsG7HKua0MzCWdnnVI Sonneratia alba.
MnrudQZSfQTWeodZ7mxDsOEjtL4jgLP https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti
AsnqlEinZQ/ethnobotanical-plants-used- cle/pii/S2221169112600690
by-selected-indigenous-peoples-of-
Suba, Marlon & Arriola, Axel &
mindanao-the-philippines-as-cancer-th.pdf
Alejandro, Grecebio Jonathan. (2019). A
Rachkeeree, A., Kantadoung, K., checklist and conservation status of the
Suksathan, R., Puangpradab, R., Page, P. medicinal plants of Mount Arayat National
A., Sommano, S. R. 2018. Park, Pampanga, Philippines.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.338 file:///C:/Users/Servado/Downloads/3633-
9/fnut.2018.00003/full Article%20Text-6653-1-10-20190319.pdf
 2023
SVAHN S. Analysis of Secondary Vuuren, S. F. V. (2008) Antimicrobial
Metabolites from Aspergillus fumigatus activity of South African medicinal plants
and Penicillium nalgiovense. https://iks.ukzn.ac.za/sites/default/files/sou
https://www.divaportal.org/smash/get/diva th%20africa.pdf
2:784360/FULLTEXT04.pdf
 Xia, C., Huang, Y., Qi, Y. et al.
Tantengco OAG, Condes MLC, Estadilla Developing long-term conservation
HHT, Ragragio EM. 2018. Ethnobotanical priority planning for medicinal plants in
survey of medicinal plants used by Ayta China by combining conservation status
Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, with diversity hotspot analyses and climate
Philippines. change prediction (2022).                                                     
https://mail.phcogj.com/sites/default/files/ https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-022-
PharmacognJ-10-5-859_0.pdf 01285-4

Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G.

and Kaur, H. (2011) Phytochemical
Screening and Extraction: A Review.
Internationale Pharmaceutica Sciencia,
https://www.scirp.org/(S(lz5mqp453edsnp
55rrgjct55))/reference/referencespapers.as
px?referenceid=1949793

UNESCO. (2019). Indigenous knowledge

and biodiversity.
https://en.unesco.org/links/biodiversity
2023
 2023

PHYSICAL
SCIENCE
 2023
Reinforcing Concrete Bricks Tensile and Compressive Strength Through
the Implementation of Chicken Feathers
*Obrial, C.J., Palima, M.R., Sorio, B., Tamba, X.G
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School, Agusan del Sur

ABSTRACT
           Concrete is a durable construction material that is widely used but it is completely
lacking in tensile strength, this research will aim to find ways to utilize feathers as a
reinforcement material in order to compensate for the weak tensile strength that concrete
bricks have, and to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing feathers as a
reinforcement material in concrete construction, the methods that are implied to reinforce
concrete bricks is by arranging the feathers in a certain orientation whether it be randomly
oriented or aligned, the mass used for the concrete mix (more, less), and the feather length,
this research will be conducted through quantitative means and the results are gathered
through the use of ANOVA, after conducting the necessary tests and after gathering the
necessary data the researchers were able to organize the results, firstly the average of the
tensile results, (DLD:1.44 MPa, DLO:1.58 MPa, CLD:1.48 MPa, CLO:1.16 MPa,
DMD:1.12 MPa, DMO:0.98 MPa, CMD:0.83 MPa, CMO:1.01 MPa, C:1.30 MPa.), and
then the average of the compressive results (DLD:10.5 MPa, DLO:11.9 MPa, CLD:11.0
MPa, CLO:7.7 MPa, DMD:7.3 MPa, DMO:6.1 MPa, CMD:4.9 MPa, CMO:6.4 MPa, C:9.0
MPa). The researchers observed that feather reinforced concrete bricks increased the tensile
strength of the concrete bricks by 9% - 53.4% and has a 16.7% - 32.22% increase in
compressive strength when compared to the controlled bricks scoring 9 MPa in compressive
strength and 1.03 MPa in tensile strength.

Keywords: Concrete, Tensile Strength, Compressive Strength, Reinforced Concrete Bricks,

Feasibility and Effectiveness, Utilizing Feathers

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is a composite material time. Concrete is the most used building
composed of fine and coarse aggregates material and the world's second most used
that are bound together with a fluid cement substance after water. It is used twice as
(cement paste) that hardens (cure) over much as steel, wood, plastics, and

