1857 Rebellion, C5P53–C5P58

A
Abbasids (750–1258 CE), C1P32
Abdul Hamid II, C8P11
Abhishekananthan, Samuel, C4P83
Abraham, K. E., C10P24
Abu’l-fazl, C2P5, C2P6, C2P34, C2P36, C2P58
accommodatio, C3P11, C3P30, C3P40, C3P42, C3P49, C3P80
Acquaviva, Rudolf, C2P10, C2P12, C2P21, C2P26, C2P53, C2P64, C2P65, C2P68
The Acts of Thomas, C0P18, C1P7–C1P20, C1P57
AD 2000, C10P45
adiaphora, C3P36
adivasis, C7P10
African Americans, C9P65
Agmon, Danna, C3P61
Agmudaiyars, C3P48
Agra Mission Press, C5P50
Akbarnama, C2P19, C2P36
Alapuram, C3P51
Ali, Rahmat, C8P29
All India Christian Association, C8P39
Ambedkar, B. R., C6P27, C8P3, C8P23, C8P57, C9P29, C9P47, C9P51, C9P83
annihilating caste, C9P31–C9P32
attacked Brahminical laws of purity, C9P67
on conversion, C9P30–C9P44
convert to Buddhism, C9P44
criticized Gandhi, C9P32–C9P37
and Dalit Christian theology, C9P3
At Yeola Conference in 1935, C9P38–C9P41
American Baptist missionaries, C7P38, C7P45, C7P49, C8P66
American Evangelical Lutherans, C7P13
Anand, Javed, C1P60
Anderson, Benedict, C6P56
Anglican Church hierarchy, C6P29
Anglican missionaries, C4P7, C7P77
annihilating caste, C9P31–C9P32
anti-Christian sentiments, C5P79
anti-Christian violence, C10P42–C10P51
Kandhamal riots 2008, C10P48
murdered of Graham Staines, C10P44
anti-conversion sentiments, C9P6
Anti-Muslim rhetoric, during Covid-19 pandemic, C10P51
Ants Among Elephants (Gidla), C7P1
The Apostolic Faith, C6P48
Appavoo, J. Theophilus, C9P59–C9P61
Arasaratnam, S., C4P34
argumentative heritage, C11P3–C11P6
argumentative Protestants
and Christian education, C5P25–C5P27
and defending Hindu Dharma, C5P28–C5P35
and 1857 Rebellion, C5P53–C5P58
encounters with Jews and Parsis, C5P36–C5P42
encounters with Muslims, C5P43–C5P52
missionary rhetoric and Indian responses, C5P20–C5P58
nabobs and orientalism, C5P10–C5P12
new cultural policy, C5P10–C5P19
overview, C5P1–C5P9
pious tensions, C5P13–C5P15, C5P16–C5P19
Protestantization, C5P70–C5P78
Scotsman vs. Bengali, C5P59–C5P69
Serampore Trio, C5P20–C5P24
Arthington Aborigines mission, C7P56
Arya Mahila Sabha, C6P26
Arya Samaj, C7P84, C10P55
Asad, Talal, C5P74, C6P11
ashram, C6P54
Asia Bibi, C8P54
Asiatic Society of Bengal, C5P11
Athanasian Creed, C5P51, C6P34, C6P37
avarnas, C7P10, C9P17, C9P45
avatars (incarnations), C4P66
Ayyankali (1863–1941), C10P28
azaan (prayer), C0P2, C0P3
Azariah, V. S., C7P24–C7P27
defended mass conversions, C7P25
as Thandrigaru, C7P24
Azusa Street Revival, C10P27, C10P57

B
Badauni (Akbar’s courtier), C2P59, C2P61
Bailey, Benjamin, C1P52
Bajrang Dal, C10P44, C10P54
Baldaeus, Philippus, C4P30, C4P31
Banerjee, Krishna Mohan, C5P27
Banians, C4P38, C4P39, C4P41
baptism, C7P82
Baptist Missionary Society, C5P14, C5P20
Barbosa, Duarte, C4P13
Barelvi, Syed Ahmad, C5P47, C5P48
Basel mission, C5P50
Bauman, Chad, C10P8, C10P42
Bayly, C. A., C0P32
