The Effectiveness of Electric Sudor Lamp as Repellent Against Mosquitoes: An

Experimental Study

Presented to:

Prof. Livette Kileste

Proponents:

David, Abelardo Jr.

Subrida, Orlan Paul

Toring, Ian

Villacora, Nathaniel
 Chapter 1

Introduction

Background of the Study

Mosquitoes are considered as the main carrier that transmit viruses that cause

deadly diseases like Malaria, Dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever among people

which are the reasons of massive death each year (World Health Organization, n.d.).

Also, it can cause delayed anxiety and depressive morbidity among dengue patients

(Chandradasa, Gunathilaka, & Wijesooriya, 2018).

In the info graph of Gates (2014), it showed that mosquitoes are the deadliest

animal in the world killing at least 725,000 persons every year. Mosquito carries a

catastrophic disease particularly Malaria which kills more or less 600,000 individuals

consistently. Another 200 million cases showed that Malaria weakens individual for

quite a long time at any given moment. Worst, it debilitates half of the total populace

and causes billions of dollars in lost profitability yearly.

In the Philippines, dengue cases shoot up with over 100,000 cases from January

1 to June 29, 2019 which revealed 85% increase from the same period last year with

more than 450 deaths reported. In fact, the Department of Health (DOH) declared a

National Dengue Alert last July 15, 2019 which prompted the regional DOH offices to

conduct surveillance, case management and outbreak response in health facilities and

hospitals then community and school-based health education campaigns, clean-up

drives, and logistic support for dengue control (UN Office, 2019). Owing to drought and
water shortages related to the onset of EL Nino, people resorted to collect water in

containers which increased mosquito breeding places (World Health Organization, n.d.).

In Davao Region, dengue cases increased by 60% or 4,345 cases during the first

seven months in year 2019 than in 2018 as reported by the DOH. In Davao City alone,

the highest number of Dengue cases at 2,168 with 11 deaths was reported. Also, Davao

del Norte manifested 562 cases with 6 deaths while the other provinces reported one

death each. It was revealed that the main cause of the problem is the shortage of water

supply which led the residents to store water in open containers that become breeding

grounds for dengue mosquitoes (Francisco, 2019).

There are many research studies in preventing Dengue mosquitoes such as

mosquito killers and mosquito repellents like chemical-based repellents and plant-based

repellents (Downs, 2002). Most of mosquito killers uses chemicals like diethyltoluamide

(DEET) which curb Dengue and other mosquito-related diseases but it may also be

harmful to human especially children. Particularly, overuse of DEET can cause lethal

consequences (Ronca, 2019). However, studies show that DEET mainly affects the

body’s central nervous system. The DEET affects various types of insect sensory

receptor neurons just like olfactory receptor neurons, odorant receptors, and gustatory

receptor neurons that conditions insect elusion behaviour and it changes the

stabilization of functionally olfactory receptor neurons. Additionally, it has been reported

that DEET is not only a behaviour-modifying agent because it also serves as the barrier

of peripheral nervous system level, insect neuromuscular junction and it affects the

central octopaminergic synapses to induce neuroexcitation as toxicity (Gallard, Licznar,

Marchais, List, Corbel, Servent, & Lapied, 2015). Due to that, Sissons (2019), stated
that natural repellents are effective as DEET. Unfortunately, it is only effective in a short

period of time because it evaporates quickly and it can also cause skin irritation.

Hence, based on the data and statistics gathered, the widespread of mosquitoes

is the leading cause of deaths specifically on human lives through diseases that is

carried by mosquitoes such as Malaria, Dengue, Zika and yellow fever. Due to these

phenomenon, this experimental study is designed in order to not only mitigate but also

prevent further incidents brought by mosquitoes and its viruses. This experimental study

is about an electric lamp which can also be used as a repellent against mosquitoes.

Additionally, his experimental study will make use of Sudor substance which may attract

mosquitoes through its composition which are water and chemicals like ammonia, urea,

salts and sugar. In reducing deadly effects on human lives caused by mosquitoes, this

experimental research design may become relevant and be a contribution to the

patients and to the society, in general.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Electric Sudor Lamp as

repellent against mosquitoes. Specifically, this study tries to answer the query:

1.) How efficient is the Electric Sudor Lamp as repellent against mosquitoes?