aluminum combined on a global scale. The
ready-mix concrete market, the largest
segment of the global concrete market, is
expected to generate more than $600
billion in sales by 2025 (Gagg, Colin R.,
2014)
The purpose of this concrete
reinforcement research, as described in the
paper, is to determine the feasibility and
effectiveness of utilizing chicken feathers
as a reinforcement material in concrete
construction, ultimately to reinforce tensile
and compressive strength using chicken
feathers, as well as the different categories
such as the feather and concrete ratio, the
feather length, and the feather orientation,
all of which will be used in collaboration.  injected into it. As bars, rods, or mesh, the
Concrete is the second-most-commonly-
used substance (after water) in
construction. This is a result of concrete's
inherent beneficial properties, including its
capacity to transform from a fluid state
where it can fill a mold to a solid state
where it can subsequently support a
structural load. These properties include
readily available raw ingredients that can
be found wherever in the world. There is
simply no reason to anticipate that the
demand for concrete will decrease in the
future as developed countries refurbish
their own while developing nations such as
China and India grow their infrastructure,
as was noted by Van Damme in a
thorough, and general analysis of the
2023
future of concrete in a digital context
(Wolfs et al, 2019).
Concrete is susceptible to a range
of problems that might result from faulty
construction or normal weathering. While
certain flaws can be prevented through
proper mixing and positioning, others are
still likely to appear within a usual service
life. Therefore, it is advised to conduct
routine inspections to identify and record
conditions throughout time (Lysett T.,
2021).
For the two halves of the
construction to work together to withstand
the stresses, reinforced concrete is a type
of concrete that contains reinforcing steel
reinforcing steel in concrete constructions
carries the tensile and shear loads (Chahar,
A. et. al, 2019).  Although it has
exceptional compressive strength it is
however weak when it comes to tensile
strength (only 300 to 700 psi which is only
10% of its compressive strength) (M Y
Yuhazri et al., 2020.
This research study will investigate
methods to increase the tensile strength of
concrete (bricks) by utilizing chicken
feathers.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design
     The design of this research study will
be tested experimentally. A study that

carefully follows a scientific research plan
is called an experimental study. It contains
a hypothesis, a controllable variable, and
variables that can be counted, calculated,
and compared.
2.2 Equipment and Instruments
     The materials and equipment that were
used by the researchers are cement, gravel,
shovel, crushed rocks, compressive test,
chicken feathers and plywood.                 with water until homogenous, next the
2.3 Data Collection Method
Preparation of Materials
     The researchers prepare 3 ½ kg of
gravel (4 parts), 1 ½ kg of crushed rocks (2
parts), 1 ¾ kg of cement (2 parts), 1 ¾
liters of water (2 parts), then the feathers,
1.04-2.87 grams for less group per brick,
3.98-5.04 grams for more group per brick,
and the plywood mold that measures
4x4x8.
Making of Bricks
Controlled Concrete
     First the researchers add the cement and
aggregates with water until homogenous,
next the researchers pour the concrete mix
in the mold measures 4x4x8 to shape a
brick, and then the researchers let the
concrete cure for 28-48 hours, next the
researchers remove the bricks from the
molds and set in dry/controlled areas and
then the researchers let the bricks cure for
2023
2nd time until the bricks reach its full
effective strength. Lastly the researchers
segregate the concrete bricks to their
respected classifications.
Reinforced Concrete
     With the same process, first the
researchers add the cement, other
aggregates in a container, and then the
researchers mix the cement and aggregates
researchers pour the concrete mix in the
mold measures 4x4x8 to shape a brick, and
then the researchers apply the assorted
feathers during the pouring process, next
the researchers let the concrete cure for 28-
48 hours, and then the researchers remove
the bricks from the molds and set in
dry/controlled areas, next the researchers
let the bricks cure for a 2nd time until the
bricks reach its full effective strength.
Lastly the researchers collect and
segregate the bricks to their respected
classifications.
Testing of Bricks
     The two separate mixtures were then
undergone to a compressive strength test.
The researchers will place the concrete
into the testing area, during which the
concrete will be put through a compressive
strength test to conclude which concrete
mix (reinforced or controlled) yields better
results, through the measurements of psi
 2023
and mpa, after finished with the testing the 3.1 Tensile Strength Results of
researchers wait an additional time of 1 Reinforced Concrete
week to gather the necessary data to
conclude the research. Once the data is
gathered the results will then be converted
to tensile strength.

2.4 Data Analysis Method

             
     After conducting the experiment, the
researchers will tabulate and analyze the
final data. The data gathered will be
organized into its own category. The
researchers will gather data about the
tensile strength of the animal fiber
reinforced concrete and the
traditional/controlled concrete using
ANOVA (analysis of variance is a
collection of statistical models and their
associated estimation procedures used to
analyze the differences among means.).
The researchers will then conclude the
results after gathering the data from the
experiment.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

INTRODUCTION

     This chapter indicates the result and

discussions of the study that is being
conducted, in this chapter the researcher
will explain the results of the study that is
conducted, and for its data analysis.
 2023
Sample  Tensile Strength

MPa  Psi

DLD  1.42  206.00

DLD  1.36  197.26

DLD  1.55  225.00

Average:  1.44  209.42

DLO  1.43  207.40

DLO  1.62  235.00

DLO  1.69  245.11

Average:  1.58  229.17

CLD  1.47  213.21

CLD  1.46  212.00

CLD  1.52  220.50

 2023
Average:  1.48  215.24

CLO  1.17  170.00

CLO  0.94  136.34

CLO  1.37  199.00

Average:  1.16  168.45

C  1.51  167

C  0.92  134

C  1.03  150

Average:  1.30  150.33

DMD  0.89  130 controlled concrete scoring over 1.30 mpa

DMD  0.80  116
DMD  1.00  145
Average:  1.12  130.33
DMO  0.78  113
DMO  0.92  133
DMO  0.64  93
or 188 psi on the tensile test we can start to
compare how the bricks compared against
the controlled bricks, taken into
consideration of the mass percentage of the
batches with the “less” batches containing
5% - 7% and the “more” batch containing
10% - 13%, it is seen in the DLD DLO and