Bayly, Chris, C5P3, C5P4
Bayly, Susan, C3P9, C3P28, C3P82
Beale, Dorothea, C6P40
Beckert, Sven, C4P9
Belgian Capuchins, C7P77, C7P80
Benade, James, C8P41
Benade, Miriam, C8P41, C8P43
Bene Israel community, C5P36–C5P38, C5P42
Berg, George, C10P24
Bergunder, Michael, C10P11, C10P21, C10P35
Bernard, Jean-Frederic, C4P36
Beschi, Constanzo Giuseppe, C3P9, C3P49–C3P50
Bethlehem Kuravanci, C4P72
Beyond Movement, C10P45
bhadralok, C5P61
Bhagavad Gita, C5P3, C5P19
bhakti, C5P3, C6P16, C6P47, C7P66, C8P14, C10P19
devotional poems and literature, C6P14
hymns, C6P14
movements, C0P12, C7P65
tradition, C6P14
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), C10P7, C10P44
Bible, C2P40
King James, C5P35
moral and theological tenets of, C2P45
“popery,” C5P1
translated into Malayalam, C1P52
translated into Sanskrit, C0P24
translated into Tamil, C4P7, C4P78–C4P80, C4P87
trials of translation, C4P76–C4P81
Bikram, Tribhuvan Bir, C8P60
Black Americans, C9P65
Bloomer, Kristin, C3P81
Bouchet, Jean Venant, C3P62–C3P64, C4P25–C4P26, C11P4
Boxer Rebellion, C5P59
brahmacharya (celibacy), C1P15
Brahmin Christian community, C6P7
Brahmins, C1P1, C3P19, C3P57
Carey challenged, C5P21
conversion in Maharashtra, C6P12–C6P18
converted to Christianity, C6P5
Dubois views on, C3P57–C3P59
of Goa, C3P78
Kerala, conversion of, C1P22
Kulin caste, C5P62
of Madurai, C3P3, C3P30–C3P39, C3P41, C3P42
 Nambudiri, C1P22, C1P37
ritual services of, C3P26
sanyasi, C3P42
Saraswat Brahmin, C3P78
strategies of cooption and assimilation, C9P52
Brahmo Samaj, C5P75, C6P13
Breast Cloth Movement, C1P55
British, C1P58
arrival in Travancore, C1P49
reforms, C1P48–C1P56
British Evangelicals, C1P6
British Raj, C8P3, C8P8, C8P22
Buchanan, Claudius, C1P50, C5P14
Buddhism C8P67, C9P81
Ambedkar convert to, C9P44
Buddhists and Rohingya conflict, C8P67
“fulfillment theology,” C5P69
Buntain, Mark, C10P5
Burma, C8P65–C8P67

C
Carey, William, C0P24, C5P14, C5P20, C5P24, C5P28
Bengali translation of New Testament, C5F2f
challenged Brahmin devotee, C5P21
Carman, John, C9P53, C10P23
cartaz (a pass or license), C2P10
casados, C3P72
caste, C7P10–C7P12
catechists, C3P61–C3P64
Catholic Association of South India, C8P16
Catholic Church
in Asia, C2P9
in India, C3P28, C8P20
Catholic congregations, C3P80
Catholic–Hindu affinity, C3P60
Catholic Inquisition, C1P40
Catholic interactions, C0P20–C0P22
Catholicism, C2P39, C2P75, C2P76, C5P1
conversion of low-ranking fishermen to, C3P20
in Goa, C3P29
Indian, C3P47, C3P53, C3P77
introduced in south India, C3P27
and Japanese culture, C3P1
in Pondicherry, C3P65– C3P71
South Asian, C3P82
Catholic missionaries, C3P4, C3P5
 approaches in India, C3P58
Catholic–Muslim conflict, C4P22
Catholic–Protestant differences, C5P2
Catholics, C3P53–C3P60
adopt Hindu rituals, C3P54, C3P81
of Bombay, C3P70–C3P71
identity, C3P56
jurisdiction, race, and class, C3P65–C3P78