2.) How much amount of voltage of Electric Sudor Lamp to repel mosquitoes?

3.) is there a significant difference between amount of voltage to the time to repel

mosquitoes?
Review Related Literature

Correlated data and information are introduced in this segment to give a solid

system of references of the variable under the study Electric Sudor Lamp as Repellent

Against Mosquitoes.

Electric Lamp

Electric lamp is a lamp in which electricity is the source of light (Merriam

Webster, n.d.) conventional light emitting component used in different circuits, mainly for

lighting and indicating purposes. The construction of lamp is quite simple, it has one

filament surrounding which, a transparent glass made spherical cover is provided. The

filament of the lamp is mainly made of tungsten as it has high melting point temperature.

A lamp emits light energy as the thin small tungsten filament of lamp glows without

being melted, while current flows to it (Electrical4U, 2019).

Uses of Electric Lamp

Electric lamps are mainly get used for lighting and indicating purpose. Although,

nowadays use of light emitting diodes LEDs for these two purposes dominates uses of

conventional lamps. But still they are in use although at maximum places they are

replaced by LEDs (Electric4U, 2019).

Sudor

Sudor is commonly known as sweats or prespiration. Sweating is the release of

liquid from the body's sweat glands. This liquid contains salt. This process is also called
perspiration. Sweating helps your body stay cool. Sweat is commonly found under the

arms, on the feet, and on the palms of the hands. It is a clear, salty liquid produced by

glands in your skin (MedlinePlus, 2019). It is the secretion of fluid by the sweat

(sudoriferous) glands. These small, tubular glands are situated within the skin, as well

as in the subcutaneous tissue under it. They discharge their fluid through tiny openings

in the surface of the skin. Perspiration serves at least two purposes these are the

removal of waste products such as urea and ammonia, and cooling of the body

temperature as sweat evaporates. The transparent, colorless, acidic fluid secreted by

the sweat glands. It contains some fatty acids and mineral matter. Adult perspiration

gains its characteristic odor from the waste products excreted (Shiel, 2018).

Mosquitoes

Mosquitoes are fragile long-legged two winged flies and there are approximately

more than 3,500 known mosquito species in the world. Majority of the female mosquito

suck blood for egg developement, all males and numerous different females feed solely

on nectar, fruit juices and plant exxudates (Besanky & Harbach 2014). Moreover

Karesh, Mazzoli and Heintz (2018) also stated that out of more than 3,500 mosquito

species, there are about 100 species that transmit disease.

Mosquito Diseases

According to World Health Organization, Mosquitoes are considered as one of

the deadliest animal in the world due to their ability to transfer and spread disease that

causes million of human deaths every year. In 2015, the casualty malaria alone cause

438,00 deaths. The overall rate of dengue has risen 30-fold in the past 30 years and
more nations are reporting their first outbreak of diseases. Zika, dengue, chikungunya,

and yellow fever are all transmitted to people by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. More than

half of the world’s population lives in areas where these aedes mosquito species is

present.

Mosquito Repellent

A chemical substance, such as a spray or lotion, applied to the body to prevent

mosquitoes biting (Collins Dictionary, n.d.). The substances that build surface

unpleasant to mosquitoes are considered as mosquito repellent, it may be applied to

skin or other surfaces that discourages mosquitoes from landing on those surfaces.

There are also repellents available based on sound productions, particularly ultrasound

(Sah M. L., Mishra, Sah S.P., & Rana, 2010). Repellent can help prevent and control

the outbreak of insect borne diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and

other diseases. Mosquitoes have complex methods of detecting hosts and different

types of mosquitoes react to different stimuli (blogspot.com, n.d.). Native mosquito

repellent plants have a precise potential for built-in mosquito manipulate in nearby

settings. In Eritea, they used Ocimumforskolei, Lamiaceae as a mosquito repellent in

their houses and they do crushing flora or burning dry plants (Dekker, Ignell, Ghebru,

Glinwood, & Hopkins, 2011).

