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LESSON NO.1

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#1.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.
i. The number of base units in SI are :
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 9
ii. Which one of the following unit is not derived unit?
(a) pascal (b) kilogramme (c) newton (d) watt
iii. Amount of a substance in term of numbers is measured in :
(a) gram (b) kilogramme (c) newton (d) mole
iv. An interval of 200µs is equivalent to :
(a) 0.2 s (b) 0.02 s (c) 2×10-4 s (d) 2×10-6 s
v. Which one of the following is the smallest quantity?
(a) 0.01g (b) 2mg (c) 100µg (d) 5000ng
vi. Which instrument is most suitable to measure the internal diameter of a test tube?
(a) metre rule (b) vernier calipers (c) measuring tap (d) screw gauge
vii. A student claims diameter of wire as 1.032cm using vernier callipers. Upto what extent you agree?
(a) 1 cm (b) 1.0 cm (c) 1.03 cm (d) 1.032 cm
viii. A measuring cylinder is used to measure:
(a) mass (b) area (c) volume (d) level of a liquid
ix. A student noted the thickness of a glass sheet using a screw gauge .On the main scale, it reads 3
division while 8th division on the circular scale coincides with index line. Its thickness is :
(a) 3.8 cm (b) 3.08 mm (c) 3.8 mm (d) 3.08 m
x. Significant figures in an expression are :
(a) all the digits (b) all the accurately known digit
(c) all the accurately known digit and the first doubtful digit
(d) all the accurately known and all the doubtful digits
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q#1.2) What is difference between base and derived quantities? Give three examples in each case.
Base Quantities Derived Quantities
1. “Base quantities are the quantities on the 1. “The quantities that are expressed in terms
basis of which other quantities are expressed” of base quantities are called derived quantity.”
2. There are seven base quantities. 2. Numbers of derived quantities are many.
3. Base Quantities are length, mass, time etc. 3. Derived quantities are velocity, acceleration etc.
Q#1.3) Pick out base units in the following: Joule, newton, kilogramme, hertz, mole, ampere,
meter, kelvin, coulomb and watt.
Ans: : Kilogramme, mole, ampere, meter and kelvin.
Q#1.4) Pick out base units involved in each of the following derived quantities:
(a) speed (b) volume (c) force (d) work
Distance covered
Ans: (a) Speed = time taken
Here base quantities are Length and time are involved in speed.
(b) Force = m a
𝑑
∆v
F = m× = m × 𝑡
t 𝑡
md mass × length
F = =
t2 time2
Here base quantities are Length, mass and time are involved in speed.

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 (c) Work = F × S
∆v
= (m × a) ×S = m × ×S
t
d

= m × tt ×S
mdS mass × length × length
W = t2 =
time2
Here base quantities are Length, mass and time are involved in speed.
Q#1.5) Estimate your age in seconds.
Ans: My age in years = 15 years
My age in months = 15 × 12 months
My age in months = 180 months
My age in days = 180 × 30 days
My age in days = 5400 days
My age in hours = 5400 × 24 hours
My age in hours = 129600 hours
My age in minutes = 129600× 60 minutes
My age in minutes = 7776000 minutes
My age in seconds = 7776000 × 60 seconds
My age in seconds = 466560000 seconds
Q#1.6) What role SI units have played in the development of science?
Ans. It is very helpful to exchange scientific and technical Informational level. It tells proper way to
exchange our things using standard quantities. SI units have made easier to share technical and
scientific information all over the world. It is commonly used in every countries.
Q#1.7) What is meant by vernier constant?
Ans. The difference between one small division on main scale division and one vernier scale division is
0.1 mm. It is called least count of vernier calipers. It is also known as vernier constant.
Q#1.8) What do you understand by the zero error of a measuring instrument?
Ans. “Any error in the measuring instrument is called its zero error.” It is a defect in a measuring
instrument. It occurs due to wrongly marked measurement.
Q#1.9) Why is the use of zero error necessary in a measuring instrument?
Ans. The zero error helps in correcting the misreading we get from any instrument. By knowing the
zero error, necessary correction can be made to find the correct measurement.
Q#1.10) What is stopwatch? What is the least count of a mechanical stopwatch you have used in
the laboratories?
Ans. “A stopwatch can be used to measure time interval of an event.” There are two types of stop
watch known as digital stopwatch and mechanical stopwatch.
Least count of mechanical stopwatch which is used in laboratories is 0.1 second.
Q#1.11) Why do you need to measure extremely small interval of times?
Ans. We need to measure extremely small interval of times for getting greater accuracy and error
free result.
Q#1.12) What is meant by significant figures in a measured quantity?
Ans. “All accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit in an expression are called significant
figures”. It reflects the precision of a measured value of physical quantity. More significant figure
means greater precision.
Q#1.13) How is precision related to the significant figures in the measured quantity?
Ans. “Precision means how close the measured values to each other.” More significant figure means
greater precision. Thus, a measured quantity having more significant figures will be more precise.

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 NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#1.1)…Express the following Quantities using Prefixes..
(a) 5000 g (b) 2000000 W
-10
(c) 52 x 10 kg (d) 225×10-8s
Solution: Solution:
(a) 5000 g (b) 2000,000 W
= 5 x 1000g = 2 x 1000000
= 5 x 1kg (∴ 1000g = 1kg) = 2 x 106W (∴106 = 1 Mega)
= 5000g = 5kg 2000,000 w = 2 MW

(c) 52 x 10-10 kg (d) 225 x 10-8 s

= 5.2 x l0 x 10-10 kg = 225 x 102 x 10-8 s
= 5.2 x 10-9 kg = 2.25 x 10-6 s
= 5.2 x 10-9 x 1000g (∴ 1 kg = 1000 g) = 2.25 x 10-6 s (∴10-6 = 1micro)
= 5.2 x 10-9 x 103 g = 2.25 µs
= 5.2 x 10-9+3 g
52 x 10-6 g = 5.2 µg (∴10-6 = 1micro)
N#1.2…How Do Prefixes Micro, Nano and Pico relate to each other?
Solution: As we know
∴ 1 micro = µ = 10-6 ∴ 1 nano = n = 10-9 ∴1 pico = p = 10-12
The relation between micro, nano and pico can be written as:
Micro and Nano: Nano and Pico: Pico and Micro:
-6 -3 -9 -3
1 nano = 10 x 10 1 pico = 10 x 10 1 Pico =10-6 × 10-6
1 nano = 10-3 micro 1 pico= 10-3 nano 1 pico =10-6 micro
N#1.3…Your hair grows at rate of 1 mm per day. Find their growth rate in nms-1.
(Ans:11.57 nm s-1)
Solution:
Growth rate of hair in nm s-1 = 1 mm per day
Growth rate of hair in one day = 24 x 60 x 60 s
1 X 10−3 m
1 mm per day =
24 X 60 X 60 s
1 X 10−3 m
= 86400 s
= 1 x 10-3 × 0.00001157 m s-l
= 1 x 10-3 × 1157 × 10-8 ms-l
= 1157 × 10-2 × 10-9 ms-1
= 11.57 × 10-9 ms-1
1 mm per day = 11.57 nms-1 ( ∴ 10-9 = 1 nano)
N#1.4…Rewrite the following In Standard form.. (Scientific notation)
(a) 1168 x 10-27 (b) 32 x 105
(c) 725 x 10 kg-5 (d) 0.02 x 10-8
Solution:
(a) 1168 x 10-27 = 1.168 x 103 x 10-27 (C) 725 x 10-5 kg = 7.25X 102 x 10-5 kg
1168 x 10-27 = 1.168 x 10-24

725 x 10-5 kg = 7.25 x10-3 kg = 7.25 g

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(b) 32 x 105 = 3.2 x 101 x 105 (d) 0.02 x 10-8 = 2 x 10-2 x 10-8
32 x 105 = 3.2 x 10 6 0.02 x 10-8 = 2 x 10-10

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N#1.5…Write the following quantities in standard form.
(a) 6400 km (b) 380000 km
-1
(c) 300000000 ms (d) seconds in a day
Solution:
(a) 6400 km (b) 380000 km
= 6.4×103 km = 3.8 x 105 km
(c) 300000000 ms-1 (d) seconds in a day
= 3 x 108 ms-1 1 day = 24 x 60 x 60 seconds
= 3 x 108 ms-1 1 day = 86400 s = 8.64 x104 s
N#1.6 …On closing jaws Of Vernier Calipers, zero of Vernier scale is on right to main
scale such that 4th division of Vernier scale coincides with one of division. Find its zero error and
zero correction. (+0.04cm, -0.04 cm)
Solution:
Least Count Of Vernier Calipers = 0.01cm
Zero Error = 4 x 0.01 cm
Zero Error (Z.E) = + 0.04 cm..
Now,
Zero correction (Z.C) = - 0.04 cm..
The zero error of the Vernier scale is 0.04cm and its zero correction is -0.04cm
N#1.7 …A screw gauge has 50 divisions on its circular sale. The pitch of the screw
gauge is 0.5 mm. What is its least count? (0.001 cm)
Given Data:
Number Of division on the circular scale = 50
Pitch of screw gauge = 0.5 mm
Find Out:
Least count Of screw Gauge L.C. =?
Pitch
Solution: Least count =
Number Of division on circular scale
= 0.5mm / 50
= 0.01 mm
= 0.01 /10 cm
Least count Of Screw Gauge = L.C = 0.001 cm…
N#1.8… Which of the following quantities have three figures?
(a) 3.0066 m (b) 0.00309 kg
-27
(c) 5.05x 10 kg (d) 301.0 s
Solution:
(a) 3.0066m
Zeros between significant digits are significant. Therefore, there are 5 significant figures.
(b) 0.00309kg
Zeros used for spacing the decimal point are not significant. So,3 significant figures.
(C) 5.05 x 10-27kg
Only the digits before the exponent are considered, thus there are 3 significant figures.
(d) 301.0s
Final zeros or zeros after the decimal are significant. There are 4 significant figures
Result: Quantities (b) and (c) have three significant figures.
N#1.9…What are the significant figures in following measurements?
(a) 1.009 m (b) 0.00450 kg
-27
(c) 1.66 x 10 kg (d) 2001 s
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Solution:
(a) 1.009m
Zeros between two significant figures are Significant, there are 4 significant figures.
(b) 0.00450
Zeros used for spacing decimal point are not significant, there are 3 significant figures.
(c) 1.66 x 10-27kg
Only the digits before the exponent are considered so there are 3 significant figures.
(d) 2001s
zeros between two significant figures are significant so there are 4 significant figures.
N#1.10…A chocolate wrapper is 6.7cm long and 5.4cm wide. Calculate area up to
reasonable number of significant figures. (Ans:36 cm2)
Given Data:
Length of the chocolate wrapper = L = 6.7 cm
Width of the chocolate wrapper = w = 5.4 cm
Find Out: Area = A = ?
Solution: Area = Length x Width
A=Lxw
A = 6.7cm x 5.4 cm
A = 36.18 cm2
Note: The answer should be in two significant figures because in data the least significant figures are
two therefore answer is
Area = A ≈ 36 cm2

LESSON NO.2

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#2.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.
i. A body has translatory motion if it moves along a
(a) a straight line (b) circle (c) line without rotation (d) curved path
ii. The motion of a body about an axis is called
(a) circular motion (b) rotatory motion (c) vibratory motion (d) random motion
iii. Which of the following is a vector quantity?
(a) Speed (b) distance (c) displacement (d) power
iv. If the object is moving with constant speed then its distance- time graph will be a straight line.
(a) along time- axis (b) along distance-axis
(c) parallel to time-axis (d) inclined to time-axis
v. A straight line parallel to time- axis on a distance – time graph tells that the object is
(a) moving with constant speed (b) at rest
(c) moving with variable speed (d) in motion
vi. The speed- time graph of a car shown in the figure, which of the following statement is true?
(a) car has an acceleration of 1.5 ms-2 (b) car has constant speed of 7.5 ms-1
(c) distance travelled by the car is 75 m. (d) Average speed of the car is 15 ms-1
vii. Which of the following graphs is representing uniform acceleration?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
viii. By dividing displacement of a moving body with time, we obtain
(a) speed (b) acceleration (c) velocity (d) deceleration
ix. A ball is thrown vertically upward. Its velocity at the highest point is:
(a) -10 ms-1 (b) zero (c) 10 ms-2 (d) none of these

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x. A change in position is called:
(a) speed (b) velocity (c) displacement (d) distance
-1 -1
xi. A train is moving at a speed of 36 kmh . Its speed expressed in ms is:
(a) 10 ms-1 (b) 20 ms-1 (c) 25 ms-1 (d) 30 ms-1
-1
xii. A car starts from rest. It acquires speed of 25ms after 20s.The distance moved by car is:
(a) 31.25 m (b) 250 m (c) 500 m (d) 5000 m
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#2.2) Explain translatory motion and give its various example of various types.
Translatory Motion: “In translational motion, a body moves along a line without any rotation. The
line may be straight or curved”.
Examples of various types:
o Linear Motion: Object falling vertically downward.
o Circular Motion: Car moving in circular track.
o Random Motion: Motion of insects and birds.

Q#2.3) Differentiate between following:

Rest
“A body is said to be at rest if it does not
change its position with respect to its
surroundings.”
Example: A passenger inside a moving bus is at
rest with respect to other passengers in bus.
Motion
“A body is said to be in motion, if it changes
its position with respect to its surroundings.”
Example: A passenger inside a moving bus is in
motion with respect to other persons outside
the bus.

ii) Differentiate between circular motion and rotatory motion.

Circular motion
“The motion of an object in a circular
path is known as circular motion.”
Example: The motion of aeroplane flying straight
in air.
Rotatory motion
“The spinning motion of a body
about its axis is called its rotatory motion.”
Example: The motion of wheel about its axis

(iii) Differentiate between distance and displacement

Distance
“Length of a path between two points is
called the distance between those points.”
• It is a scalar quantity.
• It is represented by ‘S’.
• Its formula is: S = v × t
Displacement
“Displacement is the shortest distance between
two points which has magnitude and direction.”
• It is a vector quantity
• It is represented by ‘d’.
• Its formula is d = v × t

(iv) Differentiate between speed and velocity.