Konkani-speaking, C3P78
and nationalism, C8P16–C8P21
of Pondicherry, C3P65– C3P71
worship, C3P60
Catholic Truth Propagation League, C8P16
Catholic Truth Society, C8P16
Catholic Union of India, C8P44
CBCNEI. see Council of Baptist Churches in North East India
Ceylon Pentecostal Mission (CPM), C10P21
Chakkarai, Vengal, C6P53, C8P14
Chakravarty, Uma, C6P21
Chamars, C7P9, C7P70, C8P32
Chanda Saheb, C3P49
Chapman, Mary, C10P24
Chatterjee, Bankim Chandra, C5P65–C5P67
Chelladurai, Sam, C10P37
Cherian, K. C., C10P24
Child, Josiah, C4P44
Christian Ashram Movement, C6P53, C6P54
Christian conversions, C0P16
anti-conversion laws, C0P10, C0P42
of Brahmins, C0P25, C1P22
of Dalit and tribal experience, C0P26–C0P29
of illiterate masses, C0P33
of Japanese peasantry, C3P1
of low-ranking fishermen, C3P20
of marginal to Hindu and Muslim communities, C0P17
opposition to, C0P9
Christian education, C5P25–C5P27
Christianity, C9P81, C11P4
classical languages, influence of, C0P12
growth in Global South, C0P10
Indianizing, C0P29, C0P44, C9P46
local or regional expressions of, C0P48
Marathi vernacular, C6P9
in Nepal, C8P60–C8P62
in Sri Lanka, C8P63–C8P64
Tamil expression of, C4P70
 World Christianity, C0P6
“Christian law,” C2P46
Christian missionaries
Gandhi’s encounters with, C9P19–C9P22
Christian Missionary Activities Enquiry Committee, C8P59
Christian Patriot, C6P54
Christian pluralism, C0P40
Christians, C10P60
acts of violence against, C10P50–C10P51
in Ceylon, C4P32–C4P35
demographic shift in, C0P6
Indianness of, C8P14
in Jaffna, C4P32, C4P35
location between Hindu and Muslim, C11P2
in South Asia, C0T1t
and South Asian history, C0P30–C0P35
Christian slavery, C9P7, C9P9, C9P82
Christian universalism, C4P4
Christo Samaj, C6P53
Chuhra mass movement, C7P74–C7P79
Chuhras, C7P4, C7P68–C7P73, C8P32–C8P35, C9P10
Christian identity of, C8F4f
migrants, C8P34
Church of North India (CNI), C10P22
Church of South India (CSI), C10P22
Citizenship Amendment Bill, C10P50
Clark, Edward Winter, C7P41, C7P42
Clarke, Sathianathan, C9P57–C9P59
Clough, John, C7P13–C7P20, C7P31, C7P86, C9P12
CMS missionaries, C7P77, C7P80
Coleridge, Henry, C3P22
Communalism Combat, C1P60
communion, C7P81–C7P82
Community of St. Mary the Virgin (CSMV), C6P29–C6P30
Compagnie des Indes Orientales, C3P66
A Comparison of Krishna and Christ (Padmanji), C6P16
Cone, James, C9P65
The Confusion Called Conversion (Sunder Raj), C9P47
Congress Party, C8P6
Constitutional (SC) Order of 1950, C9P70–C9P72, C9P80
Controversial Tracts on Christianity and Mohammedanism, C0P24
conversion(s), C6P10–C6P20
Ambedkar on, C9P30–C9P44
of Brahmins in Kerala, C1P22
of Brahmins in Maharashtra, C6P12–C6P18
caste identity after, C9P74–C9P75
 of Dalits, C0P26–C0P29, C0P33
Gandhi on, C9P16–C9P29
and missionaries, C0P16
of Mukkavars, C3P79
of Paravas, C3P79
of tribes, C0P26–C0P29
