DECEMBER 2021

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
December,2021
SUPERVISED BY: DR, SHADY AHMED

CONSTRUCTION
BEFORE AND
AFTER
Abstract BIM
Building information modeling (BIM) is the holistic process of
creating and managing information for a built asset. Based on an
intelligent model and enabled by a cloud platform, BIM integrates
structured, multi-disciplinary data to produce a digital representation
of an asset across its lifecycle, from planning and design to
construction and operations.

Prepared by: Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed El-Sayed Masoud

Mahmoud Sherif Mohamed Mohamed
Mustafa Ashraf Younis Khater
Mostafa Rafaat Mahmoud Ahmed
Mostafa Samy Sayed Hafez
Mina Refaat Neseem Said
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................ 2
Construction before BIM ............................................................................ 4
Traditional software applications ................................................................ 6
What is BIM? .............................................................................................. 9
BIM dimensions ........................................................................................ 10
Applications of BIM technology ................................................................ 11
The most popular tools for BIM ................................................................ 13
Comparison between traditional and BIM methods ................................. 16
Value engineering ..................................................................................... 17
Weighted evaluation method ................................................................... 17
Conclusion ................................................................................................ 20
References ................................................................................................ 21

1
Introduction
Back in time, engineers used to draw their designs manually on paper as a 2D
drawings. This process was exhausting and had a low accuracy. Another
problem with this old method, was the coordination between architects,
structural engineers, construction managers, electrical engineers, mechanical
engineers, and the other stakeholders. These factors might lead to a higher cost.
With the innovation of computer and construction technology, CAD tool was
invented. CAD is simply a computer-aided design tool. This tool helped the
engineers to draw faster and more accurate, but the problem of coordinating
work between different stakeholders was not really solved. As clash could
happen during the construction process. It might be more expensive to fix this
clash after the construction process had begun. So, the problems of the old
method were partially solved.
After a couple of years, the term of BIM begun to spread. BIM refers to
building information modeling. This technology helped the engineers to draw
and design more effectively. This technology not only can help the engineers to
draw and design, but also it improves the quality of coordination between the
stakeholders. With this technology, it is easy to predict clashes and fix them
before the construction process can begin. This has a significant effect on the
cost and the quality of the project. The more we ae able to fix these clashes
before they happen, the less the cost can become. The using of this technology
can improve all the aspects of the project significantly.

2
 Part 1

CONSTRUCTION
BEFORE
BIM

3
Construction before BIM
Architectural and engineering design is a task for large teams consisting of
specialists, such as architects, constructors, installation engineers, quantity
surveyors, project managers. For many centuries the basis of the projects was
(and are) 2D drawings (plans, sections, elevations) of designed building in a
symbolic manner, in accordance with the principles accepted by all participants
in this process. Usually, the architectural concept is fundamentally different
from the final design and structural design. Architects mainly use sketches of
bodies (3D elements shown in perspective) whereas civil engineers - plans or
details drawings. Another source of confusions or mistakes are two types of
plans: architectural projection shows what is below the cut surface, which is
usually located at a height of 1m above the designed floor, as an architect is
interested in the layout of the designed story. In contrast, a building
(construction) plan shows what is under the ceiling of the floor considered by
architect, since constructor is interested in the substructure supporting the floor
considered by architect. In the classical method of designing each of the
specialists work on separate industry drawings (prepared on tracing papers) with
only those elements for which they are responsible. Tracing papers produced by
specialists are imposed on each other during the coordination meeting to check
the compatibility of the project. CAD systems modernized the process. Instead
of tracing papers the separate layers in the CAD program are used by each of
the specialists. However, designer works in CAD on plans of the same building
and the interdisciplinary collisions (e.g., structure-installation) are inevitable.
The coordination meeting and correspondence are devoted mainly to solve the
conflicts. Use of the CAD systems makes this process easier although it is time
consuming and not always successful. When on one layer with installation
something is changed then quite often it is not on 2D drawings not only with
plans, but also with cross-sections or elevations, which should be changed both
in architectural and structural design.

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Cost Estimation of Building by Manual (Traditional method):

For Manual Cost Estimation

I. To carry out manual estimation the drawing of the project such as
plans, and sections are taken in hand.
II. Exact nature and class of the material to be used are to be found.