Average:  0.98  113 the CLD batches that there is a 10.77% -

CMO  0.85  124
CMO  0.92  133
CMO  0.65  94
Average:  1.01  117
CMD  0.77  112
CMD  0.82  119
21.54% increase in both compressive and
tensile strength when compared to the
controlled bricks, although this increase is
only visible in these two batches as the rest
of the batches (CLO, DMD, DMO, CMD,
CMO) performed poorly compared to the
controlled bricks with a decrease of

CMD  0.37  54 10.77% - 36.15% in tensile and

compressive strength.
Average:  0.83  95
The researchers presume that the decrease
of the tensile strength and compressive
As demonstrated by the results provided it
strength is because of the random air
is clear which bricks performed well and
bubbles generated by the feathers, as these
which bricks performed poorly, with the
random hollow areas can easily ruin the
 2023
quality and durability of the concrete
bricks. The researchers also presume that
the other reason for its poor performance is
the lack of concrete, it is shown in the data
gathered that the decrease is much more
visible within the DMD, DMO, CMD, and
CMO batches, as more feather is
implemented into the concrete the mass of
concrete to feather ratio is reduced.
3.2 Analysis and Interpretation of
Tensile Test

N  Mea Std.  Std.   95%  

n    Erro Confiden
Devi r ce  
ation Interval
for Mean

CL 3  1,16 ,21 ,124 ,625 1,6

O  00  517  23  5  945

CL 3  1,48 ,03 ,018 1,40 1,5

D  33  215  56  35  632

DL 3  1,58 ,13 ,077 1,24 1,9

O  00  454  67  58  142

DL 3  1,44 ,09 ,056 1,20 1,6

D  33  713  08  21  846

C 3  ,653 ,24 ,142 ,040 1,2

M 3  664  40  6  660
D 

C 3  ,806 ,14 ,080 ,458 1,1

M 7  012  90  6  547
O 

D 3  ,780 ,14 ,080 ,432 1,1

M 0  000  83  2  278
O 

D 3  ,896 ,10 ,057 ,647 1,1

M 7  017  83  8  455
D 

C 3  1,15 ,31 ,181 ,374 1,9

33  374  14  0  327
 2023
Tot 2 1,10 ,35 ,069 ,964 1,2
al  7  63  941  17  1  485      The ANOVA test once again showed
that the addition of the chicken feathers
Note. * The mean difference is significant
at   0.05 level  has significant differences compared to the
Top value: Mean difference controlled, now with its Compressive
Bottom Value: Significant Difference
strength. The significant difference is 0
which shows significant difference to the
     As shown in Table 2 the test specified
control and in between groups.
comparison by determining the
significance between each group. Using a 3.4 Analysis and Interpretation of  
p-value of 0.05, the Tukey method shows       Compressive Test
that only the DLO samples are
N  Mea Std.  Std 95%  
substantially different from the control; the n    .   Confidenc
other groups exceeded the p-value, Devi Erro e  
ation r Interval
implying that there is significant difference for Mean
between the groups and the control. This CL 3  7,73 2,0 1,15 2,76 12,
means that even though the DMO and O  33  008 518  30  703
3  7
CMD results are marginally lower, they
CL 3  10,9 ,32 ,185 10,1 11,
are statistically comparable to the control. D  333  146  59  348  731
This demonstrates that the addition of 9

concrete with a diverse feather DL 3  11,9 1,3 ,800 8,48 15,

O  333  868 69  82  378
combination might be comparable to a 4  4
typical mixture. DL 3  10,5 1,0 ,585 7,97 13,
D  000  148 95  89  021
9  1
4.3 Significant Difference of  
C 3  4,90 2,3 1,35 -,9 10,
     Compressive Test Result M 00  516 769  41 741
     The researchers used an independent D  0  7  7

one-way ANOVA test to assess the C 3  6,36 1,4 ,851 2,70 10,
M 67  742 14  45  028
significant difference across all sample O  2  8
variations, including the control. This
D 3  6,10 1,5 ,866 2,37 9,8
would imply that the feather mass and M 00  000 03  38  262
O  0 
orientation provide a higher compressive
strength that varies significantly among D 3  7,36 1,0 ,606 4,75 9,9
M 67  504 45  73  760
sample groups. D  0 
 2023
C  3  9,00 1,3 ,781 5,63 12,
00  527 02  95  360
7  5 3.5 Significant Difference of Tensile 
To 2 8,31 2,6 ,506 7,27 9,3      Test Result
tal  7  48  331 76  32  565
8           
     An independent one-way ANOVA test

