DEPRESSION

Depression is a common mental disorder. Globally, it is estimated that 5% of adults suffer from the disorder. It is
characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable
activities.

SIGNS&SYMTOMS:
DIAGNOSTIC & LAB:
Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or
hopelessness. Angry outbursts, irritability or While there is no single, definitive test for depression, your
frustration, even over small matters. Loss of doctor can use blood tests to rule out medical conditions that
interest or pleasure in most or all normal may cause symptoms of depression or even be an underlying
activities, such as sex, hobbies or sports. Sleep cause of the condition.
disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too
much.

TREATMENT & MEDICATIONS:

ETIOLOGY: Relaxation techniques and yoga. There is some evidence that
Cognitive theories of depression posit that people's relaxation techniques can help relieve mild to moderate
thoughts, inferences, attitudes, and depression. ...
interpretations, and the way in which they Sports and exercise. ...
attend to and recall information, can increase Light therapy. ...
their risk for depression. Sleep deprivation therapy. ...
Electroconvulsive therapy.
Antidepressant

ANAPHY:
The monoamine-deficiency theory posits that the
underlying pathophysiological basis of PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
depression is a depletion of the
neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine It is characterized by persistent sadness and a lack of interest
or dopamine in the central nervous system. or pleasure in previously rewarding or enjoyable activities.
It can also disturb sleep and appetite. Tiredness and poor
Serotonin is the most extensively studied
concentration are common.
neurotransmitter in depression.

NURSING DISGNOSIS:

Impaired social interaction rt Feelings of

worthlessness
 DISEASE: CEREBRAL PALSY
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and
posture. CP is the most common motor disability in childhood. Cerebral means having to do with the brain. Palsy
means weakness or problems with using the muscles.

DIAGNOSTIC & LAB:

Specialists might suggest brain imaging tests, such as x-ray
computed tomography (CT scan) or magnetic resonance
SIGNS&SYMTOMS:
imaging (MRI). An electroencephalogram (EEG), genetic
delays in reaching development milestones –
testing, or metabolic testing, or a combination of these, also
for example, not sitting by 8 months or not
might be done. CP generally is diagnosed during the first or
walking by 18 months.
second year after birth.
seeming too stiff or too floppy (hypotonia)
weak arms or legs.
fidgety, jerky or clumsy movements.
random, uncontrolled movements.
muscle spasms.
shaking hands (tremors) TREATMENT & MEDICATIONS:
Benzodiazepines that are often prescribed include
Valium, Ativan, Dilantin, and Versed. These drugs are
useful anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, and anti-anxiety
drugs. Anticonvulstant medications, such as Keppra, are
commonly used in children with CP to prevent seizure
ETIOLOGY: activity.
CP is caused by abnormal development of the
brain or damage to the developing brain that
affects a child's ability to control his or her
muscles. There are several possible causes of the
abnormal development or damage. People used to PATHOPHYSIOLOGY:
think that CP was mainly caused by lack of Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a disorder of movement and posture
oxygen during the birth process. that appears during infancy or early childhood resulting
from damage to the brain. 

NURSING DISGNOSIS:
ANAPHY:
CP affects the cerebral motor cortex. This is Impaired Physical Mobility rt Neuromuscular
the part of the brain that directs muscle Impairment
movement. In fact, the first part of the name,
cerebral, means having to do with the brain. The
second part, palsy, means weakness or problems
with using the muscles.