Speed Velocity
“Distance covered by an object in “The rate of displacement of a body is
unit time is called its speed.” called its velocity.”
• It is a scalar quantity. • It is vector quantity.
Distance covered Displacement
• Its formula is : Speed = • Its formula is : Velocity =
time taken time taken
S d
• V= • V=
t t

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(v) Differentiate between linear and random motion.
Linear motion
“Straight line motion of a body is known
as its linear motion.”
Example: The motion of Aeroplane flying in
straight in air.
Random motion
“The disordered or irregular motion of an
object is called random motion.”
Example: The motion of dust or smoke particles
in the air.

(vi) Differentiate between scalars and vectors.

Scalars Vectors

“Physical quantities which can be “Physical quantities which can be

completely described by their magnitude are described completely by magnitude along with
called scalars.” their direction”
Examples: Mass, length and time etc. Examples: Force, acceleration etc.

Q#2.4) Define the term speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Speed: “The distance covered by an object in unit time is called speed”. It is scalar quantity.
Distance covered
V=
unit time
V=S/t
S.I Units: S.I Unit of speed is meter per second (ms-1)
Velocity: “The displacement covered by an object in unit time is called velocity.” It is vector
quantity.
Displacement covered
V=
unit time
V=d/t
S.I Units: S.I Unit of velocity is meter per second (ms-1)
Acceleration: “The rate of change of velocity of an object is known as acceleration.”
change in velocity
a=
time taken
a=∆v/t
S.I Units: S.I Unit of acceleration is meter per second per second. (ms-2)

Q#2.5) Can a body moving at a constant speed have acceleration.

Ans. A body moving at constant speed has acceleration because the magnitude of velocity is
constant but its direction may be changing continuously. For example, when an object moves
along a circle with constant speed, its velocity changes due to change in direction continuously.

Q#2.6) How do riders in a Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not rotatory motion
but not rotatory motion?
Ans. Riders in a Ferris wheel moves in a circular path without rotation. The motion of an object
in circular path is known as circular motion. Circular motion is a translatory motion. So riders in a
Ferris wheel possess translatory motion but not rotatory motion.

Q#2.7) Sketch a distance-time graph for a body starting from rest. How will you determine the
speed of a body from this graph?
Ans. When an object is moving with constant speed, the distance-time graph is a straight line as
shown in the figure. Its slope gives the speed of the object.
Distance
Formula: Speed = Slope of line AB = time

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 Distance
20

15

10

05
time
2 4 6 8
Q#2.8) What would be the shape of a speed- time graph of body moving with variable speed?
Ans. When an object does not cover equal distance in equal interval of time then its speed is
variable. The distance-time graph for variable speed is not a straight line as shown in figure.
Speed
16

12

08

04
time
0 2 4 6 8 10
Q#2.9) Which of the following can be obtained from speed – time graph of a body?
(i) Initial speed (ii) Final speed (iii) Distance covered in time ‘t’ (iv) Acceleration of motion
Ans. We can calculate All quantities including initial speed, final speed, distance covered in time
t and acceleration of motion from speed- time graph of a body.
Q#2.10) How can vector quantities be represented graphically?
Ans. “Graphically a vector can be represented by a line segment with an arrow head.” The
length of line segment gives the magnitude of the vector. In figure the line AB with arrow head
represents a vector V. The length of the line gives the magnitude While the direction of line gives
the direction of the vector V.
B

A
Q#2.11) Why vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted scalar quantities?
Ans. Vector quantities cannot be added and subtracted like scalar quantities because these are
two different physical quantities. Vectors have magnitude and direction but scalars have
magnitude only. So , we use method as Head-to-Tail rule for addition and subtraction of vectors.
Q#2.12) How are vector quantities are important to us in our daily life?
Ans. Vector quantities are very important to us in our daily life. Vectors are used to solve
mathematical problems in physics and mathematics. We can get full information about a
quantity as both its magnitude and direction are given. Vector quantities are applied on moving,
games and travelling etc.

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Q#2.13) Sketch a velocity time graph for the motion of the body. From the graph explaining
each step, calculate total distance covered by the body.
Ans. Velocity-time graph for the motion of the body is shown in figure
Distance covered by the body = Area of rectangle
S = 10s × 16 ms-1 = 160m
Velocity

16

12

08

04
Time
0 2 4 6 8 10
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#2.1…A train moves with a uniform velocity of 36 kmh-1 for 10 s. Find the distance
travelled by it. (Ans:100 m)
Given Data:
Velocity = v = 36 kmh-1
36 ×1000
v=
3600
= 10 ms-1
Find Out: Distance = S =?
Solution: As we know ∴ S=v×t
S = 10 x 10
Distance = S = 100 m ..

N#2.2…A train starts from rest. It moves through 1 km in 100 s with uniform
acceleration. What will speed at end of 100s? (Ans:20 ms-1)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 0 ms-1
Distance = S = 1 km = 1000 m
Time = t = 100 s
Find Out: Final velocity = Vf =?
1
Solution: As we know ∴ S = vi x t + at2
2
1000 = 0 x 100 + 1/2 x a x (100)2
1000 = 1/2 × 10000a
1000 = 5000 a
a = 1000/5000
a = 0.2 ms-2
st
Now using 1 Equation of motion
vf = vi + at
vf = 0 + 0.2 × 100
Final Velocity = vf = 20 ms-1

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N#2.3…A car has a velocity of 10ms-1. It accelerates at 0.2ms-2 for half min. Find
distance travelled and final velocity. (Ans:390 m,16 ms-1)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 10 ms-1
Acceleration = a = 0.2 ms-2
Time = t = 0.5 min = 0.5 x 60
t = 30 s
Find Out: Distance = S =? Final velocity = vf =?
1 2
Solution: As we know ∴ S = vi t + at
2
S = 10 x 30 + 1/2 × 0.2 × (30)2
S = 300 + 1/2 × 0.2 × 900
S = 300 + 1/2 × 2/10 × 900
S = 300 + 90
Distance = S = 390 m..

Using 1st Equation of motion

vf = vi + at
vf = 10 + 0.2 × 30
vf = 10 + 6
Final Velocity= vf = 16 ms-1
N#2.4…A tennis ball is hit vertically upward with velocity of 30 ms-1, it takes 3s to reach highest
point. Calculate maximum height. How long it will take to return to ground? (Ans:45m, 6s)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 30 ms-1
Acceleration due to gravity = g = -10 ms-2
Time to reach maximum height = t = 3 s
Final velocity = vf = 0 ms-1
Find Out:
(a) Maximum height attained by the ball = S =? (b) Time taken to return to ground = t =?
Solution:
(a) As we know ∴ S = vi t + 1/2 gt2
S = 30 x 3 + 1/2 × (-10) × (3)2
S = 90 – 5 × 9
S = 90 – 45
Distance = S = 45 m
(b) ∴Total time = time to reach maximum height + time to return to the ground
t=3s+3s
time taken = t = 6 s
N#2.5…A car moves with uniform velocity of 40ms-1 for 5s. It comes to rest in next
10s with uniform deceleration. (Ans:-4 ms-2, 400m)
(a) deceleration = a =? (b) total distance travelled by car = S =?
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 40 ms-1
Time Taken = t = 5 s
Final velocity = vf = 0 ms-1
Time Taken = t = 10 s
Find Out: (a) deceleration = a =? (b) total distance travelled by car = S =?
Solution:
(a) As we know vf = vi + at
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 a × t = vf – vi
a = vf – v i /t
a = 0 – 40/10
Acceleration = a = - 4 ms-2
(b) Total distance travelled = S = S1 + S2
By using this Relation S1 = vi × t
S1 = 40 × 5
S1 = 200 m .................................. (i)
rd
Now by using 3 equation of motion
2aS2 = vf2 – vi2
S2 = vf2 – vi2/2a
S2 = (0)2 – (40)2/2 × (-4)
S2 = -1600/-8
S2 = 200 m ................................. (ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get; S = S1 + S2
S = 200 m + 200 m
Distance = S = 400 m..
N#2.6…A train starts from rest with an acceleration of 0.5 ms-2. Find its speed in kmh-
1
, when it has moved through 100 m. (Ans:36 kmh-1)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 0 ms-1
Acceleration = a = 0.5 ms-2
Distance = S = 100 m
Find Out: Final velocity = vf =?
Solution: we know ∴ 2aS = vf2 – vi2
2 x 0.5 x 100 = vf2 – 0
Or , 100 = vf2
√v2f = √100 ms-1
vf = 10 ms-1

Now We want to calculate the Speed in kmh-1:

vf = 10 x 3600/1000
Final Velocity = vf = 36 kmh-1
N#2.7…A train starting from rest, accelerates uniformly and attains velocity of 48 kmh-1 in 2 min.
It travels at this speed for 5 min. Finally, it moves with uniform retardation and stopped after 3
min. Find total distance (Ans:6000m)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 0 ms-1
Final velocity = vf = 48 kmh-1 = 48 x 1000/3600 = 13.333 ms-1
Find Out: Total distance = S = ? Vf Vf
Solution: t2 = 5 mints
∴ Total distance = S = S1 + S2 + S3
Case – I: t1= 2 min t3=3min
Time = t1 = 2 minutes = 2 x 60 = 120 s
∴ S1 = Vav x t1
(Vf + Vi)
S1 = x t1 Vi Vi
2
13.333 + 0
S1 = × 120
2
S1 = 6.6665 x 120 = 799.99 m
S1 = 800 m
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Case – II:
Uniform velocity = vf = 13.333 ms-1
Time = t2 = 5 minutes = 5 x 60 = 300 s
∴ S 2 = v x t2
S2 = 13.333 x 300 = 3999.9
S2 = 4000 m
Case – III:
Final velocity = vf = 13.333 ms-1
Intial velocity = vi = 0 ms-1
Time = t3 = 3 minutes = 3 x 60 = 180 s
∴ S3 = Vav × t3
(Vf + Vi)
S3 = x t3
2
S3 = 13.333 + 0/2 x 180
S3 = 6.6665 × 180 = 1199.97
S3 = 1200 m
Total distance = S = S1 + S2 + S3
S = 800 + 4000 + 1200
Total distance = S = 6000 m
N#2.8…A cricket ball is hit vertically upwards and returns to ground 6 s later.
Calculate (Ans:45m, 30 ms-1)
(a) Maximum height by ball = S = h? (b) initial velocity of ball = vi =?
Given Data:
Acceleration due to gravity = g = -10 ms-1 (for upward motion)
Time to reach maximum height = t = 6/2 = 3 s ( one sided time )
-1
Velocity at maximum height = vf = 0 ms
Find Out:
Maximum Height = S = h = ? Velocity = vi = ?

Solution:
(a) Since ∴ vf = vi + a × t
vi = vf – g × t
vi = 0 – (-10) × 3
Velocity = vi = 30 ms-1
(b) Now using 3rd equation of motion2
∴ 2aS = v – v 2
S = vf 2 – vi 2/2a
f i
S = (0)2 – (30)2/2 × (-10)
S = -900/-20
Maximum Height = S = h = 45 m
N#2.9…When brakes are applied, the speed of train decreases from 96 kmh-1 to 48 kmh-1 in 800 m.
How much further will train move before coming rest? (Assuming retardation constant. (266.66m)
Given Data:
Initial velocity = vi = 96 kmh-1 = 96 x 1000/3600 = 80/3 ms-1
Final velocity = vf = 48 kmh-1 = 48 x 1000/3600 = 40/3 ms-1
Distance = S1 = 800 m
Find Out: Further Distance = S2 =?
Solution: First of all, we will find the value of acceleration a
∴ 2aS1 = vf2 – vi2
2 x a x 800 = (40/3)2 – (80/3)2
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 1600a = 1600/9 – 6400/9

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 1600−6400
1600a = 9
4800
a=-
9 ×1600
a = - 1/ 3 ms-2
Now, we will find the value of further distance S2:
Now put Vf = 0 , Vi = 40/3 , S2 =?
∴ 2aS2 = vf2 – vi2
2 (-1/3) S2 = (0)2 – (40/3)2
1600 3
S2 =
9
×2
S2 = 1600/6
Distance = S2 = 266.66m..
N#2.10…In the above problem, find the time taken by the train to stop after the
application of brakes. (Ans:80 s)
Given Data:
By taking the data from problem 2.9:
Initial velocity = vi = 96 kmh-1 = 96 x 1000/3600 = 80/3 ms-1
Final velocity = vf = 0 ms-1 (Because it stops then velocity become zero)
Acceleration = a = - 1/ 3 ms-2
Find Out: Time taken = t = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ vf = vi + at
Or a×t = vf – vi
t = vf – vi/a
(0) – (80/3)
t=
−1/3
Time taken = t = 80 s..

