4

Energetics
●● TEST YOURSELF ON PRIOR KNOWLEDGE 1
1 a) endothermic
b) exothermic
c) exothermic
2 a) exothermic
b) exothermic
c) exothermic
d) endothermic

●● TEST YOURSELF 2
1 100 kPa and a stated temperature
2 same reaction
3 1 N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → NH3(g)
2 2
4 a) Ca(s) + 1 O2(g) → CaO(s)
2
b) Na(s) + 1 Cl2(g) → NaCl(s)
2
c) H2(g) + 1 O2(g) → H2O (l)
2
1
d) C(s) + O2(g) → CO(g)
2
e) 2C(s) + 3H2(g) + 1 O2(g) → C2H5OH(l)
2
f) 4C(s) + 5H2(g) → C4H10(g)
5 a) CO(g) + 1 O2(g) → CO2(g)
2
b) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
c) CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
d) K(s) + 1 O2(g) → 1 K2O(s) 1
4 2
1
e) H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O(l)
2
f) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)

●● TEST YOURSELF 3
1 q = mc∆T
q = 120 × 4.18 × 10.1 = 5066.16 J
 per mol of methanol = 5066.16 = 298009.4 J mol−1
0.017
or −298 kJ mol−1
2 a) moles of C3H8 = 0.0136 mol
b) q = mc∆T = 100 × 4.18 × 65.0 = 27170 J
c) 27 170 = 1 997 794.118 J mol−1
0.0136
−2000 kJ mol−1 (accept −1998 kJ mol−1)
3 moles of propanone = 0.01724 mol
q = mc∆T = 150 × 4.18 × 45.5 = 28528.5 J
per mole of propanone = 1654785.393 J mol−1
−1650 kJ mol−1
4 q = mc∆T = 50 × 4.18 × 13.0 = 2717 J
per mole of water = 54340 J mol−1 = −54.3 kJ mol−1
5 q = mc∆T = 25 × 4.18 × 6.1 = 637.45 J
per mol of NaOH = 42 496.67 J mol−1
−42.5 kJ mol−1

●● TEST YOURSELF 4
1 a) −572 kJ mol−1
b) −822 kJ mol−1
c) −394 kJ mol−1
d) −788 kJ mol−1
e) −858 kJ mol−1
2 −891 kJ mol−1
4 Energetics

3 −2234 kJ mol−1

●● TEST YOURSELF 5
1 The mean bond enthalpy is a measure of the energy required to break
one mole of a covalent bond measured in kJ mol−1 averaged across many
compounds containing the bond
2 a) Shorter bond is a stronger bond (or converse).
2
b) 6472 − 8522 = −2050 kJ mol−1
3 4719 − 5990 = −1271 kJ mol−1
4 a) 4556 − 5990 = −1434 kJ mol−1
b) Mean bond enthalpy values not specific to the molecules in this
reaction.
Water not a gas in this equation.
●● ACTIVITY

ACTIVITY
Measuring and evaluating the enthalpy change for the
neutralisation of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric
acid.
1
35

30

25

Temperature (ºC) 20

15

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time (mins)

2 21.1 °C
3 21.1 °C
4 35 °C
5 35.0 − 21.1 = 13.9 °C
6 q=mc∆T
50 × 4.18 × 13.9 = 2905.1 J
7 1.0 × 25.0/1000 = 0.025 moles
8 2905.1 J for 0.025 moles
116 204 J for 1 mole = 116.204 kJ
0.1 × 100 = 0.1 × 100=0.719% (to 3 d.p.)
9
answer from Q5 13.9
10 It is possible to extrapolate with confidence because the lines go through
most of the points, no anomalies.
11 To improve reliability of results. Repeating allows for possible anomalies 3
in a single experiment to be eliminated.
12 Heat loss through the open beaker to the surroundings.
13 To provide support and additional insulation.
14 Use a pipette or burette, either is accurate to one decimal place.