Cook, Robert, C10P24
Council of Baptist Churches in North East India (CBCNEI), C7P62
Council of Islamic Ideology, C8P47
Council of Jerusalem, C1P20
Counter-Reformation, C2P8
CSMV. see Community of St. Mary the Virgin
cultural accommodation, in South Indian Catholicism
accommodation on trial, C3P30–C3P39
Catholics, C3P53–C3P60
critics of, C3P40–C3P78
jurisdiction, race, and class, C3P65–C3P78
overview, C3P1–C3P9
priests vs. catechists, C3P61–C3P64
spiritual vs. colonial conversion enterprises, C3P10–C3P29
cultural policy
nabobs and orientalism, C5P10–C5P12
pious clause, C5P13–C5P15
pious tensions, C5P16–C5P19
cultural resources of Dalits, C9P57–C9P61

D
da Costa, Baltasar, C3P42
da Gama, Vasco, C4P11
Dalit-Bahujans, C9P48. see also Dalits
identity, C9P52
Dalit Christians, C0P29, C9P4, C9P67, C9P85
affirmative action for, C9P68–C9P81
consciousness, C9P62–C9P64
dual identities, C9P53–C9P54
in Indian society, C9P83
inspired by Ambedkar, C9P67
of Kerala, C0P35
as scheduled castes, C9P70
Dalit Christian theology, C9P45–C9P67
asserting difference from Hinduism, C9P45–C9P52
cultural resources of Dalits, C9P57–C9P61
Jesus as Dalit in, C9P66
multiple identities, C9P53–C9P56
for Paraiyars, C9P57–C9P58
Dalits, C0P7, C0P16, C6P5, C6P56, C9P1–C9P85
 competing religions and, C11P10–C11P12
conversion of, C0P26–C0P29, C0P33
cultural resources of, C9P57–C9P61
Gandhi on conversion of, C9P16–C9P29
identities, C0P33, C9P10, C9P52
laborers, C9P9
Malas and Madigas, C7P24
mass conversion, C0P49, C7P10–C7P31
overview, C9P1–C9P4
servitude, C9P8
slavery, C9P8
social liberation and missionary legacy, C9P5–C9P15
transformative aspect of Christianity among, C9P10
Dalrymple, William, C5P10
Dandekar, Deepra, C6P7, C6P9, C6P16
Danish East India Company, C4P57
Danish Halle missionaries, C4P67, C4P73
Day, Lal Behari, C5P27, C5P80
De Britto, John, C3P48
de Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier, C4P24
de Goes, Benedict, C2P72
degredado, C1P39
descendentes, C3P72
de Vega, Christoval, C2P71
dharma, C3P18, C3P41, C5P29, C5P32, C10P20
dharmachakra (wheel of dharma), C0P11
Dharma Jagran Manch, C10P54, C10P56
Dharmashastras, C5P19
Dhinakaran, D. G. S., C10P37
Din-i-Ilahi (Religion of God), C2P3, C2P6, C2P19, C2P69
Diocese, Medak, C9P53
Dnyanodaya, C6P14
Dongre, Anant Shastri, C6P23
Dongre, Pandita Ramabai, C0P25, C0P26, C0P49
Dongre, Ramabai. see Ramabai, Pandita
Donohugh, Thomas S., C9P42
Doyle, Patrick, C3P75
dualism, C1P7, C1P15, C1P16
Dubois, Jean-Antoine, C3P5, C3P57–C3P60
Duff, Alexander, C0P24, C5P25, C5P37, C5P76, C5P82, C10P58, C11P10
Dundas, Henry, C5P14
Dussehra festival, C0P2, C0P3
Dutch East India Company, C4P28
Dutch missionary, C4P32
Dutch predikants (pastors), C4P31
Dutch Reformed Church, C4P29, C4P30, C4P32
Dutt, Michael Madhusudan, C5P27

E
Eastern Christians
as “Nestorian,” C1P27
of Persia, C1P4