LESSON NO.3

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#3.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices
i. Newton’s first law of motion is valid only in absence of :
(a) force (b) net force (c) friction (d) momentum
ii. Inertia depends upon
(a) force (b) net force (c) mass (d) velocity
iii. A boy jumps out of a moving bus. There is danger for him to fall:
(a) towards the moving bus (b) away from the bus
(c) in the direction of motion (d) opposite to the direction of motion
iv. A string is stretched by two equal and opposite forces 10N each. The tension in the string is
(a) zero (b) 5N (c) 10 N (d) 20 N
v. The mass of a body :
(a) decreases when accelerated (b) increases when accelerated
(c) decreases when moving with high velocity (d) none of the above
vi. Two bodies of mass m1 and m2 attached to the ends of an inextensible string passes over a
frictionless pulling such that both move vertically. The acceleration of the bodies is:
𝑚1×𝑚2 𝑚1 − 𝑚2 𝑚1+ 𝑚2 2𝑚1×𝑚2
(a) g (b) g (c) g (d) g
𝑚1+𝑚2 𝑚1+𝑚2 𝑚1− 𝑚2 𝑚1+𝑚2
vii. Which of the following is the unit of momentum?
(a) Nm (b) kgms-2 (c) Ns (d) Ns-1
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viii. When horse pulls a cart, the action is on the:
(a) cart (b) Earth (c) horse (d) Earth and cart
ix. Which of the following material lowers friction when pushed between metal plates?
(a) water (b) fine marble powder (c) air (d) oil
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#3.2) Define the following terms:
(i) Define inertia.
Ans. Inertia: “Inertia of a body is its property due to which it resists any change in its state of rest or
motion.”
• Inertia depends upon mass of a body.
• Greater is mass of a body greater is its inertia.
(ii) Define momentum.
Ans. Momentum: “Momentum of a body is the quantity of motion it possess due to its mass and
velocity.”
• It is a vector quantity.
• Its S.I Unit is Kgms-1 or Ns.
• Its formula is : Momentum = mass × velocity
P=m×v
(iii) Define force.
Ans. Force: “A force moves or tends to move, stop or tends to stop the motion of a body. The force
can also change the direction of a motion of a body.”
• It is a vector quantity.
• Its SI unit is newton (N).
• Its Formula is: F= ma
(iv) Define force of friction.
Ans. Force of Friction: “The force that opposes the motion of a moving objects is called friction.”
• It is vector quantity.
• Its S.I Unit is newton (N)
(v) Define centripetal force.
Ans. Centripetal Force: “A force that keeps a body to move in a circular path is called centripetal
force.”
• Its direction is towards the center of a circle.
• It is represented by Fc.
mv2
• Its formula is: Fc =
r
• Example: Motion of moon around the Earth.

Q#3.3) What is difference between them:

(i) Differentiate between mass and weight.
Mass Weight
“Mass of a body is the quantity of “Weight of a body is the force of gravity
matter possessed by the body.” acting on it.”
• It is a scalar quantity. • It is a vector quantity.
• It is represented by “m”. • It is represented by “w”.
• Its SI unit is kilogramme (kg). • Its SI unit is newton (N)
• Its formula is: m=w/g • Its formula is: w = mg
• It does not change by changing in • It changes by changing in position of
position. body.

17 | P a g e
(ii) Differentiate between action and reaction.
Action
“The force exerted by body on the other
body is called action.”
• It is opposite to reaction force.
Reaction
“The force exerted by second body on the
first body due to action is called reaction.”
• It is opposite to action force.

(iii) Differentiate between sliding friction and rolling friction.

Sliding Friction Rolling Friction
“The force of friction between sliding “The force of friction between rolling
body and the surface over which it slides is body and the surface over which it rolls is called
called sliding friction.” rolling friction.”
• Sliding friction is greater than rolling • Rolling friction is much less than sliding
friction. friction.
• It increases loss of energy. • It decreases loss of energy.
Q#3.4) What is the law of inertia?
Ans. Newton’s first law of motion is known as law of inertia.
It states that: “A body continues its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line provided
no net force acts on it. ”
Q#3.5) Why is it dangerous to travel on the roof of a bus?
Ans. Travelling on the roof of a bus is very dangerous because when a bus stops suddenly, due to
inertia the passengers continue their motion in straight line and he may fall forward and get injured.
Q#3.6) Why does a passenger move outward when a bus takes a turn?
Ans. When a bus traveling in straight line takes a turn, passengers fall in the outward direction. Due
to inertia the passengers continue their motion in a straight line and fall outwards.
Q#3.7) How can you relate a force with the change of momentum of a body?
Ans. “When a force acts on a body, it produces an acceleration in the body and will be equal to the
rate of change of momentum of a body.”
P P
Mathematically: F = 𝐹−t i
Q#3.8) What will be tension in rope that is pulled from its ends by two opposite forces 100N each?
Ans. Two opposite force 100N each which is Tension in string equal to 100N.
Q#3.9) Action and reaction are always equal and opposite. Then how does a body moves ?
Ans. “Action and reaction are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction.”
Action is on one body and reaction is on other body. As action and reaction are equal,So body moves.
Q#3.10) A horse pushes the cart. If the action and reaction are equal and opposite. Then how does
a body moves?
Ans. A horse apply action force by feet on the road, the reaction is given by roads on horse, due to
which horse moves. The cart which is tied with the horse also moves.
Q#3.11) What is the law of conservation of momentum?
Ans. Law of conservation of momentum states:
“The momentum of an isolated system of two or more than two interacting bodies remains
constant.”
An isolated system is group of interacting bodies on which no external force is acting.
Initial Momentum = Final Momentum
Mathematically: m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
Q#3.12) Why is the law of conservation of momentum important?
Ans. Law of conservation of momentum has vast applications in practical life. By using this law it is
possible to calculate force, velocity and acceleration etc. of a body. Rocket, gun work on law of
conservation of momentum.

18 | P a g e
 Q#3.13) When a gun is fired, it recoils. Why?
Ans. Before firing the gun, total momentum of gun and bullet is zero. When it fired, bullet moves
forward and gun recoils. And after firing the total momentum must be zero. That is why the gun
recoils to conserve the momentum of the system.
Q#3.14) Describe two situations in which force of friction is needed.
Ans. Friction plays very important role in our daily lives.
(i) Friction is needed to write on a paper.
(ii) Friction is needed to walk on the ground.
(iii) We cannot run on slippery ground.
Q#3.15) How does oiling the moving parts of a machine lowers friction?
Ans. As we know Oil is a lubricant. Its use makes the surfaces a little plane and smooth. Thus, oiling
the moving parts of a machine lowers the friction. It reduces friction between sliding surfaces.
Q#3.16) Describe ways to reduce friction.
Ans. Friction can be reduced by following methods:
(i) Making the sliding surfaces smooth.
(ii) Making the fast moving objects a streamline shape such as cars, aero planes etc.
(iii) Lubricating the sliding surfaces.
(iv) Using ball bearing or roller bearing.
Q#3.17) Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction?
Ans. “Sliding surfaces moves over each other after rupturing the cold welds, thus producing greater
friction”. While the wheels roll without rupturing the cold welds producing lesser friction. That is why
the rolling friction is less than sliding friction.
Q#3.18) What do you know about the following:
(i) Tension in a string:
Ans. “The force which exerted by string on the body is called tension in string.”
• It is reaction force.
• It is denoted by “T”.
(ii) limiting force of friction:
Ans. “The maximum value of friction is known as limiting friction.”
• It is denoted by Fs .
• Its formula is: Fs = µ R = µ mg
(iv) Skidding of vehicles:
Ans. When a vehicle stops quickly, a large force of friction is needed. But there is a limit to this force
of friction that tyres can provide. If the brakes are applied too strongly, the wheels of the car will lock
up and vehicle slide over the road. It is called skidding of vehicles.
(v) Seatbelts:
Ans. “A seat belt, also known as a safety belt, is a vehicle safety device designed to secure the
occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result during a collision or sudden stop.”
(vi) banking of roads?
Ans. “Banking of a road means that outer edge of road is raised”. Banking causes a component of a
vehicle’s weight to provide necessary centripetal force while takin a turn. Thus banking of the roads
prevents skidding and makes the driving safe.
vii) What do you know about cream separator?
Ans. In cream separator, the bowl spins at very high speed, the heavier contents of milk moves
outward in the bowl. The lighter contents such as cream push inwards towards the spinning axis.
Therefore, milk which is denser than cream is collected at the outer wall of the bowl. The cream is
pushed towards the centre from where it is collected.
Q#3.19) What would happen if all friction suddenly disappear ?

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 Ans. You cannot write without it. You cannot walk on ground. We cannot derive vehicle without
friction. Nothing is possible without friction. Without friction, life would be impossible.
Q#3.20) Why the spinner of a washing machine is made to spin at a very high speed?
Ans. When the spinner of a washing machine is made to spin at very high speed, the centripetal
force decreases. Due to centrifugal force, water from wet clothes extracted.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#3.1 A force of 20N moves body with acceleration of 2ms – 2.What is its mass?
Given Data:
Force = F = 20 N
Acceleration = a = 2 ms – 2
Find Out: Mass = m = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ F = ma
Or m = F/a
m = 20/2
Mass = m = 10 kg
N#3.2 The weight of a body is 147 N. What is its mass? (g=10 ms – 2 ) (Ans14.7kg)
Given Data:
Weight = w = 147 N
Acceleration = g = 10 ms – 2 (due to gravity)
Find Out: Mass = m = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ w = mg
or m = w/g
m = 147/10
Mass = m = 14. 7 kg
N#3.3 How much force is needed to prevent body of mass 10kg from falling?
Given Data:
Acceleration = a = g = 10 ms – 2
Mass = m = 10 kg
Find Out: Force = F = ?
Solution: As we know ∴F=ma
F = 10 x 10
Force = F = 100 N
N#3.4 Find the acceleration produced by a force of 100 N in a mass of 50 kg.
Given Data:
Force = F = 100 N
Mass = m = 50 kg
Find Out: Acceleration = a = ?
Solution: As we know ∴F=ma
Or a = F/m
a = 100/50
Acceleration = a = 2 ms–2
N#3.5 A body has weight 20 N. How much force is required to move it vertically
upward with an acceleration of 2 ms – 2? (Ans:24 N)
Given Data:
Acceleration = a = 2 ms–2
Weight = w = 20 N
Find Out: Upward force (Tension) = T = ?
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Solution: As we know ∴ Fnet = T – w
Or ma = T – mg
Or ma + mg = T
Or T = m (a + g) ................................ (i)
Now, ∴ w = mg
𝑤
m=
𝑔
m = 20/10
m = 2 kg
Putting the value of m in Eq.(i), we get
T = 2 (2 + 10)
= 2(12)
Upward Force = T = 24 N
N#3.6…Two masses 52 kg and 48 kg are attached to ends of string that passes over
frictionless pulley. Find tension in string and acceleration in bodies when both the
masses are moving vertically. (Ans:500 N, 0.4 ms – 2 )
Given Data:
m1 = 52 kg and m2 = 48 kg
Find Out: Tension = T = ? Acceleration = a = ?
Solution:
𝑚1 ×𝑚2
As we know ∴T= ×g
𝑚1+ 𝑚2
2(52 ×48)
T= × 10
52 + 48

T = 499.20 ≈ 500 N
𝑚 − 𝑚2
And a= 1 ×g
𝑚1+ 𝑚2

52 − 48
a= × 10
52 + 48
a = 0.4 ms– 2
N#3.7…Two masses 26 kg and 24 kg are attached to the ends of a string which passes over a
frictionless pulley. 26 kg is lying over a smooth horizontal table. 24 N mass is moving vertically
downward. Find the tension in the string and the acceleration in bodies (Ans:125 N, 4.8 ms – 2)
Given Data:
m1 = 24 kg and m2 = 26 kg
Find Out: Tension = T = ? Acceleration = a = ?
Solution:
𝑚1 ×𝑚2
As we know ∴T= ×g
𝑚1+ 𝑚2
24 × 26
T=
24 + 26
× 10
Tension = T = 124.8 ≈ 125 N
𝑚1
As we know ∴a= ×g
𝑚1+ 𝑚2
24
a= × 10
24 + 26

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 Acceleration = a = 4.8 ms – 2
N#3.8…How much time is required to change 22Ns momentum by force of 20N?
Given Data:
Change in momentum = Pf – PI = 22 Ns
Force = F = 20 N
Find Out: Time = t = ?
P𝐹 – 𝑃 𝑖
Solution: As we know ∴F=
𝑡
P𝐹– 𝑃𝑖
t=
𝐹
22
t=
20
Time = t = 1.1 s
N#3.9…How much is the force of friction between wooden block of mass 5 kg and
the horizontal marble floor? The coefficient of friction between wood and the marble is 0.6.
Given Data:
Mass of a block = m = 5 kg
Coefficient of friction = µ = 0.6
Find Out: Force of friction = FS = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ FS = µ R (where R = mg)
FS = µ mg
FS = 0.6 x 5 x 10
Force of friction =Fs= 30 N
N#3.10…How much centripetal force is needed to make a body of mass 0.5 kg to
move in a circle of radius 50 cm with a speed 3ms–1? (Ans:9 N)
Given Data:
Mass of a body = m = 0.5 kg
Radius of the circle = r = 50 cm
r = 0.5 m
Speed of Circle = v = 3 ms – 1
Find Out: Centripetal force = Fc = ?
𝑚𝑣2
Solution: Centripetal force = Fc =
𝑟
0.5 (3)2
Fc =
0.5
Centripetal force = Fc = 9 N

LESSON NO.4

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#4.1) Encircle the correct answers from the given choices:
i. Two equal but unlike parallel forces having different line of action produce
(a) a torque (b) a couple (c) equilibrium (d) neutral equilibrium
ii. The number of forces that can be added by head to tail rule are :
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) any number
iii. The number perpendicular components of a force are:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
o
iv. A force of 10 N is making an angle of 30 with the horizontal component will be:
(a) 4 N (b) 5 N (c) 7 N (d) 8.7 N
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v. A couple is formed by
(a) Two forces perpendicular to each other (b) Two like parallel forces
(c) Two equal and opposite forces in same line (d) Two equal & opposite forces not in same line
vi. A body is in equilibrium when its:
(a) Acceleration is uniform (b) Speed is uniform
(c) Speed and acceleration are uniform (d) Acceleration is zero
vii. A body is in neutral equilibrium when its centre of gravity:
(a) is at its highest position (b) Is at its lowest position
(c) Keeps its height if displaced (d) Is situated at its bottom
viii. Racing cars are made stable by:
(a) Increasing their speed (b) decreasing their mass
(c) lowering centre of gravity (d) decreasing its width
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#4.2) Define the following:
(i) Resultant vector (ii) centre of mass (iii) centre of gravity
Ans. (i) Resultant vector:
“The sum of two or more vectors in a single vector which has same effect as combine effect of
all vectors to be added and that single vector is called resultant vector. “
• Vectors should be of same kind to get resultant vector.