Note. * The mean difference is significant was done by the researchers to determine
at  the significant difference across all sample
                 0.05 level  variation including the control. This would
Top value: Mean difference
Bottom Value: Significant state that the feather mass and its
Difference orientation produce a tensile strength that
is significantly different within the sample
groups.
   As shown in Table 4 the test specified
comparison by determining the
     The ANOVA test once more
significance between each group. Using
demonstrated that the addition of the
the p-value at 0.05, the Tukey method
various feathers had no appreciable impact
states that in comparison with control, only
on the control, this time with its
the DLO samples are significantly
compressive strength. The significant
different, the other group exceeded the p-
difference is 0, indicating that there is a
value, thus there is significant difference
significant difference between the groups
between the groups and the control. This
and the control.
means that even if the data of the DMO
and CMD are slightly lower, it is still
4. CONCLUSION
comparable to the control, statistically
speaking.
     With all the information gathered it is
This further supports the addition
concluded that the implementation of
of concrete with a mixture of assorted
feathers into concrete bricks does indeed
feathers that can be comparable to
affect its tensile strength, not only that the
traditional mixture. Based on the table,
implementation of feathers also increases
comparison to the control results to only
its compressive strength, the feather
DMO and CMD groups as the ones that
inforced concrete bricks increased its
are significantly different. However,
tensile strength by 9% - 53.4%, for the
within the variation groups there are
best sample, and an 16.7% - 32.22%
significant differences that are observable.

increase in compressive strength, with the
average concrete brick strength being 9
mpa in compressive strength and 1.03 mpa
in tensile strength though these increase
were mostly present in the “less” batches,
the researchers speculate that
implementation of more feathers leaves the
bricks hollower thus allowing it to be
much more susceptible to damage/ stress,
the application of more feathers also
lessens the concrete ratio in the molds as
more feathers take up more space than
usual.
REFERENCES
Abramovich, H. (2017). Stability and
Vibrations of Thin-Walled Composite
Structures.  Google Books. Retrieved May
10, 2023, from
https://books.google.com.ph/books?
hl=en&lr=&id=g0sgDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd
&pg=PP1&dq=info:XU0V
Banthia, N., Zanotti, C., & Sukontasukkul,
P. (2014). Sustainable fiber reinforced
concrete for repair applications.
Construction and Building Materials, 67,
405–412. Retrieved May 12, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.conbuildmat.2013.12.073
2023
Bheel, N., Jokhio, M. A., Abbasi, J. A.,
Lashari, H. N., Qureshi, M. M., & 
Qureshi, A. (2020). Rice Husk Ash and
Fly Ash Effects on the Mechanical
Properties of Concrete. Engineering,
the Technology & Applied Science Research,
10(2), 5402–5405.  Retrieved May 12,
2023, from
https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.3363
Chahar, A. S., & Pal, P. (2019). Study on
various properties of reinforced concrete –
A review. Materials Today: Proceedings,
65, 597–602.  Retrieved May 10, 2023,
from 
https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.matpr.2022.03.193
Bruker. (2022). 3-Point Bend Testing.
Bruker. Retrieved May 10, 2023, from 
https://www.bruker.com/en/products-and-
solutions/test-and-measurement/
tribometers-and-mechanical-testers/3-
point-bend-
Fantilli, A. P., Sicardi, S., & Dotti, F.
(2015). The use of wool as fiber-
reinforcement in cement-based mortar.
Retrieved May 10, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.26168/icbbm2015.52
Feuling, S. (2021, July 8). Construction
Aggregates 101: What They Are (and Why
They Matter). Retrieved April 22, 2023,
from
 2023
https://www.aem.org/news/construction-
aggregates-101-what-they-are-and-why- Kim, Y. J., & Chalivendra, V. (2020).
they-matter Natural fibre composites (NFCs) for 
construction and automotive industries. In
Gagg, C. (2014). Cement and concrete as Elsevier eBooks (pp. 469–498).  Retrieved
an engineering material: An historic May 9, 2023, from
appraisal and case study analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818782-
Engineering Failure Analysis, 40, 114– 1.00014-6
140. Retrieved April 22, 2023, from
https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.engfailanal.2014.02.004 Xu, H., Tong, X., Zhang, Y., Li, Q., & Lu,
W. (2016). Mechanical and electrical
Hasan, T. (2022). What is Cement? properties of laminated composites
History- Chemistry- Industries. Civil containing continuous carbon nanotube
Engineering.  film interleaves. Composites Science and
Retrieved May 13, 2023, from Technology, 127, 113–118. Retrieved May
https://civiltoday.com/civil-engineering- 12, 2023, from
materials/cement/81-cement-definition- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016
and-full-details .02.032