III. Different Formulas which are used for cost estimation in manual
approach.

IV. Detailed estimation sheet of each term is prepared.

V. After this, the following things are calculated:

 Quantities of items.

 Abstract of the total cost.

 Preparation of bill of quantity (BOQ).

5
Traditional software applications
Specialist CAD software is available for specific purposes, and a wide range
of software applications have been developed for use in
the design and construction of built assists such as buildings.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) originated in the aircraft industry in the
1960s and entered architectural design in the 1980s. CAD software gradually
improved the 2D drawing process. In the 1990s, tools began to provide the
potential for 3D drawing and subsequently, object-oriented design systems were
developed. Such 3D software is widely used to prepare presentational images
or production information enabling the manufacture of building components.
When the use of software is limited to solely drafting without
a design element, it is more accurately termed Computer Aided Drafting. When
a design element is involved, the process is sometimes referred to as either the
all-encompassing computer-aided design (CAD) or more accurately computer-
aided design and drafting (CADD).
Generally, CAD can be used to create 2D or 3D representations, and can also
be used to generate animations and other presentational material. It may also
allow the addition of supplementary information such as dimensions,
descriptions of components and references to specifications.
Software for 2D drafting, 2D design and 2D drawing is widely available as
free and open-source programs that can be downloaded easily. These relatively
basic drafting systems provide a simple approach to 2D drafting and allow
various adjustments to be made in the final draft, such as scale and placing on
the project sheet.
More complex 'solid' modelling CAD software helps designers see the
designed object as if it were the real thing (a virtual model) and
generates views from various
directions. 3D drafting software provides complex features, especially
for designing and viewing objects in ‘three-dimensions’. It can generate
wireframe models – typically an extension of 2D drafting where each line is
manually inserted – or create more complex 3D ‘dumb’ solids – geometric
forms that can be added to or subtracted from, and modelled like a real-world
object. 3D solid modelling software is one of the most advanced methods
of geometric modelling and typically comprises two types: parametric
modelling and direct or explicit modelling.

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 Software (such as AutoCAD LT), also includes tools for collaboration and
documentation, a web and mobile app, and more. The advantage of
such systems is that they allow enhanced mobility as work can be accessed
anywhere through web and mobile apps. Drawings can also be accessed through
a normal web browser.

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 Part 2

CONSTRUCTION
AFTER
BIM

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What is BIM?
BIM refers to building information technology. The concept of BIM was
developed for the first time at mid-1970s, as architect Charles Eastman
published his work on prototype called building description system (BDS). It
described interactive defined element where information about facades, maps,
perspectives, and sections were combined in one document. Each change only
had to be made once and thereafter was changed in all other drawings. This
concept kept developing year after year until it became the BIM technology that
we know in the present. Therefore, the concept of BIM is not assigned to
anyone in-person, but it is a rich history of innovation.
BIM is a natural progression in the evaluation of computer supported
practice. BIM is a digital representation of a building in physical and functional
properties and characteristics that helps the designer or architect to create and
design more effectively when compared to other tools. BIM tools allow for
deeper comprehensiveness, as they are better at revealing accidental conflict
earlier in the process. We are seeing increased potential for engagement of
building owners, managers and occupants in the process. BIM is linking people,
technology and processes to improve outcomes in construction.
BIM is the latest evaluation of building industry, and it refers to the process
of designing, building, and operating a structure collaboratively using a single
coherent system of 3d model rather than separate design drawings. This 3d
model can be explored and manipulated making it easier to understand the
relations between systems. BIM is not just a set of 3d model or software. It does
not only contain the model elements but also the large amount of information
that make up the project as well as the process of exchanging this information
with other parties involved. With traditional method of construction, where
teams move from one stage to another in the project a lot of information is lost
from the previous stage. With BIM, information is collected digitally to be
available when it is needed, wherever it is needed, by whomever is needed.
Adopting BIM means establishing a continuous flow of information.
A database generates a 3d image and creates building plans. Thus, the BIM
process can build and test a structure in 3d. These abilities allow revisions and
the assembly of accurate details. The detailed date permits design clash
detection, cost and scheduling. Each of the stages of design and construction
benefit from its involvement in BIM. BIM is also used for engineering
simulation. Engineering simulation is being used to predict wind loads on
buildings, ensure pedestrian comfort in urban areas, validate HVAC systems,
control air quality, predict smoke spread and optimize thermal comfort.