(ii) Torque:
“The turning effect of a force is called moment of force or torque. “
• It is a vector quantity.
• It is denoted by “ τ”
• Formula: Torque = force × moment arm
τ=F×L
• S.I unit of torque is newton-metre (N m).

(iii) Centre of mass:

“Centre of mass of a system is such a point where an applied force causes the system to move
without rotation.”
(iv) Centre of gravity:
“A point where the whole weight of a body appears to act vertically downward is called
centre of gravity.” It is represented by “G”.

Q#4.3) Differentiate the following:

(i) Like and unlike forces.
Like Forces
“Like parallel forces are the forces that are
parallel to each other and have same direction.”
• They have different lines of action of
force.
• Example: Weights of every apple in a
bag are like parallel forces.
Unlike Forces
“Unlike parallel forces are the forces
that are parallel but have opposite direction.”
• They may have same or different lines of
action.
• Example: weight of the apple and
tension in the string are unlike parallel
forces.

23 | P a g e
(iii)Differentiate between torque and couple.
Torque Couple.
“Turning effect of a force is called torque.” “A Couple is formed by two unlike
• It is a vector quantity. parallel forces of same magnitude but not along
• It is denoted by „ τ„ the same line.”
• Formula: Torque = force × moment arm • Couple is produced due to two forces
τ=F×L that are equal in magnitude but
opposite in direction.
(vi) Differentiate between stable and neutral equilibrium.
Stable Equilibrium Neutral Equilibrium
“A body is said to be in stable equilibrium if “If a body remains its new position when
after a slight tilt returns to its previous position” disturbed from its previous position, it is said to
Example: Slightly tilted a block is returning its be in state of neutral equilibrium.”
previous position. Example: Roll the ball over the surface. It will be
in new position.
Q#4.4) How head to tail rule helps to find the resultant of forces?
Ans. Head to tail rule is used to find resultant of forces.
A
According to Head to tail rule: Take two vectors of force (Say A and B) R= A + B
which are to be added, coincide the head of first vector A with the tail
of the second vector B. Then, the resultant vector of force (R = A + B ) is B
obtained by adding these forces vectors.
Q#4.5) How can a force can be resolved into perpendicular components?
Ans.“Splitting up of force into two mutually perpendicular components is called resolution of forces.”
Force is resolved into two mutually perpendicular components which are given below:
• FX = F Cosθ
• Fy = F Sinθ
Q#4.6) When a body is said to be in equilibrium.
Ans. “A body is said to be in equilibrium if no net force acts on it.”
And a body in equilibrium remains at rest or moves with uniform velocity.
Q#4.7) Explain first condition of equilibrium.
Ans. “A body satisfies first condition for equilibrium when resultant forces acting on body is zero.”
Mathematically it is written as
∑F = 0
Q#4.8) Why there is a need of second condition for equilibrium if a body satisfies first condition of
equilibrium?
Ans. For a body to be in complete equilibrium, both conditions should be satisfied i.e. both linear
acceleration and angular acceleration should be zero. First condition of equilibrium is satisfied i.e.
linear acceleration is zero, yet it may rotate. It has angular acceleration. For angular acceleration to
be zero, the net torque acting on it should be zero.
Q#4.9) What is second condition for equilibrium?
Ans. “A body satisfies second condition for equilibrium when resultant torque acting on body is zero.”
Mathematically It is written as ∑τ = 0
Q#4.10) Give an example of a moving body which is in equilibrium.
Ans. “If the body is moving with uniform velocity it is said to be in dynamic equilibrium.”
Example: A car moving with uniform velocity.
Q#4.11) Think of a body which is at rest but not in equilibrium.
Ans. When a ball is thrown upward it becomes at rest at maximum height, at this it is not in
equilibrium although it is at rest.

24 | P a g e
Q.4.12) Why a body cannot be in equilibrium due to single force acting on it?
Ans. According to first condition for equilibrium: “A body is in state of equilibrium if the sum of all
the forces acting on the body is zero.”
In case of a single force, the net force cannot be zero. Thus, the body cannot be in
equilibrium due to single force acting on it.
Q#4.13) Why the height of vehicles is kept as low as possible?
Ans. The height of a vehicle is kept as low as possible so that its center of gravity remains as low as
possible. A lower center of gravity keeps the body ore stable.

NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#4.1…Find the resultant of the following forces:
10 N along x-axis
6 N along y-axis and
4 N along negative x-axis. (Ans:8.5 N making 45⁰ with x-axis)
Given Data:
Fx = Net force along x-axis = 10 - 4 = 6 N
Fy = Force along y-axis = 6 N
Find Out: Magnitude of the resultant force = F = ? Direction = θ = ?
Solution: As we know:
F = √Fx2 + Fy2
F = √(6)2 + (6)2
F = √72
F = 8.5 N
Now, Direction = θ = tan-1 ( Fy / Fx)
θ = tan-1 ( 6 / 6)
θ = tan-1 (1)
θ = 45⁰ with x-axis
N#4.2…Find the perpendicular components of a force of 50 N making an angle of 30⁰
with x-axis. (Ans:43.3 N, 25 N)
Given Data:
Force = F = 50 N
Angle = θ = 30⁰
Find Out: Fx = ? and Fy = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Fx = F cos θ
Fx = 50 × cos 30
F = 50 N × 0.866 (˙.˙ cos 30⁰ = 0.866)
Fx = 43.3 N
Similarly, ∴ Fy = F sin θ
Fy = 50 × 0.50 (˙.˙ sin 30⁰ = 0.50)
Fy = 25 N
N#4.3…Find the magnitude and direction of a force, if its x-component is 12 N and y-
component is 5 N. (Ans:13 N making 22.6⁰ with x-axis)
Given Data:
Fx = 12 N
Fy = 5 N

25 | P a g e
Find Out: Magnitude of the force = F = ?
Direction of the force = θ = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ F = √Fx2 + Fy2
F = √(12)2 + (5)2
F = √169
F = 13 N
And Direction = θ = tan-1 ( Fy / Fx)
θ = tan-1 ( 5 / 12)
θ = tan-1 (0.4166)
θ = 22.6⁰ with x-axis
N#4.4…A force of 100N is applied perpendicularly on spanner at distance of 10cm
from a nut. Find the torque produced by the force. (Ans:10 Nm)
Given Data:
Force Applied = F = 100 N
Distance = L = 10 cm
L = 0.1 m
Find Out: Torque = 𝑟 = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Torque = 𝑟 = F × L
= 100 N × 0.1 m
Torque = 𝑟 = 10 Nm
N#4.5…A force is acting on a body making an angle of 30⁰ with the horizontal. The
horizontal component of the force is 20 N. Find force. (Ans:23.1 N)
Given Data:
Angle (with x-axis) = θ = 30⁰
Horizontal component of force Fx = 20 N
Find Out: Force = F = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Fx = F cos θ
20 N = F cos 30⁰
20 N = F × 0.866 (∴ cos 30⁰ = 0.866)
F = 20 N / 0.866 = 23.09
Force = F = 23.1 N
N#4.6…The steering of a car has a radius 16 cm. Find the torque produced by a
couple of 50 N. (Ans:16 Nm)
Given Data:
Radius = r = 16 cm = 16/100 = 0.16 m
Couple arm = L = 2r = 2× 0.16 m = 0.32 m
Force = F = 50 N
Find Out: Torque = 𝑟 = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Torque = 𝑟 = F × L
𝑟 = 50 N × 0.32
Torque = 𝑟 = 16 Nm
N#4.7…A picture frame is hanging by two vertical strings. The tensions in the
strings are 3.8N and 4.4N. Find weight of picture frame. (Ans:8.2 N)

26 | P a g e
Given Data:
Tension = T1 = 3.8 N
Tension = T2 = 4.4 N
Find Out: Weight of the picture frame = w = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ When the picture is in equilibrium, then ∑ Fy = 0
Then Sum of downward forces = Sum of Upward forces
Therefore w = T1 + T2
w = 3.8 + 4.4
Weight of frame = w = 8.2 N
N#4.8…Two blocks of mass 5 kg and 3 kg are suspended by the two strings as shown.
Find the tension in each string. (Ans:80 N, 30 N)
Given Data:
Mass of upper block = m1 = 5 kg
Mass of lower block = m2 = 3 kg
Find Out:
Tension produced in upper string = T1 = ? & Tension produced in lower string = T2 = ?
Solution:
∴
Tension in upper string = weight of upper block + weight of lower block
T1 = w1 + w2
T1 = m1g+ m2g
T1 = (m1 + m2)×g
T1 = (3 + 5) × 10 = 8 × 10
T1 = 80 N
∴ When the picture is in equilibrium, then ∑ Fy = 0
Tension in lower string = weight of lower block
Also, T2 = m2g
T2 = 3 × 10
T2 = 30 N
N#4.9…A nut has been tightened by force 200N using 10cm long spanner. What
length of spanner is required to loosen nut with 150N force? (13.3cm)
Given Data:
Force = F1 = 200 N
Length = L1 = 10 cm = 10 / 100
L1 = 0.1 m
Force = F2 = 150 N
Find Out: Length = L2 = ?
Solution: As we know:
Since ∴ 𝑟 1 = 𝑟2
F1 × L1 = F2 × L2
200 × 0.1 = 150 × L2
20 = 150 × L2
L2 = 20 / 150 = 0.133 m
L2 = 0.133 × 100
L2 = 13.3 cm

N#4.10…A block of mass 10 kg is suspended at a distance of 20 cm from the center of

a uniform bar 1 m long. What force is required to balance it its center of gravity by applying force
at the other end of bar? (Ans:40 N)

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Given Data:
Mass of the block = m = 10 kg
Weight of block = F1 = w = mg =10 × 10 = 100N
Length of the bar = Ɩ = 1 m
Moment arm of w1 = L1 = 20 cm = 0.2 m
Moment arm of w2 = L2 = 50 cm = 0.5 m
Find Out:
Force required to balance the bar =F2 = ?
Solution: By applying principle of moments:
∴ Clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
F1 × L1 = F2 × L2
00 × L1 = F2 × L2
100 × 0.2 = F2 × 0.5
20 = F2 × 0.5
F2 = 20 / 0.5 = 200 / 5
Force required to balance the bar = F 2= 40 N

LESSON NO.5

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#5.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:
i. Earth’s gravitational force of attraction vanishes at:
(a) 6400 km (b) infinity (c) 42300 km (d) 1000 km
ii. Value of g increases with the :
(a) Increase in mass of the body (b)Increase in altitude
(c) Decrease in altitude (d)None of the above
iii. The value of g at a height one Earth’s radius above surface of Earth is :
(a) 2g (b) ½ g (c) 1/3 g (d) ¼ g
iv. The value of g on moon’s surface is 1.6ms-2 .What will be the weight of a 100 kg body on the
surface of the moon?
(a) 100N (b) 160 N (c) 1000 N (d) 1600 N
v. The altitude of geostationary orbit in which communication satellites are launched above the
surface of the Earth is:
(a) 850 kg (b) 1000 km (c) 6400 km (d) 42,300 km
vi. The orbital speed of a low orbit satellite is :
(a) Zero (b) 8 ms-1 (c) 800 ms-1 (d) 8000 ms-1
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#5.2) What is meant by the force of gravity?
Ans. “There exists a force due to which every body of the universe attracts every other body is
known as force of gravity.”
• It is denoted by “g”
• Its value is 10 ms-2.
Q#5.3) Do you attract the Earth or the Earth attracts you? Which one is attracting with a larger
force? You or the Earth.
Ans. According to law of gravitation: “Every object in the universe attracts the other objects.”
We attract the Earth and Earth attracts us. Since the mass of Earth is very large, it attracts us with a
large force.

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Q#5.4) What is a field force?
Ans. “The gravitational pull of the earth acting on the body whether the body is in contact with the
Earth or not is called field force.”
• The Earth’s gravitational force is a field force.
Q#5.5 ) Why earlier scientists could not guess about the gravitational force?
Ans. Due to very small value of gravitational constant “G‟, then gravitational force around us is
very small and we do not feel it. That’s was the reason that the earlier scientists could not guess
about the gravitational force.
Q#5.6) How can you say that gravitational force is a field force?
Ans. Gravitational force is a non-contact force. “The gravitational pull of the Earth acting on the body
whether the body is in contact with the Earth or not”. So, gravitational force is a field force.
Q#5.7) Explain, what is meant by gravitational field strength?
Ans. In gravitational field of the Earth, the gravitational force per unit mass is called the gravitation
field strength of the Earth. Near the surface of the Earth, the gravitational field strength is 10 N Kg -1 .
Q#5.8) Why law of gravitation is important to us?
Ans. Law of gravitation is important to us because it helps us to calculate the mass of planets
bodies. It helps us to find the gravitational force of other planets in the universe. It is used to
understand variation in the value of gravitational acceleration ‘g’. Its also used to find weight of
bodies in universe.
Q#5.9) Explain the law of gravitation.
Ans. According to this law:
“Everybody in the universe attracts every other body with a force which is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between their centres.”
Consider two bodies of masses m1 and m2 .The distance between the centers of masses is ‘d’,
𝑚 ×𝑚
Then force is F=G 1 2 2
𝑑
Q#5.11) Can you determine the mass of our moon? If yes, then what you need to know?
Ans. Yes, the mass of our moon represented by “Mm” can be determined by using formula:
𝐑𝟐𝐠
Mm =
𝐆
By knowing value of gravitational constant (G), radius(R) and gravitational acceleration
(gm), we can calculate value of Mass of Moon (Mm).
Q#5.12) Why does the value of g vary from place to place?
Ans. Gravitational acceleration (g) ,At the surface of the Earth is :
Me
gh = G
(R+h)2
From above value of “g” depends upon “h”, which varies from place to place.