Haseeb, J. (2017). Aggregates - Types of
Aggregates | Coarse Aggregate, Fine
Aggregate. Retrieved May 10, 2023, from
https://www.aboutcivil.org/aggregates-
types-uses-definition.html
Kahn, A. (2020, June).
concrete | Definition,
Advantages, & Facts.
Britannica. Retrieved May 11, 2023, from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/rei
nforced-concrete#:~:text=reinforced
%20concrete%2C%20concrete%20in
%20which,stresses%20in%20a%20
Liao, W., Chen, P., Hung, C., & Wagh, S.
(2020). An Innovative Test Method for
Tensile Strength of Concrete by Applying
the Strut-and-Tie Methodology. Materials,
13(12), 2776. Retrieved April 12, 2023,
from 
Reinforced https://doi.org/10.3390/ma1312277
Properties,
Encyclopedia Lysett, T. (2021, January 1). Everything
You Need to Know About Concrete
Strength |                    
Cor-Tuf. Cor-tuf UHPC.  Retrieved
September 26, 2021, from
 2023
https://cor-tuf.com/everything-you-need- Retrieved May 10, 2023, from
to-know-about-concrete-strength/ https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7643-
6_2
Yuhazri, M. Y. (2020). Fiber Reinforced
Polymer Composite as a Strengthening of Réquilé, S., Duigou, A. L., Bourmaud, A.,
Concrete Structures: A Review. & Baley, C. (2019). Interfacial properties
iopscience.iop.org. Retrieved May 10, of hemp fiber/epoxy system measured by
2023, from  microdroplet test: Effect of relative
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/ humidity. Composites Science and
10.1088/1757-899X/1003/1/012135/meta Technology, 181, 107694. Retrieved May
11, 2023, from
Perret, A. (2020, June 28). Reinforced https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2019
concrete | Definition, Properties, .107694
Advantages, & Facts. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Retrieved May 15, 2023, from Wolfs, R. J. M. (2019). Study on various
https://www.britannica.com/technology/ properties of reinforced concrete – A
reinforced-concrete#:~:text=reinforced review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 65,
%20concrete%2C%20concrete%20in 597–602. Retrieved May 13, 2023, from
%20which,stresses%20in%20a https://doi.org/10.1016/
%20concrete%20structure j.matpr.2022.03.193

Pier, N. (2020). What is Concrete? Yadav, M. (2022, November 3). What is

Composition & Types of Concrete. Civil Aggregate? Types, Uses, Advantages
Engineering. Retrieved May 10, 2023, [GATE 
from https://civiltoday.com/civil- Notes]. Gradeup. Retrieved April 10,
engineering-materials/concrete/270- 2023, from
concrete-definition-components-types. https://byjusexamprep.com/what-is-
aggregate-i
Rambabu, V., Naidu, A. L., & Kona, S.
(2019). Analysis of Mechanical and
Yuhazri, M. Y., Zulfikar, A. J., & Ginting,
Thermal Behavior of Sisal Fiber
A. (2020, December). Fiber Reinforced
Composites: Review. In Lecture notes on
Polymer Composite as a Strengthening of
multidisciplinary industrial engineering.
Concrete Structures: A Review. In IOP
Springer International Publishing.
Conference Series:Materials Science and
 2023
Engineering.  Retrieved April 15, 2023,
from
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/
10.1088/1757-899X/1003/1/012135/meta
 2023

ENGINEERING
AND
TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE
 2023

Development of Solar Powerbank with Wireless Charging Case

*Alcontin, F.E., Aratea, D.R., Garrido, M.B., Gorgod, J., Napoles, P.J.M., Pino, K.C.
Bayugan National Comprehensive High School

ABSTRACT 

This research paper presents the development of a Solar Powerbank with Wireless
Charging Case, a revolutionary and innovative device designed to offer a portable and
sustainable power solution. The study is focused on achieving three primary objectives:
enhancing the power capacity of the solar battery, accurately measuring and calculating the
input and output voltages of the powerbank, and determining the charging speed. By
seamlessly integrating a high-efficiency solar panel, a powerful and long-lasting battery, and
cutting-edge wireless charging technology, the Solar Powerbank stands as an exceptional
solution for outdoor enthusiasts, particularly hikers and bikers, as it effectively harnesses the
abundant and renewable energy of sunlight. The Solar Powerbank represents a remarkable
leap forward in portable power solutions, providing a convenient, reliable, and eco-friendly
alternative for powering electronic devices. By harnessing solar energy as its primary power
source, this device significantly reduces reliance on traditional energy sources and plays a
vital role in mitigating the environmental impact associated with fossil fuels. This aligns with
the global efforts to combat climate change, reduce carbon emissions, and promote
sustainability. Furthermore, the Solar Powerbank effectively addresses the common
challenge of accessing electricity in remote locations where electrical outlets are scarce or
non-existent. Its reliable and efficient power supply ensures that users can charge their
electronic devices on the go, allowing uninterrupted communication, navigation, and other
essential functions during outdoor activities. The research study also makes noteworthy
contributions to the field of solar energy technologies, driving advancements in the
optimization of solar power solutions. In conclusion, the development of the Solar
Powerbank with Wireless Charging Case marks a significant breakthrough in the realm of
portable and sustainable power solutions, addressing the growing demand for eco-friendly
and portable energy sources and empowering individuals to access reliable and sustainable
power, enabling a greener and more sustainable future.
 2023
Keywords:  Solar Energy, Solar Panels, Powerbank Case, Wireless Charging Case,
Wireless Charging Technology, Portable Charger, Battery Charging Case, Power Capacity.

