2

Amount of substance
●● TEST YOURSELF ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 1
1 a) Na(s)
b) Hg(l)
c) He(g)
d) Cl2(aq)
2 a) H2O(l)
b) CO2(g)
c) H2O(s)
d) NaCl(aq)

●● TEST YOURSELF 2
1 a) NaF
b) MgO
c) K2O
d) BaCl2
2 a) hydroxide
b) oxide
c) chloride
d) aluminium
e) sulfate
3 a) CuCl2
b) ZnO
c) CuSO4
d) Fe(OH)3 1
4 a) carbon dioxide
b) potassium nitrate
c) copper(ii) carbonate
d) hydrogen fluoride
e) magnesium sulfate
 5 a) (NH4)2SO4
b) SO2
c) CaCO3
d) Al2(SO4)3

●● TEST YOURSELF 3
1 a) 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O
b) 2Ca + O2 → CaO
c) 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
2 a) BaCl2 + K2SO4 → BaSO4 + 2KCl
b) Ba2+ + SO42– → BaSO4
3 a) Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + 2H2O
b) Al2O3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
c) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
4 Zn2+ + 2OH− → Zn(OH)2
5 a) Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu
b) Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

●● TEST YOURSELF 4
1 a) 6.02 × 1021
b) 4.23 × 1023
Amount of substance

c) 4.84 × 1022
2 3.01 × 1022
3 a) 3.03 × 1023
b) 1.51 × 1023
4 0.729 g

●● TEST YOURSELF 5
2

1 0.808 g

2 0.382 g
2
3 0.0341 g
4 5.17 g
●● TEST YOURSELF 6

TEST YOURSELF 10
1 79.8%
2 10.1 kg
3 68.1%
4 5.14 g

●● TEST YOURSELF 7
1 0.301
2 8.715 g
3 a) 40.1
b) calcium
4 0.13 dm3

●● TEST YOURSELF 8
1 37.3 cm3
2 48.4 g dm−3
3 a) 3.54 × 10−3 mol
b) 0.142 mol dm−3
c) 1.42 mol dm−3

●● TEST YOURSELF 9
1 8.04 dm3
2 13.7 g
3 a) 0.0168 mol
b) 0.0504 mol
c) 1.05 dm3

●● TEST YOURSELF 10
1 SO3
2 x = 6
3
3 Pb3O4
4 a) NH2
b) N2H4
 ●● TEST YOURSELF 11
1 16.3 %
2 22.7 %
3 A

●● ACTIVITY
Finding the concentration of diluted vinegar
1 • Rinse out pipette with deionised water and then with commercial
vinegar. Using a safety pipette filler, transfer 25.0 cm3 of commercial
vinegar into a 1 dm3 volumetric flask.
• Add deionised water to the flask until the water is just below the line.
• Using a disposable pipette, add deionised water very slowly until the
bottom of the meniscus is on the line.
• Stopper the flask and invert to mix thoroughly.
2 Rinse out pipette with diluted vinegar solution. Using a safety pipette
filler, transfer 25.0 cm3 of diluted vinegar solution into a conical flask.
3 Colourless to purple
4 17.50 cm3
5 CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O
6 Moles = 17.50 × 0.10/1000 = 0.00175
7 Ratio 1:1 moles = 0.00175
Amount of substance

8 Moles = 0.00175 = 25.0 × conc/1000 = 0.07 mol dm−3

9 dilution factor = × 100; 0.07 × 100 = 7 × Mr = 7 × 60.0 = 420 g dm−3

●● ACTIVITY
Finding the formula of titanium oxide
1 Relights a glowing splint.
2 Mass of container and mass of container and titanium.
2

3 Powder would react faster.

4 Mass would increase due to titanium oxide forming.

4 5 Allow the container to cool before weighing and so prevent burns.
6 Repeat the experiment.
7 Pass the oxygen through a u-tube, containing a drying agent, (e.g.
anhydrous sodium sulfate) before entering the test tube.
 8 mass of oxygen = 8.0 − 4.8 = 3.2 g
3.2

ACTIVITY
moles of oxygen = = 0.20
16.0
4.8
moles of titanium = = 0.10
47.9
ratio of moles 0.10 Ti : 0.20 O 1 : 2 empirical formula is TiO2 titanium(IV)
oxide.
9 a) 47.9 × 100 = 37.5%; 47.9 × 100 = 59.9%
127.9 79.9
b) The second reaction has a higher atom economy so there is less
waste, however it does use a substantial amount of electricity.
Other useful information is the toxicity or environmental hazard of
any products.
c) 100%
d) Electrolysis – electricity is expensive.
e) It is non-toxic and safe to use in the body, corrosion resistant, strong,
low density.