Q#5.13) Explain how the value of g varies with altitude.

Ans. Consider the distance of body from centre of earth is R+h .
Value of Gravitational acceleration (g) is:
Me
gh = G
(R+h)2
By increasing value of R+h increases and gh decreases. By decreasing altitude “h”, value of
R+ h decreases and gh increases.
Q#5.14) What are artificial satellites?
Ans. “Scientists have sent many objects onto space. Some of these objects are revolve around the
Earth. These are called artificial satellites.” Most of artificial satellites are used for communication
purposes and carry passengers into space.

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Q#5.15) How Newton’s law of gravitation helps in understanding the motion of satellites?
Ans. The satellites are moving around the Earth with centripetal acceleration. This acceleration is
caused by the gravitational force between the satellite and the Earth according to newton’s second
law of motion.
Q#5.16) On what factors the orbital speed of a satellite depends?
Ans. “The orbital speed of satellites depends upon the height ‘h’ of the satellites from surface of
earth and value of g at height.”
Speed of satellite is: Vo = √gh ro where ro= R + h
Vo = √gh (R + h)
Q#5.17) Why communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits?
Ans. Communication satellites are stationed at geostationary orbits because in this orbit they move
around the Earth with same speed as that of the Earth. So due to these satellites continuous
communication at any place on the surface of the Earth can be made.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#5.1…Find gravitational force of attraction between spheres each of mass 1000kg.
The distance between centers of spheres is 0.5m. (Ans:2.67×10-4 N)
Given Data:
Mass = m1 = m2 = 1000 kg
Distance between centers = d = 0.5 m
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2
Find Out: Gravitational force = F = ?
m1 × m2
Solution: As we know ∴F=G
𝑑2
F = 6.673 × 10-11 × 1000 × 1000
(0.5)2
F = 6.673 × 10-11 × (10)6 /0.25
F = 6.673 × 10-5 /0.25
F = 26.692 × 10-5
Gravitational force = F = 2.67 × 10-4 N
N#5.2…The gravitational force between two identical lead spheres kept 1m apart
is 0.006673 N. Find their masses. (Ans:10, 000 kg each)
Given Data:
Gravitational force = F = 0.006673 N
Gravitational constant = G = 6.673 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2
Distance between the masses = d = 1m
Find Out: Mass = m1 = m2 =?
Solution:
m1 × m2
As we know ∴F=G
𝑑2
F = G m2/d2 (Let m1 = m2 = m)
m2 = F×d2/G
0.006673 × (1)2
m2 =
6.673×10−11
Taking square root on both side
√m2 = √1.00 × 108
m = 1.00 × 104
m1 = m2 = 10000 kg
Therefore, mass of each lead sphere is 10000 kg.

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N#5.3…Find the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the Mars. The mass of
Mars is 6.42 × 1023 kg and its radius is 3370 km. (Ans:3.77 m-2 )
Given Data:
Mass of Mars = Mm = 6.42 × 1023 kg
Radius of Mars = Rm = 3370 km = 3370 × 1000 m
Rm = 3.37 × 106 m
Find Out: Acceleration due to gravity of the surface of Mars = gm =?
2𝑔
Solution: As we know ∴ M=𝑅 𝑚
𝐺
𝐺𝑀
So , gm =
𝑅2
6.673 × 10 −11 × 6.42× 10 23
or gm =
(3.37 × 106)2
gm = 6.673 × 10-11 × 6.42 ×1023 / 11.357
= 42.84/11.357
Acceleration due to gravity of the surface of Mars = gm = 3.77 ms-2
N#5.4…The acceleration due to gravity on the surface of moon is 1.62 ms-2. The
radius of Moon is 1740 km. Find the mass of moon. (Ans:7.35 × 1022 kg)
Given Data:
Acceleration due to gravity = gm = 1.62 ms-2
Radius of the moon = Rm = 1740 km = 1740 × 1000 m
Rm = 1.74 × 106 m
Find Out: Mass of moon = Mm = ?
Solution: 𝐺𝑀
As we know ∴ gm =
𝑅2
or Mm = gm × R2/ G
1.62× (1.74 × 106)2
Mm =
6.673 × 10−11
Mass of moon = Mm = 7.35 × 1022 kg
N#5.5…Calculate value of g at a height of 3600 km above the surface of the Earth.
Given Data:
Height = h = 3600 km = 3600 × 1000 m
h = 3.6 × 106 m
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Find Out: Gravitational acceleration = gh =?
G Me
Solution: As we know ∴ gh =
(R+h)2
6.673 × 10−11 × 6.0×1024
gh = (6.4× 106 + 3.6× 106)2
6.673 × 10−11 × 6.0×1024
gh =
(100×1012)
gh = 6.673 × 10-11 × 6.0 × 1010 = 40 × 10-1

Gravitational acceleration = gh = 4.0 ms-2

N#5.6…Find the value of g due to the Earth at geostationary satellite. The radius of
the geostationary orbit is 48700 km. (Ans:0.17 ms-2)
Given Data:
Radius of orbit = R = 48700 × 1000 m = 4.87 × 107 m

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 Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Find Out: Gravitational acceleration = g =?
𝐺𝑀𝑒
Solution: As we know ∴ g=
𝑅2
6.673 × 10 −11 × 6.0×10 24
g=
(4.87 × 107)2
g = 4.0038/23.717
Gravitational acceleration = g = 0.17 ms-2
N#5.7…The value of g is 4.0 ms-2 at a distance of 10000 km from the center of the
Earth. Find the mass of the Earth. (Ans:5.99 × 1024 kg)
Given Data:
Gravitational acceleration = g = 4.0 ms-2
Radius of Earth = Re = 10000 km = 10000 × 1000 m = 107 m
Find Out: Mass of Earth = Me = ?
Solution:
g 𝑅2
As we know Me = G
Me = 4.0× (107)2 / 6.673× 10-11
Me = 0.599 × 1025 kg
Mass of Earth = Me = 5.99 × 1024 kg
N#5.8…At what altitude the value of g would become one fourth than on surface of
the Earth? (Ans: One Earth’s radius)
Given Data:
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Radius of Earth = Re = 6.4 × 106 m
Gravitational acceleration = gh = g/4 = 10/4 ms-2
gh = 2.5 ms-2
Find Out: Altitude above Earth’s surface = h =?
G Me
Solution: As we know ∴ gh =
(R+h)2
2
or (R + h) = G Me /gh
Taking square root on both sides
or √(R + h)2 = √GMe/𝑔ℎ
R + h = √GMe/gℎ
h = √GMe/gℎ – R
Putting values h = √6.673 × 10−11 × 6.0 × 1024/2.5 – 6.4 × 106
h = √40.038 × 1013/2.5 – 6.4×106
Altitude above Earth’s surface = h = R = 6.0 × 106 m
As height is always taken as positive, therefore h = 6.0 × 106 m = One Earth’s radius
N#5.9…A polar satellite is launched at 850 km above Earth. Find its orbital speed.
Given Data:
Height = h = 850 km = 850 × 1000 m
h = 0.85 × 106 m

Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg

Radius of Earth = Re = 6.4 × 106 m
Find Out: Orbital velocity = Vo =?
GMe
Solution: As we know ∴ Vo = √
R+h

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 6.673×10−11 × 6.0×1024
Vo = √ 6.4×106 + 0.85×106

Vo = √40.038 × 1013/7.25 × 106

Vo = √5.55 × 107
Vo = 7.431 × 103
Orbital velocity = Vo = 7431 ms-1
N#5.10…A communication is launched at 42000km above Earth. Find orbital speed.
Given Data: Height = h = 42000 km = 42000 × 1000 m
h = 42 × 106 m
Mass of Earth = Me = 6.0 × 1024 kg
Radius of Earth = Re = 6.4 × 106 m
Find Out: Orbital velocity = vo = ?
GMe
Solution: As we know ∴ Vo = √
R+h
6.673×10−11 × 6.0×1024
Vo = √
6.4×106 + 42×106

Vo = √40.038 × 1013/48.4 × 106

Vo = √8.27 × 106
Vo = 2.876 × 103
Orbital velocity = vo = 2876 ms-1

LESSON NO.6

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#6.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices
i. The work done will be zero when the angle between the force and the distance is:
(a) 45o (b) 60o (c) 90o (d) 180o
ii. If the direction of motion of the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion of the body then
work done will be
(a) Maximum (b) Minimum (c) zero (d) None of the above
iii. If the velocity of a body becomes double, then its kinetic energy will be:
(a) remains the same (b)become double (c) become four times (d) becomes half
iv. The work done in lifting a brick of mass 2 kg through a height of 5m above ground will be:
(a) 2.5 J (b) 10 J (c) 50 J (d) 100 J
v. The kinetic energy of a body of mass 2 kg is 25 J. Its speed is :
(a) 5 ms-1 (b) 12.5 ms-1 (c) 25 ms-1 (d) 50 ms-1
vi. Which one of the following converts light energy into electrical energy?
(a) electric bulb (b) electric generator (c) Photocell (d) Electric Cell
vii. When a body is lifted through a height h, the work done on it appears in the form of its:
(a) Kinetic energy (b) potential energy (c)elastic potential energy (d) geothermal energy
viii. The energy stored in coal is :
(a) heat energy (b) kinetic energy (c) chemical energy (d) nuclear energy
ix. The energy stored in a dam is:
(a) electric energy (b) potential energy (c) kinetic energy (d) thermal energy
x. In Einstein Mass-energy equation , c is the:
(a) speed of sound (b) speed of light (c) speed of electron (d) speed of Earth

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xi. Rate of doing work is called:
(a) energy (b) torque (c) power (d) momentum
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#6.2) Define work. What is its SI unit?
Ans. “Work is done when a force acting on a body and displaces it in the direction of force.”
• It is a scalar quantity.
• Its formula is: Work done = Force × displacement
W = FS
• S.I Unit: Its SI unit is joule (J).
Q#6.3) When does a force do work? Explain.
Ans. “Work is said to be done when a force acting on a body displaces it in the direction of the force.
So a force does work.”
W = F×S
Q#6.4) why do we need energy?
Ans. We need energy to do different types of work. Energy is an essential part of our daily life. We use
energy to heat and cool our homes. We use energy for lights and appliances. Energy makes our
vehicles run, planes fly, boats sail and machines run etc.
Q#6.5) Define energy, give two types of mechanical energy.
Ans. “The body possesses energy if it is capable to do work.” Its SI unit is joule (J).
Mechanical energy possessed by a body is of two types: kinetic energy and potential energy.
Q#6.6) Define K.E and derive its relation.
Ans. “The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called its kinetic energy.”
Relation: The kinetic energy of a body of mass “m” moving with velocity “v” is:
𝟏
K.E = mv2
𝟐
Q#6.7) Define Potential Energy and derive its relation.
Ans. “The energy possessed by a body due to its position is known as potential energy.”
Relation: Potential energy of a body having mass “m” and height “h” is:
P.E = wh = mgh ( ∴ w = mg)
Q#6.8) Why fossil fuels are called non- renewable form of energy?
Ans. “The sources of energy which will run out and cannot be used again and again are called non-
renewable energy sources”. The fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal which are used single time to get
energy. They cannot be used again and again.
Q#6.9) Which form of energy is most preferred and why?
Ans. Solar energy and energy from water power are very cheap and does not create much
environmental pollution. Therefore, these forms of energy are most preferred. They are also
renewable energy sources.
Q#6.10) How is energy converted from one form to another? Explain.
Ans. “Energy neither be created nor be destroyed but it is converted one form to another form.”
For example: Electrical energy can be converted into mechanical energy and electrical energy
can be converted into light and heat energy.
Q#6.11) Name the five devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Ans. Following are the five devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy:
(i) Electric fan (ii) Electric motor (iii) Grinding machine
(iv) Washing machine (v) Drill machine (vi) Elevator
Q#6.12) Name a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Ans. Electrical generator is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Q#6.13) what is meant by the efficiency of a system?

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Ans. “Efficiency of a system is the ratio of required form of energy from a system as output to the
total energy given it as output.”
Required form of output
Efficiency = Total input energy
Required form of output
% Efficiency = × 100
Total input energy

Q#6.14) How can you find the efficiency of a system?

Ans. Efficiency of the system can be founded by following formula:
Required form of output
Efficiency = Total input energy
Required form of output
% Efficiency = × 100
Total input energy

Q#6.15) What is meant by term power?