1.INTRODUCTION

In an era where portable electronic potential to promote renewable energy

devices have become indispensable, the adoption, enhance mobility, and contribute
need for reliable and sustainable power to a greener and more sustainable future in
sources has grown significantly. This the field of portable electronics.
research focuses on designing a solar
power bank with a wireless charging case, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
offering a novel solution to address these
concerns. By integrating solar energy COIL
harvesting technology and wireless It is used in transmitters and
charging capabilities, this innovative receivers, it is used to transfer the energy
device aims to provide a sustainable and from the battery directly to the phone.
convenient charging experience for
smartphones. The study's primary
objective is to optimize the solar power
bank's design, ensuring efficient capture
and storage of solar energy. Through the
integration of a solar panel into the power
bank case, sunlight will be converted into
electrical energy and stored in a
rechargeable battery, reducing reliance on
Figure 1. Coil
traditional power grids. Additionally, the
wireless charging case feature eliminates
COPPER WIRE
the need for cables, allowing users to
Electricity can pass through wires.
effortlessly charge their smartphones by
Using this can make the wireless charger
attaching the solar power bank as a
work faster from the energy/power bank.
protective case. Performance metrics such
as energy conversion efficiency, charging
speed, and compatibility with various
smartphone models will be evaluated to
ensure practicality. This research has the

Figure 2. Copper Wire
TRANSMITTER & RECIEVER
Consists of the coil that can make
the phone charge wirelessly. It is attached
inside the phone case and also the receiver
located at the top of the device opposite
the solar panel.
Figure 3. Transmitter & Receiver
BATTERY
The battery in the Solar Powerbank
serves a crucial role in storing the energy
collected from the sun. Without the battery,
the device would not be able to function. It
efficiently stores all the gathered energy
and enables its transfer to the phone or
other devices for charging purposes.
2023
Figure 4. Battery
SOLAR
The Solar Powerbank utilizes a
150x86mm 5V Solar Panel to harness
energy from the sun. This compact size
allows for efficient energy capture while
also ensuring a space-saving design that
can easily fit inside the charging case. The
harvested energy is then stored in the
battery for later use, providing a
convenient and portable power solution.
Figure 5. Solar
BATTERY HOLDER
The battery holder is responsible
for keeping the batteries securely in place
within the Solar Powerbank. To simplify
the process and make it easier, the
researchers connected each piece of the
 2023
battery holder using soldering. This
ensures a strong and reliable connection VOLTAGE METER
between the batteries, making it It is used to test and measure the
convenient to assemble them into the voltage of the Solar power bank with
device. Wireless Charging Case.

Figure 6. Battery Holder Figure 8. Voltage Meter

POWERBANK CUIRCUIT BOARD DC-DC BOOST MODULE

It is used in order to transfer power To increase voltages or convert
from the battery. The circuit board the energy, the researchers incorporated a
researchers used were programmed circuit USB-type boost module into the Solar
boards to transfer power from the battery Powerbank's design. This module is
to the transmitters. connected in a series, starting from the
solar panel and passing through the
battery. It enables efficient voltage
boosting or energy conversion, ensuring
optimal performance and effective
utilization of the collected solar energy.
Figure 7. Powerbank Circuit Board
 2023
Figure 9. DC-DC Boost Module

SOLDERING TOOL
Helps to solder the wires in the
circuit board. Every wire in the device Figure 11. Soldering Lead
were soldered by the researchers from the
batteries, solar panel, and the circuit PHONE CASE
boards. By soldering each and every To finalize the device, a case is
materials the device will function necessary, and the researchers opted for a
normally. 3D printing approach to create the casing.
The case is printed using a type of plastic
called polylactic acid (PLA), which
ensures successful and accurate printing of
the case. PLA is a commonly used material
in 3D printing due to its ease of use,
durability, and eco-friendliness. By
Figure 10. Soldering Tool utilizing 3D printing technology and PLA
plastic, the researchers were able to
SOLDERING LEAD achieve a custom-fit and functional case
The soldering tool is utilized in the for the Solar Powerbank.
process, where the lead of the soldering
material is melted by the tool's heat. As the
lead melts, it creates a connection between
the wires. After a short period, the melted
lead solidifies and dries up, securely
holding the wires in place. This soldering
technique allows for precise placement of
the wires, ensuring reliable and durable
connections within the Solar Powerbank.
Figure 12. Phone Case