Theoretical Framework

The theory of light by Electrical4U (2018) states that light is nothing but

electromagnetic radiation that creates visual sensation on mosquito eye. Although all

electromagnetic radiations cannot create sensation on our eyes but within some specific
range of radiation it can be observed by mosquitoes and this is called light. Many flying

insects, including moths, mosquitoes, and many flies, find the glow of artificial lights

irresistible. Mosquitoes are attracted to light or heat. This theory suggests that artificial

lights interfere with an insect’s navigation, and they get confused. Light presents an

obstacle-free route for flight although sometimes, mosquitoes go right into a light bulb,

often getting burned in the process. It suggests that insects might be attracted to light

because it mimics the UV light reflected in flowers (representing food) or they confuse

the light for female moth pheromones.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study are deemed significant to the following:

Children. The results of this study can be useful for the children in order for them

to have proper knowledge about the benefits of using Electric Sudor Lamp and to be

aware about the deadly diseases that the mosquitoes might give them.

Parents. The results of this study can be useful to the parents to help give proper

knowledge on their children and teach the ways on how to mitigate the deadly diseases

caused by mosquitoes like Malaria, Dengue fever, Zika virus and yellow fever with the

use of Electric Sudor Lamp.

Scope and Limitation

This study is only limited to determine the effectiveness of Electric Sudor Lamp

as repellent against mosquitoes. Investigating the performance will be described by

observation of two electric lamps- the lamp A, and lamp during late afternoon time. The
two electrive lamps will have the same amount of voltage. The electric lamp A will be

tested with a substance called sudor, meanwhile the electric lamp B will be tested

without a sudor or the commercial product. In addition, the data used in this study will

be gathered through observations.

Definition of Terms

The following terms used in this study are conceptually and operationally defined

to establish a common frame or reference:

Effectiveness. It is the ability to be successful and to produce the intended

results. (Cambridge Dictionary).

Mosquitoes. They are considered as the main vectors that transmit the viruses

that cause deadly diseases like malaria, dengue fever, zika virus and yellow fever

between people.

Sudor. Is commonly known as sweats or perspiration.

Lamp. A device for giving light either one consisting of an electric bulb together

with its holder and shade or cover, or one burning gas or a liquid fuel and consisting of a

wick or mantle and a glass shade.

 Chapter 2

Methods

This section covers the research design of the study that can be used in the

analysis of the principles as well as the methods that are associated in conducting this

research.

Research Design

This research uses experimental research design, specifically, the Post Test

Only Experimental design. As stated by (Amorado, Boholano & Talili, 2017) the

fundamental premise behind the post-test only experimental design includes applying a

treatment to the experimental group and the post-test is carried out on both groups to

assess the effect of the treatment. Moreover, the (University of Minnesota, 2018)

defined post-test only design as simple and straightforward.

In this study, it aims to determine the effectiveness of Electric Sudor Lampl as

repellent against mosquitoes.

Research Locale

This study will be conducted at University of Mindanao (UM), Matina campus.

Located at McArthur Highway Matina, Davao City.

Research Instrument

The research instrument that will be used in this study is observation, because

through observation we will be able to find out if the product is really effective or not in

repelling mosquitoes.

Data-Gathering Procedure

At this juncture, the research procedures of this study is divided into three

phases; Collection of Materials, Extraction of Sudor, and Capturing of Mosquitoes.

Collection of Materials. First, the researcher should gather the materials in order

to build an electric lamp with the use of recycled materials.

Extraction of Sudor. Second, the researcher should extract sweats with the use

of clothes. In addition, the researcher would voluntarily jog for thirty (30) minutes in

order to get a high amount of sweat from their clothes.

Capturing of Mosquitoes. Lastly, In capturing the unnecessary specimens which

are Mosquitoes. The researchers will buy materials such as one meter of net and 0.5

meter of wire rope. After that the researchers will find site where mosquitoes are

abundant such as canals or drainage then the researchers will use the mosquito net

that the researchers had created to catch the mosquitoes. The researchers will sweep

through to the place where mosquitoes are abundant. Finally, the captured mosquitoes

will be put into a clean container.

Statistical Treatment

The researchers will use Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) to determine if there

is a significant difference between the two variables differ in the amount of voltage and

time. ANOVA is a type of statistical procedure that assesses the potential differences

between the mean two or more independent variables (Hae Young-Kim, 2014)
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