Ans. “Power is defined as the rate of doing work. ”
• It is a scalar quantity.
Work done
• Its formula is: Power = Time taken

W
P=
t
• S.I Unit: Its SI unit is watt (W).
Q#6.16) Define watt.
Ans. “Power of a body is one watt if it does one joule work in one second (1 Js-1 )”.
1 Joule
1 watt = 1 second
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#6.1…A man has pulled a cart through 35 m applying a force of 300 N. Find the
work done by the man. (Ans:10500 J)
Given Data:
Distance = S = 35 m
Force = F = 300 N
Find Out: Work done = W = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ W=FxS
W = 300 x 35
Work Done = W = 10500 J
N#6.2…A block weighing 20 N is lifted 6 m vertically upward. Calculate the potential
energy stored in it. (Ans:120 J)
Given Data:
Weight of the block = w = 20 N
Height of the block = h = 6 m
Find Out: Potential energy = P. E. = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ P.E. = mgh ( ∴ w = mg)
Then P.E. = (mg) x h
P.E. = (2 x 10) x 6
Potential energy = P.E. = 120 J
N#6.3…A car weighing 12 kN has speed of 20ms –1. Find its K.E. (Ans:240 kJ)
Given Data:
Weight of the car = w = 12kN = 12 x 1000 N

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 w = 12000 N
Speed of the car = v = 20 ms – 1
Find Out: Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Solution: As we know that ∴ K.E. = 1 m v 2
2
Firstly, we will find value of m ∴ w = mg
And m = w/g =12000/10
m = 1200 kg
1
Putting values K.E. = × 1200 × (20)2
2
= 600 × 400 = 240000 J
Kinetic energy = K.E. = 240 kJ
N#6.4…A 500 g stone is thrown up with a velocity of 15ms – 1. Find its
(i) P.E. at its maximum height (ii) K.E. when it hits ground (Ans:56.25 J, 56.25 J)
Given Data:
Mass of stone = m = 500 g = kg = 0.5 kg
Velocity of stone = v = 15 ms – 1
Find Out: Potential energy = P.E. = ?
Kinetic energy = K.E. = ?
Solution:
(i) Loss of K.E. = Gain in P.E.
1 mv f2 – 1 mv i2 = m(-g)h
2 2
As the velocity of the stone at maximum height become zero, therefore, vf = 0 & g =-10 ms-2
1 x 0.5 x (0)2 – 1 x 0.5 x (15)2 = -mgh
2 2
_
0.5 x 0.5 x 225 = -mgh
– 56.25 = -mgh
mgh = 56. 25J
Since energy is always positive, therefore
Potential energy = P.E. = 56.25 J
(ii) K.E. = 1 m v 2
2
Putting Values K.E. = 0.5 × 0.5 x (15)2
= 0.5 × 0.5 x 225
Kinetic energy = K.E. = 56.25 J
N#6.5…On reaching the top of a slope 6 m high from its bottom, a cyclist has a speed
of 1.5ms– 1. Find kinetic energy and the potential energy of cyclist. The mass of the
cyclist and his bicycle is 40 kg. (Ans:45 J, 2400 J)
Given Data:
Height of the slope = h = 6 m
Speed of the cyclist = v = 1.5 ms – 1
Mass of cyclist and the bicycle = m = 40 kg
Find Out: (i) Kinetic energy = K.E. = ? (ii) Potential energy = P.E. = ?
Solution:
1
(i) As we know that ∴ K.E. = mv2
2
1
K.E = × 40 × (1.5)2
2
K.E = 0.5 x 40 x 2.25
Kinetic energy = K.E = 45 J
(ii) And we also know ∴ P.E = mgh

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 P.E = 40 x 10 x 6
Potential energy = P.E. = 2400 J
N#6.6…A motor boat moves at a steady speed of 4 ms – 1. Water-resistance acting
on it is 4000 N. Calculate the power of its engine. (Ans:16kW)
Given Data:
Speed of the boat = v = 4ms – 1
Force Applied = F = 4000 N
Find Out: Power of engine = P = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ P=Fv
Putting values P = 4000 × 4
P = 16000 W = 16 x 103 W
Power of engine = P = 16 kW
N#6.7…A man pulls a block with a force of 300 N through 50 m in 60 s. Find the
power used by him to pull the block. (Ans:250 W)
Given Data:
Force = F = 300 N
Distance = S = 50m
Time = t = 60 s
Find Out: Power = P = ?
work 𝑊
Solution: As we know ∴ Power = =
time 𝑡
F ×S
P = 𝑡
P = 300×50/60
P = 5 x 50
Power = P = 250 W
N#6.8…A 50 kg man moved 25 steps up in 20 seconds. Find his power, if each step is
16 cm high. (Ans:100 W)
Given Data:
Mass of man = m = 50 kg
Total height = h = 25 x 16 = 400 cm = 400/100 m
h=4m
Time = t = 20 s
Find Out: Power = P = ?
Solution:
work 𝑊 mgh
As we know ∴ Power = = =
time 𝑡 𝑡
50 ×10 ×4
Putting values P=
20
Power = P = 100 W
N#6.9…Calculate the power of a pump which can lift 200 kg of water through a
height of 6 m in 10 seconds. (Ans:1200 watts)
Given Data:
Mass = m = 200 kg
Height = h = 6m
Time = t =10 s
Find Out: Power = P = ?
work 𝑊 mgh
Solution: As we know ∴ Power = = =
.comtime 𝑡 𝑡

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 200 ×10 ×6
Putting values P=
10
Power = P = 1200 W
N#6.10…An electric motor of 1hp is used to run water pump. The water pump takes 10
min to fill overhead tank. The tank has capacity of 800 liters and height of 15m. Find actual work
done by electric motor to fill tank. Also find efficiency of system.
(Density of water = 1000 kgm–3 ) (Mass of 1 liter of water = 1 kg) (Ans:447600 J, 26.8 %)
Given Data:
Power = P = 1 hp = 746 W
Time = t = 10 min = 10 x 60 s
t = 600 s
Capacity/volume = V = 800 liters
Height = h = 15 m
Find Out: Work done = W = ? And Efficiency = E = ?
work
Solution: As we know ∴ Power =
time
𝑊
P=
𝑡
Or W=P×t
Putting values W = 746 x 600
Work Done = W = 447600 J
Since work done by electric pump to fill the tank is 447600 J. It is equal to input.
Hence Input = W = 447600 J
Output = P.E = mgh
Since 800 litres = 800 kg (∴ 1 litre = 1kg)
Output = P.E = mgh
= 800 × 10 ×15
Output = 120000J
Output Energy
As we know ∴ % Efficiency = × 100
Input Energy

% Efficiency = 120000/447600 × 100

% Efficiency = 26.8 %

LESSON NO.7

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#7.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:
i. In which of the following state of molecules do not leave their positions?
(a) solid (b) liquid (c) gas (d) plasma
ii. Which of the substance is lightest one?
(a) copper (b) mercury (c) aluminum (d) lead
iii. SI unit of pressure is pascal, which is equal to:
(a) 104 Nm-2 (b) 1 Nm-2 (c) 102 Nm-2 (d) 103 Nm-2
iv. What should be the approximate length of a glass tube to construct a water barometer?
(a) 0.5 m (b) 1 m (c) 2.5 m (d) 11 m
v. According to Archimedes, upthrust is equal to:
(a) weight of displaced liquid (b) volume of displaced liquid
(c) mass of displaced liquid (d) none of these
vi. The density of a substance can be found with the help of :

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 (a) Pascal’s law (b) Hook’s law
(c) Archimedes principle (d) Principle of floatation
vii. According Hook’s law:
(a) stress× strain = constant (b) stress/strain = constant
(c) strain /stress = constant (d) stress = strain
The following force-extension graphs of a spring are drawn on the same scale. Answer the questions
below from (viii) to (x).

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

viii. Which graph does not obey Hook’s law:

(a) (b) (c) (d)
ix. Which graph gives the smallest value of spring constant?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x. Which graph gives the largest value of spring constant?
(a) (b) (c) (d)
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#7.2) How kinetic molecular model of matter helpful in differentiating various states of matter?
Ans. “Kinetic molecular model helps in understanding the properties of matter in simplified way.”
It is due to kinetic molecular model of matter that we come to know about various characteristics
of three states of matter such as solids, liquids and gases.
Q#7.3) Does there exist a fourth state of matter? What is that?
Ans. Yes, there exists a fourth state of matter which is plasma. Plasma is known as fourth state of
matter in which a gas occurs in ionic state. Most of matter that fills the universe in plasma state. This
ionic state of matter is known as plasma.
Q#7.4) What is meant by density? What is its SI unit?
Ans. “Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.”
• It is a scalar quantity.
mass
• Its formula is: Density =
volume
m
𝜌=
V
•
S.I Unit: Its SI unit is Kgm-3
Q#7.5) Can we use hydrometer to measure the density of milk?
Ans. Yes, we can use hydrometer to measure the density of liquid. To measure the density of milk,
another type of hydrometer known as 𝚤actometer is also used.
Q#7.6) Define the term pressure.
Ans. “The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of a body is called pressure.”
• It is scalar quantity.
• It is represented by “P”.
Force
• Formula: Pressure =
Area

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 𝐹
P=
𝐴
• S.I Unit: Its S.I Unit is Nm-2 also called pascal (pa)
Q#7.7) Show that atmosphere exerts pressure.
Ans. In atmosphere of the Earth, there are gases, water vapours and dust particles. All of these
consist of material particles. Due to the force of gravity acting on these particles the object inside the
atmosphere experience pressure in all around equally.
Q#7.8) It is easy to remove air from balloon but very difficult to move air from glass bottle.Why?
Ans. Pressure inside the balloon is greater than the atmospheric pressure. So it is easy to remove air
from a balloon. But air inside a glass bottle is already at atmospheric pressure. So it is very difficult to
remove air from a glass bottle.
Q#7.9) What is barometer?
Ans. “The instrument which is used to measure atmospheric pressure is called barometer.”
One of simple barometer is Mercury barometer. It is 1m long of glass tube. Mercury in barometer
tells atmospheric pressure. The mercury value vary by changing the height.
Q#7.10) Why water is not suitable to be used in a barometer.
Ans. “Mercury is 13.6 times denser than water.” Atmospheric pressure can hold vertical column
of water about 13.6 times the height of a mercury column at a place. Thus, at sea level vertical height
of water column would be 0.76m × 13.6 = 10.34m. Thus, a glass tube more than 10 m long is
required to make water barometer.
Q#7.11) What makes a sucker pressed on a smooth wall to stick it?
Ans. The sucker is disk shaped. When pressed against a smooth surface, the air is forced from
beneath the sucker. The rubber makes an air tight seal and the air pressure outside is greater than
the air pressure beneath the sucker, thus forcing the sucker to stick it on a smooth wall.
Q#7.12) Why does the atmosphere pressure vary with height?
Ans. “As we go to up atmospheric pressure decreased”. It is zero, where there is no air. Atmospheric
pressure decreases due to decrease in density of air. Thus atmospheric pressure varies with height.
Q#7.13) What does it mean when the atmospheric pressure at a place fall suddenly?
Ans. The changes in atmospheric pressure at a certain place indicate the expected changes in the
weather condition of that place. A sudden fall in atmospheric pressure often followed by a storm,
rain and typhoon to occur in few hours time.
Q#7.14) What changes are expected in weather if the barometer reading shows a sudden increase?
Ans. Sudden increase in the barometer reading means that there is rapid increase in atmospheric
pressure. A rapid increase in atmospheric pressure means that it will soon followed by a decrease in
the atmospheric pressure indicating poor condition ahead.
Q#7.15) State Pascal’s law.
Ans. According to this law: “ Pressure applied at any point of a liquid enclosed in a container, is
transmitted without loss to all other parts of the liquid.”
• Its applications are hydraulic press and brake system in vehicles.
• In general, this law holds good for fluids both for liquids as well as gases.
Q#7.16) Explain working of hydraulic press.
Ans. Hydraulic press is a machine which works on pascal law. It consists of two liquid cylinders of
different cross-sectional areas. When force is applied any one of cylinder, its pressure is transmitted
to other cylinder.
• Hydraulic systems working in this way are known as force multipliers.
Q#7.17) What is meant by elasticity?
Ans. “The property of a body to restore to its original size and shape as the deforming force ceases to
act is called elasticity.”
Example: Stretching and relaxing of spring or rubber.

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Q#7.18) State Archimedes principle.
Ans. Archimedes principle states: “When an object is totally or partially immersed in a liquid, an
upthrust act on it equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces.”
Upthrust of liquid = 𝛒 𝐠 𝐕
Where 𝜌 is density of liquid, g is gravity and V is volume of the cylinder.
Q#7.19) What is upthrust? Explain the principle of floatation.
Ans. Upthrust:
“An upward force exerted by immersed object that opposes the weight of immersed
object is known as upthrust.”
The principle of floatation:
“A floating object displaces a fluid having weight equal to the weight of the object.”
When an object floats in a fluid, the upthrust acting on it is equal to the weight of the object.
The upthrust is always equal to weight of the fluid displaced by object. This is principle of floatation.
Q#7.20) Explain how a submarine moves up the water surface and down into water.
Ans. Submarine can travel over as well as under the water. When a submarine’s tank is not filled with
sea water, its weight is less than upthrust acting on it. So it floats on the surface of sea water. But
when its tank is filled with water, then its weight is greater than the upthrust acting on it. So it sinks
into water.
Q#7.21) Why does a piece of stone sink in water but a ship with huge weight floats?
Ans. A piece of stone sinks in water because the weight of the stone is greater than the weight of an
equal volume of water. On the other hand a ship with a huge weight floats over water because the
weight of an equal volume of water is greater than the weight of the ship.
Q#7.22) What is Hook’s law? What is meant by elastic limit?
Ans. Hooks Law: “The strain produced in a body by the stress applied to it is directly proportional
to the stress within the elastic limit of the body.”
Thus Stress 𝖺 Strain
Stress = constant × strain
Stress
constant = Strain
Elastic Limit: “It is a limit within a body recovers its original length, volume or shape after deforming
force is removed.”
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#7.1…A wooden block measuring 40 cm x 10 cm x 5 cm has a mass 850 g. Find
density of 3 wood. (Ans:425 kgm – 3)
Given Data:
Volume of wooden block = V = 40 cm × 10 cm × 5cm = 2000 cm3
= 2000 × 10−6m3 = 2 × 10−3m3
Mass = m = 850 g = 850/1000 = 0.85 kg
Find Out: Density of wood = 𝝆 = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Density = mass / volume
0.85
=
2 X 10−3

Density = 𝝆 = 425 kgm – 3

N#7.2 How much would be the volume of ice formed by freezing 1 litre of water?
Given Data:
Volume of water = 1 litre