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BIM dimensions
BIM dimensions refer to the levels of information and data entered into a 3d
model. It is the process of adding further aspects to the project to give a better
understanding. We will explore a description on different BIM dimensions,
namely 2D, 3D, 4D, 5D, and 6D BIM dimensions.
2D BIM dimension
2D dimension is the earliest form of construction models. It represents a
simple X-axis and Y-axis associated with further information. These models are
made by hand or using a CAD software.
3D BIM dimension
3D BIM is the most popular BIM dimension that all construction companies
are familiar with. 3D represents the three-dimensional geographical structures
of a building, X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis. 3D BIM is the process of collecting
graphical and non-graphical information to build 3D models and sharing
information in a common data environment (CDE). This 3D visualization helps
with communication of design process, and to support logistics. It helps to
check for possible clash. It creates a detailed model on the effect of the project
on the environment.
4D BIM dimension
A 4-dimensional BIM adds a new additional dimensional information which
is known as a scheduling data or time element. Hence, 4D BIM is 3D BIM plus
schedule. As the project progresses, this detailed time data is added to the
construction components that are being built.
This new dimension includes the scheduling of all the construction stages. It
improves the quality of building site planning it provides good working
environment between the stakeholders with clear deadlines.
5D BIM dimension
5D BIM adds a cost information to the model. It enables the user to extract
accurate cost data from the model. The user can see the change in cost data over
time. providing cost information in the common data environment helps with
budget tracking and cost analysis in the project which gives a great accuracy in
cost estimation of the entire project. By using a 5-dimensional BIM, it became
easier to explore various cost possibilities in the project, as the model can
recalculate the construction cost every time the model is updated.

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6D BIM dimension
6D BIM is focused on sustainability of structures and is known as the project
life cycle information. This 6-dimensional BIM provides the model with further
information about warranty, maintenance, the ongoing operations and manual
information. The decision making becomes very easy when using this
dimension. 6D BIM brings a detailed analysis of the operational and the
economic aspects of the project. With this level of information, the managers
can pre-plan the maintenance activities better in advance.

Applications of BIM technology

BIM technology can use several techniques to provide support, that is,
construction simulation, information statistics, so that the management of the
various processes reflected in the contents of the visual, which can strengthen
the management of its control. BIM technology for quality management, in
addition to the product itself can reflect the quality management, but also to the
process of technical quality management. BIM technology on the one hand can
make the real-time monitoring for construction process, on the other hand,
managers can be established through this technology module needed to find
their own equipment and other related information in the first time and compare
products and construction site. The technology can play a very good role in
ensuring the quality of construction.
For quality control books, including mainly before and afterwards, while in
advance and in the control of the main link to the application of BIM. For its
simulated construction of electronic technology, the construction site in the
construction of its environment, the overall layout, schedule, process and
materials to play a certain role in the purchase, which can facilitate the staff to
find out the risk of construction problem. Therefore, it is also possible to
improve the relative potential risk, to be able to feedback in the simulation
process, to effectively avoid the construction of housing construction quality
problems. This has some advantages over previously used pre-control, through
the current advanced technology, but also to allow project managers to make
more perfect forecasts to improve their efficiency. BIM not only in the pre-
control play a role, but also to control the things play a certain role. At the same
time, in after control, it can also play a role in its actual problems, because it can
be marked in the simulation software where the problem clearly, so that it can
be more convenient to analyze the problems, the use of remedial of the
measures, on the other hand, can also make a relatively good experience of this