3. RESULTS

DATA ANALYSIS OF THE SOLAR
POWERBANK WITH WIRELESS
CHARGING CASE
Table 1: Test for the Micro USB Solar
Powerbank + Wireless Charging Case
Over several days, the researchers
conducted tests on a device, each lasting 4
hours, split into morning and afternoon
sessions. Starting at 20% battery, the first
test showed no significant improvement,
but the second test exhibited a notable
56% increase in performance. Subsequent
tests continued the positive trend, with the
3rd, 4th, and 5th tests showing 52%, 53%,
and 53% improvement, respectively.
Despite the increasing performance, the
phone's battery also improved during each
test, ranging from a 52% to 55% increase.
Throughout the series of tests, the device's
performance steadily improved with
significant percentage increases in most
cases, while maintaining stable thermal
levels. By the end of the tests, the phone's
battery was at 74% to 75%.
Table 2: Test for the IOS Solar Powerbank
+ Wireless Charging Case
The table displays a series of tests
conducted on an iPhone X, all lasting 4
hours. The first test, conducted on May 29,
2023, showed a 69% increase, followed by
2023
a 70% increase in the second test, a 71%
increase in the third test, a 70% increase in
the fourth test, and a 72% increase in the
final test. From the data presented in the
table the researchers concluded that within
a 4-hour duration, the phone's increase
ranged from approximately 69% to 72%.
Table 3: Test for the Type C Solar
Powerbank + Wireless Charging Case
The table presents data on a series
of tests conducted on the Type C Solar
Powerbank with Wireless Charging Case.
These tests took place in the morning and
afternoon, each lasting 4 hours. In the
morning tests, the percentage increase
ranged from 58% to 62%, with an average
of 60.2%. The phone's temperature
remained consistent throughout these tests.
In the afternoon tests, the increase ranged
from 60% to 70%, with an average of
63.6% over the 4-hour duration. The
phone's temperature also remained within
normal levels during these tests.
DATA ANALYSIS OF THE SOLAR
BATTERY POWERBANK
Table 4: Test for the Micro USB Battery
Power Bank
The researchers conducted a total
of 5 tests in the morning on the Solar

Battery Powerbank, each lasting 3 hours.
The test results showed percentage
increases ranging from 72% to 75%, with
an overall average of 73.2% per 3 hours.
Additionally, the researchers performed
ten tests on the same device, each lasting
three hours, with an average charging
speed of around 2-3 minutes
per percent. However, due to the non-
constant charging speed, the percentage
increase varied in each test, ranging from
69% to 72%. The average percentage
increase in the first test was 70.2% over
the three-hour duration.
Table 5: Test for the IOS Battery Power
Bank
The researchers conducted a total
of 5 tests in the morning on the Solar
Battery Powerbank for iOS, each lasting 3
hours. The test results showed percentage
increases ranging from 74% to 77%, with
an overall average of 75.4% over the 3-
hour duration. Furthermore, the Solar
Battery Powerbank for iOS underwent ten
tests over the same 3-hour period,
specifically during daylight hours, to
assess any potential variations in charging
speed throughout the day. The average
charging time was estimated to be around
2-3 minutes per percent. However, due to
non-constant charging speeds, the
2023
percentage increase varied in each test,
ranging from 72% to 74%. For example,
the first and second tests showed a 74%
increase, while the third test had a 72%
increase. Therefore, the average
percentage increase for the third test over
the three-hour duration was 72.8%.
Table 6: Test for the Type C Battery Power
Bank
The Type C battery power bank
underwent a series of ten tests over three
hours. In the morning tests, the percentage
increases varied, with the first test showing
a 75% increase and subsequent tests
ranging from 74% to 77%. Although some
tests had the same percentage increase,
others differed. On average, the morning
tests yielded a 75.6% increase over the
three-hour charging period, with an
estimated charging speed of 2-3 minutes
per percent. In the afternoon tests, with the
same three-hour duration, the percentage
increases ranged from 76% to 79%,
resulting in an average of 77% increase.
4. CONCLUSION
Nowadays, many people carry
power banks and other charging devices
for their phones. However, it's often
challenging to recharge these devices