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 Density of water = 1000 kgm– 3
Density of ice = 920 kgm– 3
Find Out: Volume of ice = ?
Solution:
Volume of ice Density of water
As we know ∴
Volume of water
= Density of ice
Density of water
Volume of ice = × Volume of water
Density of ice
1000
= ×1
920
Volume of ice = 1.09 litre
N#7.3…Calculate the volume of the following objects:
(i) An iron sphere of mass 5 kg, density of iron 8200 kgm– 3 (Ans:6.1×10 – 4 m3)
(ii) 200 g of lead shot having density 11300 kgm – 3. (Ans:1.77×10–5 m3)
(iii) A gold bar mass 0.2 kg. Density of gold is 19300 kgm– 3 (Ans1.04×10 –5 m3)
Given Data:
(i) Mass of iron sphere = m = 5 kg
Density of the iron = ρ = 8200 kgm– 3
Find Out: Volume of iron sphere = V =?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Density = Mass / Volume
And Volume = Mass / Density
Volume = 5 / 8200
= 0.00060975 = 6.0975 x 10–4
Volume = V = 6.1 x 10 – 4m3
(ii) Mass of lead shot = m = 200 g = 200/1000 kg = 0.2 kg
Density of lead = ρ = 11300 kgm – 3
Volume of lead shot = V =?
As we know ∴ Volume = Mass / Density
Volume = 0.2 / 11300
= 0.000017699 = 1.76699 x 10–5
Volume = V = 1.77 x 10– 5 m3
(iii) Mass of gold bar = m = 0.2 kg
Density of the gold = ρ = 19300 kgm – 3
Volume of gold bar = V =?
As we know ∴ Volume = Mass / Density
Volume = 0.2 / 19300
= 0.000010362 = 1.0362 x 10–5
Volume = V =1.04 x 10 – 5m3
N#7.4…The density of air is 1.3 kgm– 3. Find the mass of air in a room measuring 8m
x 5m x 4m. (Ans:208 kg)
Given Data:
Density of the air = 𝜌 = 1.3 kgm – 3
Volume of room = V = 8 m x 5 m x 4 m= 160 m3
Find Out: Mass of air = m = ?
Mass
Solution: As we know Density =
Volume
Mass of air = Density of air x volume of room
Mass of air = 1.3 x 160
Mass of air = m = 208 kg

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N#7.5…A student presses her palm by thumb with force of 75N. How much would
pressure under thumb having contact area 1.5 cm2 ? (Ans:5×105 Nm–2)
Given Data:
Force Applied = F = 75 N
Contact Area = A = 1.5 cm2
A = 1.5 x 10 – 4 m2
Find Out: Pressure = P = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ P = Force / Area
75
P =
1.5 X 10−4

Pressure = P = 5 x 105 Nm– 2

N#7.6…The head of a pin is a square of side 10 mm. Find the pressure on it due to a
force of 20 N. (Ans:2×105 Nm – 2)
Given Data:
Force Applied = F = 20 N
Area of head of a pin = A = 10mm x 10mm = 10/10 cm x 10/10 cm
= 1/100 m x 1/100 m = 1 × 10 – 4 m2
Find Out: Pressure = P = ?
Solution:As we know ∴ P = F/A
Putting values P = 20 / 10-4
Pressure = P = 2 x 105 Nm – 2
N#7.7…A uniform rectangular block of wood 20 cm x 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm and of mass
1000g stands on a horizontal surface with its longest edge vertical. Find
(i) The pressure exerted by block on surface (Ans:1778 Nm – 2 )
(ii) Density of the wood. (Ans:889 kgm – 3)
Given Data:
Length of side of block = 7.5 cm
Mass of the block = m = 1000g = 1kg
Volume = V = 20 cm x 7. 5 cm x 7.5 cm = 1125 cm3
= 1125 x 1/100 m x 1/100 m x 1/100 m=1125 x 10–6 m3
Or V = 1.125 x 10– 3 m3
Area = A = 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm = 56.25 cm2 = 56.25 x 1/100 x 1/100 m2
A = 56.25 x 10– 4 m2
Find Out: Pressure Exerted = P = ? Density of the wood = 𝝆 = ?
Solution:
(i) Pressure Exerted = P = ?
As we know P = F/A = mg/A (∴ F=ma)
P = 1x10 / 56.25 x 10-4
= 0.1778 x 104
Pressure = P = 1778 Nm– 2
(ii) Density of the wood = 𝝆 = ?
As we know ∴ Density = Mass / Volume
Density = 1/ 1.125 x 10-3
= 0.8888 x 103 = 888.8 kgm – 3
Density = 𝝆 = 889 kgm– 3

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N#7.8…A cube of glass of 5 cm side and mass 306 g, has a cavity inside it. If density of
glass is 2.55 gcm – 3. Find volume of cavity. (Ans:5 cm3)
Given Data:
Length of the cube = L = 5 cm
Mass of the cube = m = 306 g
Density of glass = 𝜌 = 2.55 kgm– 3
Find Out: Volume of the cavity inside glass = V = ?
Solution:
Volume of cube without cavity(whole V) = 𝑉𝑤 = L×L×L = 5 cm x 5 cm x 5 cm
𝑽𝒘 = 125 cm3
Volume with cavity = 𝑉𝐶 = Mass / Density
𝑉𝐶 = 306 / 2.55
𝑽𝑪 = 120 cm3
Now, Volume of the cavity = Volume of whole cube – Volume without Cavity
V = 𝑉𝑤 − Vc
V = 125 cm3 – 120 cm3
Volume of Cavity = V = 5 cm3
N#7.9…An object has weight 18 N in air. Its weight is found to be 11.4 N when
immersed in water. Calculate its density. Can you guess the material of object?
Given Data:
weight of object placed in the air = w1 = 18 N
Weight of object immersed in water = w2 = 11.4 N
Density of water = 𝜌 = 1000 kgm– 3
Find Out:
(a) Density of the object = D = ? (b) Nature of the material = ?
Solution:
(a) Weight equal volume of water = w = 𝑤1−𝑤2 = 18 – 11.4
w = 6.6N
𝐷
As we know ∴ = w1
𝜌 w
w1
D= × 𝜌
w
Putting values D = 18 / 6.6 x 1000= 2.727 x 103
Density of the object = D = 2727 kgm – 3
(b) Nature of the material : The density of Aluminium is 2700 kgm– 3.
N#7.10…A solid block of wood density 0.6 gcm – 3 weighs 3.06 N in air. Determine (a)
volume of the block (b) the volume of the block immersed when placed freely in a
liquid of density 0.9 gcm– 3 ? (Ans:510 cm3 , 340 cm3)
Given Data:
Density of wood = 𝑑1 = 0.6 gcm – 3
Density of Liquid = 𝑑2 = 0.9 gcm – 3
Weight of the block = w = 3.06 N
Find Out: Volume of the block = V = ? Volume of block immersed in liquid = V = ?
Solution:
(a) Volume of the block = V = ?
Density = Mass / Volume
Volume = Mass / Density

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Firstly we calculate mass of block, ∴ w = mg or m=w/g
m = 3.06 / 10
m = 0.306 kg = 0.306 × 1000 = 306 g
Density of wood = 𝑑1 = 0.6 gcm– 3
Now, Putting values in above equation V = 306 / 0.6
Volume of the block = V = 510 cm3
(b) Volume of the block immersed in a liquid = V = ?
Density of liquid = 𝑑2 = 0.9 gcm – 3
Volume = Mass / Density
V = 306 / 0.9
Volume of the block immersed in a liquid = V = 340 cm3
N#7.11…The diameter of the piston of a hydraulic press is 30 cm. How much force is
required to lift a car weighing 20 000 N on its piston if the diameter of the piston of
the pump is 3 cm? (Ans:200 N)
Given Data:
Diameter of piston of Hydraulic Press = D = 30 cm
Radius of the piston = R = D / 2 = 30 / 2 = 15 cm = 15 / 100 m
R = 0.15 m
Area of the piston = A = 2πR2 = 2 x 3.14 x (0.15)2
A = 0.1413 m2
Weight of the car = w = F2 = 20000 N
Diameter of the piston of Pump = d = 3 cm
Radius of the piston = r = d/2 = 3/2 = 1.5 cm = 1.5/100 m
r = 0.015 m
Area of the piston = a = 2πr2 = 2 x 3.14 x (0.015)2
a = 1.413 x 10 – 3 m2
Find Out: Force Applied on pump = F1 = ?
Solution:
F1
As we know ∴ = F2
a A
𝐹2
And F1 = ×a
𝐴
Putting values F1 = 20000 N x 1.413 x 10 – 3 / 0.1413
F1 = 20000 N x 0.01
Force Applied on Pump = F1 = 200 N
N#7.12…A steel wire of cross-sectional area 2×10– 5m2 is stretched through 2mm by
force of 4000N. Find Young’s modulus of wire. The length of wire is 2.(Ans:2×1011 Nm–2)
Given Data:
Cross-sectional area = A = 2 x 10– 5 m2
Extension in Length = △L = 2 mm = 2 x 10−3 m = 0.002 m
Force Applied = F = 4000 N
Length of the wire = L = 2m
Find Out: Young’s Modulus = Y = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ Young’s Modulus = Y = FL / A△L
4000×2
Putting values Y=
2×10−5 X 0.002
Y = 8000 / 0.004 x 10 – 5
Y = 2,000,000 x 10 5
Young’s Modulus = Y = 2 x 1011 Nm – 2

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 LESSON NO.8

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#8.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices.
i. Water freezes at:
(a) 0 o F (b) 32o F (c) -273 k (d) 0 K
ii. Normal human body temperature is:
(a) 15oC (b) 37oC (c) 37OF (d) 98.6oC
iii. Mercury is used as thermometric material because it has:
(a) Uniform thermal expansion (b) Low freezing point
(c) Small heat capacity (d) All the above properties
iv. Which of the following material has large specific heat?
(a) copper (b) ice (c) water (d) mercury
v. Which of the following material has large value of temperature coefficient of linear expansion?
(a) aluminum (b) gold (c) brass (d) steel
vi. What will be the value of β for a solid for which α has value of 2×10-5 k -1 ?
(a) 2×10-5 k -1 (b) 6×10-5 k -1 (c) 8×10-15 k -1 (d) 8×10-5 k -1
vii. A large water reservoir keeps the temperature of nearby land moderate due to:
(a) Low temperature of water (b) Low specific heat of water
(c) Less absorption of heat (d) Large specific heat of water
viii. Which of the following affects evaporation?
(a) temperature (b) surface area of liquid (c) wind (d) all of the above
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#8.2) Why does heat flow from hot body to cold body?
Ans. “Temperature determines the direction of flow of heat”. Heat flows from higher temperature to
lower temperature. As the temperature of hot body is more than the cold body, so heat flows from
hot body to cold body.

Q#8.3) Define the terms heat and temperature.

Ans. Heat:
“Heat is the energy that is transferred from one body to another in thermal contact as
result of difference of temperature between them.”
S.I Unit: Its S.I Unit is joule (J).
Temperature:
“Temperature of a body is the degree of hotness or coldness of the body.”
S.I Unit: Its S.I Unit is Kelvin (K).
Q#8.4) What is meant by internal energy of a body?
Ans. “The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy associated with the atoms, molecules and
particles of a body is called internal energy.”
Total Energy = Kinetic energy + Potential energy
It depends upon factors such as the mass of the body, kinetic energy and potential energy etc.

Q#8.5) How does heating affect the motion of molecules of a gas?

Ans. When a gas is heated, the kinetic energy of gas molecules goes on increasing. This causes the
gas molecules to move with higher velocities. During their motion they collide with each other and
also with the walls of the container. Thus, they put pressure on the walls of the container.

Q#8.6) What is thermometer? Why mercury is preferred as thermometric substance?

46 | P a g e
Ans. “A device that is used to measure the temperature of a body is called Thermometer.”
Mercury is preferred as a thermometric substance because it has following thermometric properties:
• Good Conductor
• It has low freezing point.
• It has high boiling point.
• It has low heat capacity.
Q#8.7) Define specific heat. How would you find the specific heat of a solid?
Ans. “Specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1kg
mass of that substance through 1K.”
• It is denoted by ‘c’.
∆Q
• Mathematically c = m∆T
Where ∆𝑄 is amount of heat, m is mass of substance, ∆𝑇 is raised temperature.
• S.I Unit: I SI unit is JKg-1 k -1 .
Q#8.9) Define latent heat of fusion.
Ans. “Heat energy required to change unit mass of a substance from solid to liquid state at its
melting point without change in its temperature is called its latent heat of fusion.”
• It is denoted by Hf .
∆Q
• Mathematically: Hf = 𝐹
m
• S.I Unit: Its SI unit is JKg-1 .
Q#8.10) Define latent heat of vaporization.
Ans. “The quantity of heat that changes unit mass of a liquid completely into gas at its boiling point
without any change in its temperature is called its latent heat of vapourization.”
• It is denoted by HV.
∆Q
• Mathematically: Hv = v
m
• S.I Unit: Its SI unit is JKg-1 .
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS •
N#8.1…Temperature of water in beaker is 50°C, what is its value in Fahrenheit scale?
Given Data:
Temperature in a Celsius scale = C = 50°C
Find Out:
Temperature in Fahrenheit scale = F = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ F = 1.8C + 32
Putting values F = 1.8(50) + 32
F = 90 + 32
Temperature in Fahrenheit scale = F = 122°F
N#8.2 Normal human body temperature is 98.6°F, convert it into Celsius scale and
kelvin scale. (Ans:37°C,310K)
Given Data:
Temperature in Fahrenheit scale = 98.6°F
Find Out: (i) Temperature in A Celsius scale = ? (ii) Temperature in A Kelvin scale = ?
Solution:
(i) As we know ∴ F = 1.8C + 32
Re-Arranging 1.8C = F – 32
Putting Values 1.8C = 98.6 - 32