11
accumulation, so for the next job, but also can play a better job reparation.
Therefore, the use of this technology can not only play a role in its control, but
also for the quality of project management services (Grunewald, 2016).
The main factors affecting the quality of the project are: human, equipment,
materials, methods, conditions, if these factors can be well controlled, the
quality of construction can be guaranteed (Chong, 2016). The use of BIM is
mainly to play an effective role in controlling these factors.
The construction project manager and the operator on site are the main
controlling parties. BIM to a large extent can help these people to do the work
better, more effective, fundamentally solve the quality problems of the
Construction. The simulation of the construction site is an important content of
the technology, the management of the construction project can according to the
simulation diagram of the construction site of a pre integrated grasp, combined
with their ability to predict possible quality problems in the management of
research on possible future problems in construction measures in the problem
appears before. The ability of the operator on the construction site has a direct
impact on the quality of the construction project. The application of BIM
technology to the construction site of the different people, reasonable division
of labor, so that everyone can play its biggest role in the process of construction
and make their own analysis on the key and difficult work, to avoid the possible
risks in the process of construction.
For the construction of the scene of the construction machinery, we can also
use BIM technology to simulate them, a variety of mechanical composition of
the method to a certain change. This is also conducive to more effective on the
layout of the corresponding changes, so as to find process design and project
characteristics, can be more efficient and cost-effective layout.
The material used in the construction of the project is the basic material of the
whole project. Whether the material is selected correctly, and the reasonable use
can directly affect the quality of the project. Therefore, the material control is
the key link of the whole project. BIM technology can be a comprehensive
analysis of the needs of the construction and the progress of the project and give
the most reasonable choice of a material to ensure that the entire construction
process normal and effective. The application of BIM technology can record the
specific information and sources of materials and classify them according to the
different types of materials, as the basis for the later engineering inspection.
For construction projects, the use of BIM technology, can be more easily in
the electronic simulation of various construction methods to simulate the
construction, at the same time, can be combined with various strengths and

12
weaknesses in the simulation analysis, it is more consistent with the process of
construction project. Simultaneously, it can also be used for the construction of
the program reasoning demonstration, so that it is expected to correspond with
the actual, thus ensuring the quality of housing construction projects.

In the use of BIM technology, some environmental factors considering the

project, analysis the possible weather, geographical factors, and thus calculate
the possible environment of the project caused by the change, which can
advance preventive measures in the BIM simulation, can be more stereo
showing the effects of such environmental factors may occur, but also more
convenient management personnel to identify problems, which can save time,
improve efficiency.

The most popular tools for BIM

Revit
Revit is a well-known BIM construction software that aims to solve different
architectural and design problems. It was developed by Autodesk and is one of
the most popular solutions in the industry. A lot of different specialists can take
advantage of Revit’s feature list, including architects, designers, MEP
(mechanical, electrical and plumbing) specialists, contractors, and more. The
software itself offers an intelligent approach to different stages of the
construction process via models.
ArchiCAD
ArchiCAD is a 3D BIM software with design and modeling as its primary
purposes. Graphisoft developed it, and it can work with both MS Windows and
Mac desktop systems. ArchiCAD is extremely popular in the field of urban
planning, designing and architecture since it manages to improve the entire
workflow for these professions.
Autodesk BIM 360
Another creation of Autodesk is their BIM 360 software that works with
construction management and project delivery. It unifies different processes of
design, project, and construction into one single process. At its core, it is a web
service based on the cloud to avoid delays and improve decision-making by
providing different teams access to relevant data. The entire lifecycle of your
project can be managed with Autodesk BIM 360. Some of the notable features
are design review, BIM coordination, safety program checklist, issue
management, deliverable coordination, and more.

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SketchUp
SketchUp is an easy-to-use modeling tool that enables users to transform
regular lines and shapes into various 3D forms. There’s no need to do
everything from scratch thanks to the built-in collection of 3D models.
There are different tools that can be included in SketchUp. The regular free
3D modeling tool can be accessed from the web browser. A more
comprehensive Pro solution has its own desktop client and can offer more
versatile options for your 3D projects. And, at last, SketchUp Studio offers you
to analyze your models and creations’ different parameters in real life before
they’re built.
Allplan Architecture
Allplan Architecture is a BIM solution built mainly for architects. You can
easily use this software to create professional visualizations and drawings while
having accurate costs and quantities of materials needed.
Tekla
Another participant of the construction collaboration software is Tekla,
allowing you to combine models, identify clashes and fix issues with other
participants of the process. The main purpose of this software is an advanced
BIM system and structural engineering. Identifying and solving issues is even
easier when you can find them at the design phase before construction begins.