when you're out in public. To solve this
problem, researchers have developed a
study called the Solar Powerbank with
Wireless Charging Case. This device only
needs sunlight to transfer energy to its
battery. It consists of a solar panel, a
battery, and wireless technology. It's
particularly useful for hikers, bikers, and
those who spend a lot of time outdoors.
The development of the Solar Powerbank
with Wireless Charging Case
successfully addressed the objectives of
increasing power capacity, measuring
input and output voltages, and determining
the charging speed.. The researchers
believe that with the help of others and
good mentors, their study can be improved
and completed more quickly.
REFERENCES
Anand, R., & Gupta, H. (2014). Unlocking
the Wireless Smartphone Charging
Potential. International Scientific Journal
on Science Engineering & Technology, 17
(10), 935, 938.
Antony, R. G., Hariharan, S., Haran, D.
H., & Raj, C. C. (2021, October). Design
of Solar Charging Case for Mobile Phones.
In Journal of Physics: Conference Series
(Vol. 2040, No. 1, p. 012031). IOP
Publishing.
2023
Battery University. (2022, March 3). BU-
903: How to Measure State-of-charge.
https://batteryuniversity.com/article/bu-
903-how-to-measure-state-of-charge
Bekaroo, G., & Seeam, A. (2016, August).
Improving wireless charging energy
efficiency of mobile phones: Analysis of
key practices. In 2016 IEEE International
Conference on Emerging Technologies
and Innovative Business Practices for the
has
Transformation of Societies (EmergiTech)
(pp. 357-360). IEEE.
Berger, A., Agostinelli, M., Vesti, S.,
Oliver, J. Á., Cobos, J. A., & Huemer, M.
(2015, March). Phase-shift and amplitude
control for an active rectifier to maximize
the efficiency and extracted power of a
wireless power transfer system. In 2015
IEEE Applied Power Electronics
Conference and Exposition (APEC) (pp.
1620-1624). IEEE.
Cao,P. (2021). Android Phones With
Wireless Charging.
Clark,J(2022). How Solar Battery Charger
Work?
Charishma Gopinath, J. T., & Sathe, S.
(2022). Solar Powered Mobile Power
Bank System.
 2023
Chen, N. (2016). Electromagnetic Kin, L. C., Liu, Z., Astakhov, O., Agbo, S.
induction wireless power transmission N., Tempel, H., Yu, S., ... & Merdzhanova,
efficiency research. Science and T. (2019). Efficient area matched
Technology Publications. converter aided solar charging of lithium
ion batteries using high voltage perovskite
D S R Djuanda, et al. “Automatic Battery
solar cells. ACS Applied Energy
Charging System on Android
Materials, 3(1), 431-439.
Smartphones.” Iop Conference Series, IOP
Publishing, Apr. 2020, doi:10.1088/1757- Kuka, C. S. (2021, September 12).
899x/830/3/032027 Wireless Power Transfer. IntechOpen
eBooks; IntechOpen.
Gopinath, A., Daulayal, S., Kori, A.,
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99990
Vasudha Lakshmi, P. A., & Mudeeb, P.
(2022, August). Analysis of solar and wind Kumar, R. N., & Sai, T. G. (2017).
potential in e-mobility application. In AIP Investigation on Wireless Charging. of the
Conference Proceedings (Vol. 2461, No. 1, Paper.
p. 020002). AIP Publishing LLC.
Lu, X., Wang, P., Niyato, D., Kim, D. I.,
& Han, Z. (2015). Wireless charging
Gurung, A., Qiquan Qiao, Solar Charging technologies: Fundamentals, standards,
Batteries: Advances, Challenges, and and network applications. IEEE
Opportunities, 2018 communications surveys & tutorials,
18(2), 1413-1452.
How, D. N., Hannan, M. A., Lipu, M. H.,
& Ker, P. J. (2019). State of charge Mano, M., & Sankar, R. (2018). Wireless
estimation for lithium-ion batteries using Charger Networking for Mobile Devices
model-based and data-driven methods: A using Bluetooth Technologies.
review. Ieee Access, 7, 136116-136136. Methodology, 5(1).

Kim, G. Y., Park, S. R., & Yu, J. S. Meng, W., Lee, W. H., Murali, S. R., &
(2021). Design and characteristics of low‐ Krishnan, S. P. T. (2015, April). Charging
resistance lithium‐ion battery pack and its me and I know your secrets! Towards juice
fast charging method for smart phones. filming attacks on smartphones. In
International Journal of Energy Research, Proceedings of the 1st ACM workshop on
45(12), 17631-17646. cyber-physical system security (pp. 89-98).
 2023
Nadeem, F., Nunez Garcia, A., Thach Optimum Power Scheduling & more.
Tran, C., & Wu, M. (2021). Magnetic Patently Apple.
interference on cardiac implantable https://www.patentlyapple.com/2017/12/ap
electronic devices from Apple iPhone ple-invents-a-wireless-power-transfer-
MagSafe technology. Journal of the system-with-unique-optimum-power-
American Heart Association, 10(12), scheduling-more.html
e020818.
Sanne, L. J., Sheldon, F., & Tran, C.
Olvitz, L., Vinko, D., & Švedek, T. (2012, (2018). Mobile Solar.
May). Wireless power transfer for mobile
Shufian, A., Rahman, M. M., Ahmed, K.,
phone charging devices. In 2012
Islam, R., Hasan, M., & Islam, T. (2019,
Proceedings of the 35th International
May). Design and implementation of solar
Convention MIPRO (pp. 141-145). IEEE.
power wireless battery charger. In 2019 1st
Pereira, R., Matalonga, H., Couto, M., International Conference on Advances in
Castor, F., Cabral, B., Carvalho, P., ... & Science, Engineering and Robotics
Fernandes, J. P. (2021). GreenHub: a Technology (ICASERT) (pp. 1-5). IEEE.
large-scale
Sidiku, M. B., Eronu, E. M., &
collaborative 
Ashigwuike, E. C. (2020). A review on
wireless power transfer: Concepts,
dataset to battery consumption analysis of implementations, challenges, and
android devices. Empirical Software mitigation scheme. Nigerian Journal of
Engineering, 26, 1-55. Technology, 39(4), 1206-1215. 

Pröbstl, A., Kindt, P., Regnath, E., & The Growing Importance of Wireless
Chakraborty, S. (2015, August). Smart2: Energy Transmission. (2023). Technology.
Smart charging for smart phones. In 2015 https://www.alliedcomponents.com/blog/t
IEEE 21st International Conference on he-growing-importance-of-wireless-
Embedded and Real-Time Computing energy-transmission
Systems and Applications (pp. 41-50).
Treffers, M. (2015). History, current status
IEEE.
and future of the wireless power
Purcher, J. (n.d.). Apple Invents a Wireless consortium and                   the qi interface
Power Transfer System with Unique
 2023
specification. IEEE Circuits and Systems
Magazine, 15(2), 28-31.

Van Wijk, A. J. M., van der Roest, E., &

Boere, J. (2018). Solar power to the
people. Ios                              Press.