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 1.8C = 66.6
Temperature in Celsius scale = C = 37°C
(ii) As we know ∴ T(K) = C + 273
T(K) = 37 + 273
Temperature in Kelvin scale = T(K) = 310K
N#8.3…Calculate the increase in the length of an Aluminium bar 2m long when
heated from 0°C to 20°C, if thermal coefficient of linear expansion of Aluminium is 2.5 × 1𝟎−𝟓.
Given Data:
Original length of rod = L = 2m
Initial temperature = T1 = 0°C = 0 + 273 = 273 K
Final temperature = T2 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Change in temperature = Δ T = T2 – T1 = 293 – 273 = 20 K
Coefficient of linear expansion = α = 2.5 × 10−5
Find Out: Increase in Length = Δ L = ?
Solution:
As we know ∴ ΔL=αLΔT
Δ L = (2.5 ×10−5) × 2× 20
Δ L = 100 ×10−5
Δ L = 0.001 m
Increase in Length = Δ L = 0.1cm
N#8.4…A balloon contains 1.2 air at 15°C. Find its volume at 40°C. Thermal
coefficient of volume expansion of air is 3.67 × 10-3m3 . (Ans:1.3)
Given Data:
Original volume = Vo = 1.2
Initial temperature = T1 = 15°C = 15 + 273 = 288 K
Final temperature = T2 = 40°C = 40 + 273 = 313 K
Change in temperature = Δ T = T2 – T1 = 313 – 288 = 25 K
Coefficient of volume expansion = β = 3.67
Find Out: Final Volume = V = ?
Solution:
As we know that ∴ V = 𝑉𝑜 (1+ β Δ T)
Putting Values V = 1.2 {1 + 3.67 × 10-3 (25)}
V = 1.2(1 + 0.09175) = 1.2 (1.09175)
Final Volume = V = 1.3 m3
N#8.5…How much heat is required to increase the temperature of 0.5 kg of water
from 10°C to 65°C? (Ans:115500 J)
Given Data:
Mass of water = m = 0.5 kg
Initial temperature = T1 = 10°C = 10 + 273 = 283 K
Final temperature = T2 = 65°C = 65 + 273 = 338 K
Change in temperature = Δ T = T2 – T1 = 338 – 283 = 55 K
Specific heat of water = c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1
Find Out: Heat Required = Δ Q = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ Δ Q = mc Δ T
Putting values Δ Q = 0.5 × 4200 × 55
Heat Required = Δ Q = 115500J
N#8.6…An electric heater supplies heat at the rate of 1000J per second. How much
time is required to raise temperature of 200g of water from 20°C to 90°C? (Ans:58.8 s)

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Given Data:
Power = P = 1000 Js-1
Mass of water = m = 200 g = 0.2 kg
Initial temperature = T1 = 20°C = 20 + 273 = 293 K
Final temperature = T2 = 90°C = 90 + 273 = 363 K
Change in temperature = Δ T = T2 – T1 = 363 – 293 = 70 K
Specific heat of water = c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1
Find Out: Time Required = t = ?
Solution:
To find out time, we should have power and heat, we have power but now we calculate heat..
As we know ∴ Q = mc Δ T
Q = 0.2 × 4200 × 70
Q = 58800 J
As we know ∴ P=Q/t
Or P×t=Q
t = Q/P
Putting values t = 58800/1000
Time Required = t = 58.8 s
N#8.7…How much ice will melt by 5000 J of the heat?
Latent heat of fusion of ice = 336000 J . (Ans:149 g )
Given Data:
Amount of heat required to melt ice = ΔQf = 50000J
Latent heat of fusion of ice = Hf = 336000 J
Find Out: Amount of ice = Mass of Ice = m = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ ΔQf = m Hf
Or m = ΔQf / Hf
Putting values m = 50000 / 336000
m = 0.1488 kg
Mass of Ice = m = 148.8 g ≈ 149 g
N#8.8…Find quantity of heat needed to melt 100g of ice at -10°C into water at 10°C.
(Note: Specific heat of ice is 2100 J , the specific heat of water is 4200 J Latent heat
of fusion of ice is 336000 J) .
Given Data:
Mass of the ice = m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
Specific heat of ice = c1 = 2100 J
Latent heat of fusion of ice = Hf = 336000 J
Specific heat of water = c = 4200 J
Initial temperature = T1 = -10°C
Final temperature = T2 = 10°C
Change in temperature = Δ T = T2 – T1 = 10 – (-10) = 10 K
Find Out: Quantity of heat required = Q = ?
Solution:
Case I:
Heat gained by ice from -10°C to 0°C
∴ Q1 = mc1 Δ T
Q1 = 0.1 × 2100 10
Q1= 2100 J
Case II: Heat required for ice to melt = Q2 = mHf
= 0.1× 336000

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 Case III: Heat required to raise the temperature of water from 0°C to 10°C
Q3= mc Δ T
Q3 = 0.1 × 4200 × 10
Q3 = 4200 J
Total heat required: Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Q = 2100 + 33600 + 4200
Quantity of heat required = Q = 39900 J
N#8.9…How much heat is required to change 100g of water at 100°C into steam?
(Latent heat of vaporization of water is 2.26 . (Ans:2.26 J)
Given Data:
Mass of water = m = 100 g = 0.1 kg
Latent heat of vaporization = Hv = 2.26 ×106 Jkg-1
Find Out: Heat required = ΔQv = ?
Solution: As we know ∴ ΔQv = mHv
Putting Values ΔQv = 0.1 × 2.26 × 106
= 0.226 × 106
Heat required = ΔQv = 2.26 × 105 J
N#8.10…Find the temperature of the water after passing 5 g of steam at 100°C
through 500 g of water at 10°C.
(Note: Specific heat of water is 4200 Jkg-1K-1, Latent heat of vaporization is 2.26×106 Jkg-1K-1 ).
Given Data: Mass of stream = m1 = 5 g = 0.005 kg
Temperature of stream = T1 = 10°C
Mass of water = m2 = 0.5 kg
Temperature of water = T2 = 100°C
Specific heat of water = c = 4200 Jkg-1K-1
Latent heat of vaporization of water = HV = 2.26×106 Jkg-1K-1
Find Out: Final temperature = T = ?
Solution: According to the law of heat exchange:
Heat lost by stream = heat gained by water
mHv + mc∆𝑇 = mc∆𝑇
(0.005)(2.26×106) + (0.005)(4200)(100-T) = (0.5)(4200)(T-10)
11300 + 21 (100-T) = 2100 (T-10)
11300 + 2100 -21T = 2100T - 21000
11300 + 2100 + 21000 = 2100T +21T
34400 = 2121T
34400
T=
2121
Final temperature = T = 16.2 °C

LESSON NO.9

( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS )

Q#9.1) Encircle the correct answer from the given choices:
i. In solids, heat is transferred by:
(a) radiation (b) conduction (c ) convection (d) absorption
ii. What happens to the thermal conductivity of a wall if its thickness is doubled?
(a) becomes double (b) remains the same (c) becomes half (d) becomes one forth
iii. Metals are good conductor of heat due to the:
(a) Free electrons (b) big size of molecules

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 (c) small size of their molecules (d) rapid vibration of their molecules
iv. In green, heat is mainly transferred by :
(a) molecules collision (b) conduction (c) Convection (d) Radiation
v. Convection of heat is the process of heat transfer due to the:
(a) random motion of molecules (b) downward movement of molecules
(c) upward movement of molecules (d) free movement of molecules
vi. False ceiling is done to:
(a) Lower the height of ceiling (b)Keep the roof clean
(c) Cool the room (d) Insulate the ceiling
vii. Rooms are heated using gas heaters by :
(a) Conduction only (b) Convection and radiation only
(c) Radiation only (d) Convection only
viii. Land breeze blows from:
(a) Sea to land during the night (b) Sea to land during the day
(c) Land to sea during night (d) Land to sea during the day
ix. Which of following is a good radiator of heat?
(a) A shining silvered surface (b) A dull black surface
(c) A white surface (d) A green coloured surface
( SHORT QUESTIONS )
Q#9.2) Why metals are good conductor of heat?
Ans. Metals have free electrons. These free electrons move with very high velocities within the metal
objects. They carry energy at a very fast rate from hot to cold parts of the objects as they move. That
is why metals are good conductors of heat than non-metals.
Q#9.3) Explain why
(a) A metal feels colder to touch than wood kept in a cold place?
Ans. “Good heat absorber is also good heat emitters and bad heat absorber are also bad heat
emitters.”
As metals are good heat absorber as compared to wood, thus a metal emits heat at faster rate than
the wood which is a bad heat emitter.
(b) Land breeze blows from land towards sea?
Ans. At night, the land cools faster than the sea. Therefore, air above the sea is warmer, rises up and
cold air from the land begins to move towards the sea. It is called land breeze.
(c) Double walled glass vessel is used in thermos flask?
Ans. Double walled glass vessel is used in thermos flask because most of the heat is prevented to
enter or leave flask. There is air between double walled glass vessel which is bad conductor of heat.
(d) Deserts soon get hot during the day and soon get cold after sunset?
Ans. Deserts are good heat absorber due to high thermal conductivity of sand. Since specific heat of
sand is low, So it absorbs more heat due to conduction and get hot during the day and released heat
soon get cold after sunset.
Q#9.4) Why conduction of heat does not take place in gases?
Ans. “Conduction is the mode of transfer of heat by vibrating atoms and free electrons in solids from
hot to cold parts of a body.”
In gases atoms are far apart. Thus, there is a very small chance of collisions between their
atoms. Gases do not have free electrons.
Q#9.5) What measures do you suggest to conserve energy in houses?
Ans. Following measures may be taken to conserve energy in houses:
(i) Double glazed window panes are used.
(ii) Ceiling of rooms is covered by insulating materials

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 (iii) Hot water tanks are insulated by plastic or foam lagging.
Q#9.6) Why transfer of heat in fluids takes place by convection?
Ans. “Convection is a mode of transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to a
cold place.”
In fluids due to weak intermolecular forces, molecules are free to move from one place to
another place. Thus, in fluids transfer of heat takes place easily by convection.
Q#9.7) What is meant by convection current?
Ans. Gases also expands on heating, So convection currents are easily set up due to the differences in
the densities of air at various parts in the atmosphere.
Q#9.8) Suggest a simple activity to show convection of heat in gases not given in the book.
Ans. In summer season the intense radiations of the Sun warms the surface of the land. The air on
heating expands. Its density decreases due to increase in volume. Because of this air above surface of
the land rises up. Cold air begins to move towards land. This results conventional current of air.
Q#9.9) How does heat reach us from the Sun?
Ans. Heat from the Sun reaches us neither by conduction nor by convection, because the space
between sun and earth’s atmosphere is empty. There is a third mode called radiation by which heat
travels from one place to another. It is through radiation that heat reaches us from the Sun.
Q#9.10) How various surfaces can be compared by Leslie cube?
Ans. “A Leslie cube is a metal box having faces of different nature.”
The four sides of Leslie cube may be of following nature:
(i) A shining silvered surface (ii) A dull black surface
(iii) A white surface (iv) A coloured surface
Due to difference in nature of faces, the emittance, absorption and reflection of heat is of
different amount from sides of Leslie cube.
Q#9.11) What is greenhouse effect?
Ans. Gases like carbon dioxide and water vapours absorbs high temperature thermal radiations but
these are opaque to low temperature thermal radiations. This ability of carbon dioxide and water
vapours in the atmosphere to pass solar energy to the Earth but block environmental radiations back
into space is known as greenhouse effect.
Q#9.12) Explain the impact of greenhouse effect in global warming.
Ans. Gases like carbon dioxide and water vapours high temperature thermal radiations but block
environmental radiation back into space. Thus maintains the temperature of the Earth. During the
recent years, the percentage of carbon dioxide has been increased considerably. This has caused an
increase in average temperature of the Earth by trapping more heat due to greenhouse effect. This
phenomenon is known as global warming. This has serious implications for the global climate.
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS
N#9.1…The concrete roof of a house of thickness 20 cm has area 200 m2. The
temperature inside house is 15 °C and outside is 35°C. Find rate at which thermal
energy will be conducted through roof. The value of k for concrete is 0.65 W m – 1 K – 1.
Given Data: Thickness of the roof = L = 20 cm = 20/100
L = 0.2 m
Area = A = 200 m2
Temperature outside the house = T1 = 35°C = 35 + 273 = 308 K
Temperature inside the house = T2 = 15°C = 15 + 273 = 288 K
Change in temperature = ∆T = T1 – T2 = 308 – 288 = 20 K
Value of conductivity for concrete = k = 0.65 W m – 1 K – 1
Find Out:
Rate of conduction of thermal energy = Q/t = ?

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 𝑄
Solution: As we know ∴ = 𝐾𝐴 ∆𝑇
𝑡 𝐿
𝑄 0.65 × 200 × 20
=
𝑡 0.2
𝑄 2600
𝑡 = 0.02
𝑄
= 13000 W (∴ 1w = 1J s – 1)
𝑡
Rate of conduction of thermal energy = Q/t = 1300 J s – 1
N#9.2…How much heat is lost in an hour through glass window measuring 2m by 2.5
m when inside temperature is 25°C and outside is 5°C, thickness of glass is 0.8cm
and value of k for glass is 0.8Wm–1K–1 ? (Ans: 3.6×10 7 J)
Given Data: Time = t = 1 hour = 60 × 60
t = 3600 s
Thickness of glass = L = 0.8 cm = 0.8/100
L = 0.008 m
Area of a glass window = A = 2.0 m x 2.5 m
A = 5 m2
Temperature outside the house = T1 = 25°C = 25 + 273 = 298 K
Temperature inside the house = T2 = 5°C = 5 + 273 = 278 K
Change in temperature = ∆T = T1 – T2 = 298 – 278 = 20 K
Value of conductivity for concrete = k = 0.8 W m – 1 K – 1
Find Out:
Heat Lost through Glass = Q = ?
Q KA ∆T
Solution: As we know ∴ =
t L
𝐾𝐴 ∆𝑇
Q=
𝐿
×t
0.8 × 5 × 20
Q= × 3600
0.008
Q = 36,000,000 J
Heat Lost through Glass = Q = 3.6 x 10 7 J

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