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 Part 3

COMPARISON
AND
VALUE ENGINEERING

15
Comparison between traditional and BIM methods
Point of TRADITIONAL
comparison METHOD
Prepare 2D drawing of the
Definition building
source of confusions or
mistakes are two types of plans:
architectural projection shows
Value for the what is below the cut surface,
architects which is usually located at a
height of 1m above the designed
floor, as an architect is interested
in the layout of the designed story
Each program is dedicated to
one or two operations at most:
 Drawing (statical system) →
Value for the CAD
Construction  Analysis → SAP, ETABS,
SAFE
 Shop drawing → ASD
 Quantification→ EXCEL
Value
They were suffering from lack
accorded to
of information, whether it has
all the
been forgotten
participants
The human factor was
responsible for linking all the
Coordination panels together to show any
expected problems or collisions
between all sections
BIM METHOD
Prepare a virtual BIM Model
of the entire building
3D & 2D drawing
It became easy to know all the
details of the building and not
damage any of them to the design
of the other
One program is able to do
more than one process, or export
it to another program to perform
an operation and then export the
output to the program again:
 REVIT → DRAWING
(2D,3D)
→ANALYSIS
→SHOPDRAWING
→ Preparation of bill of
………. quantity (BOS)
BIM has made the job of
fabricators, contractors, MEP
Engineers, Owners, and
Structural Engineers easier than
before.
All those who are working in
the abovesaid fields can
understand the BIM Model even
with a little knowledge about
it. The Fabricators will
understand the type of material to
be used along with knowing the
dimensions and other kinds of
measurements
The program has become
responsible for showing collisions
between all sections
16
 As a result of some unexpected
collisions between the
All design problems are solved
departments, work is stopped to
before the drawings go to the site,
refer to the designer and develop
Productivity an appropriate solution, which
so the work goes forward and
does not stop, which increases the
leads to work stoppage and a
productivity of workers
decrease in the productivity of
workers
As a result of clashes between As a result of the absence of
departments, works stop until any collisions between the
Time these problems are solved, which departments, the work does not
consumes a lot of time and delays stop, which helps to finish the
the completion of the project work on time
As a result of clashes between
As a result of the absence of
departments, work stops to solve
any collisions between the
these problems, but at the same
Cost time the salaries of workers have
departments, the work does not
stop, which The cost will be
not stopped, which leads to a high
agreed (normal)
cost of the project
It is not available in all
Availability It is present in most countries countries and some countries are
not recognized

Value engineering
It is a powerful tool used to determine the best design alternative for projects,
processes, products, or services.
There are many methods of value engineering, we will speak about one of
them (weighted evaluated method)

Weighted evaluation method

We use this method because it included economic and engineering factors.
Steps of weighted evaluation method:
I. Decide on the evaluation criteria.
II. Determine the importance of each criterion.
III. Rate each product against all evaluation criteria.

IV. compute the rating for each criterion for each product.

17
 V. weight the product ratings for each criterion by importance.
VI. compute the total rating for each product.
VII. compare product ratings to choose best one.

Let's apply this method in our subject to know what the best
alternative is from (Traditional method or BIM for construction).

Criteria of Evaluation B C D
A- Cost A B-1 C-2 A-1
B- Time B C-1 B-2
C- Coordination C C-2
D- Availability

Normalized
Criteria Row weight
weight
Cost (A) 1 11%
Time (B) 3 33%
Coordination (C) 5 56%
Availability (D) 0 0%

TOTAL 9 100%

Systems Cost Time Coordination

Traditional method 2 2 1
BIM 4 5 5

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 Alternatives
Evaluation Normalized Traditional
BIM
Criteria weight method
RANK SCOPE RANK SCOPE

Cost 11% 2 22 4 44

Time 33% 2 66 5 165

Coordination 56% 1 56 5 280

Total 144 489

The best alternative is BIM Technology

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Conclusion
Finally, BIM (Building Information Modeling) is a digital representation of
physical and functional characteristic of a facility, and it’s shared the knowledge
resource for information about facility forming a reliable basis for decision
during the project life cycle.
Also defined as the process of creating 3D virtual and realistic models for
collaborative design and construction of buildings also, several software options
are available for BIM, but Autodesk “REVIT” owns majority market share, The
advantages of it lies in recognized across the design construction industry as to
reducing time, cost, and risk.
BIM is a complete approach that all project stakeholders take when
planning, constructing, and managing a new project. Using BIM provides
multiple advantages to all people involved in the project. And, ultimately, it
leads to better results.

The construction industry is quickly moving towards a more BIM-focused

approach, with more and more professionals starting to understand the benefits
of this technology. So, adopting BIM and using an intuitive platform, like
impost, can contribute to greater success.

20
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