East India Company, C3P75, C5P16, C5P32
Danish, C4P57
Dutch, C4P28
English, C3P70, C4P9, C4P38, C4P42, C4P44, C4P73, C4P81, C5P53
French, C3P66
Eaton, Richard, C7P38
Eglise de Notre Dame de l’Immaculee Conception, C3P67
Elizabeth (Queen), C4P9
Ellaiyamman, C9P57
Endo, Shusako, C3P1, C3P23
English East India Company, C4P9, C4P38, C4P42, C4P44, C4P73, C4P81
English Evangelicals, C4P58
Estado da India, C2P9, C3P20, C4P14
European encounters with Hindus and Muslims, C4P1–C4P88
early Protestants, C4P27–C4P44
imperial ambitions, C4P8–C4P26
overview, C4P1–C4P7
Prester John, finding, C4P10
Tavernier’s experience, C4P1–C4P4
Tranquebar mission, C4P45–C4P67
translatability and Tamil, C4P68–C4P84
European imperialism, C1P3, C4P7
European liberalism, C6P11
European Orientalism, C3P34
Eusebius, C1P23, C1P24
Ezhavas, C10P28

F
fakirs, C3P27
farangi kulam, C3P32
farangi(s), C3P20, C3P23, C3P32, C3P37, C3P43, C3P44, C3P63, C4P87
farman, C2P12, C2P64
Farquhar, J. N., C5P68, C5P69
Farzana Zeb al- Nissa Begum Sombre (r.1778–1836), C2P75
fatwa, C8P53
Fernandes, Goncalo, C3P43–C3P46
Ferreira, Christovao, C3P1, C3P2
Findlay, W. H., C5P76
Fischer-Tine, Harald, C5P69
Forman, Charles, C8P40
Fredrick IV (king of Denmark), C4P50
Freire, Paulo, C9P61
French Revolution, C3P57
Frykenberg, Robert, C6P21, C6P47, C7P54

G
Gandhi, M. K., C7P86, C8P1–C8P3, C8P36, C8P46, C9P3
campaigned against untouchability, C9P18
on conversion, C9P16–C9P29
dismissed Pickett’s findings, C9P24
encounters with Christian missionaries, C9P19–C9P22
Harijan Sevak Sangh, C9P17
principle of swadeshi, C8P45, C8P68
prioritization of Muslims, C8P9–C8P11
relationship with Jinnah, C8P3
Scudder with, C8F1f
talks with Jinnah, C8F2f, C8P23–C8P29
Ganesh utsav, C8P6
Gentiles, C0P34, C3P62, C4P2, C4P16, C6P22
non- Abrahamic religions as, C4P23
reinventing, C4P22–C4P26
Gerbner, Katharine, C9P6
German Pietists, C4P7, C4P66, C4P67
Ghar Wapsi (reconversion), C0P42, C7P84, C10P52–C10P56
Ghosh, Mahesh Chandra, C5P27
Gidla, Sujatha, C7P1
Gifford, Paul, C10P38
Gomes, W. H., C4P84
Gond tribes, C0P41
Goreh, Nehemiah, C5P80, C6P7, C6P17, C6P30
Goreh, Nilakantha, C5P33
Gospels, C2P42
Grant, Charles, C5P13, C5P14
Green, Nile, C5P57, C6P17
Gregory, Brad, C5P1
Grimon, Leo, C2P66
Griswold, Hervey De Witt, C7P81
Gulamgiri (Phule), C6P44
Guru, Gopal, C9P72
Gutierrez, Gustavo, C9P62

H
Hardgrave, Robert, C7P87
Harijan Sevak Sangh, C9P17
Harper, Susan Billington, C7P27
Hasan, Zoya, C9P72
Hassius, Johan Sigismund, C4P57
Hastie, William, C5P27, C5P61–C5P68, C5P80, C5P82
campaign against “Hindu idolatry,” C5P62
exchange between Bankim and, C5P65–C5P67
Hastings, Warren, C5P11
Henriques Francis, C2P12, C2P21, C2P44
The Heritage of India, C5P68
high caste conversion, C6P6
hijras, C2P30
Hinduism, C2P80, C3P82, C5P8, C5P61–C5P64, C5P75–5P76, C6P1, C9P18, C9P27
avatars in, C4P66
Brahminical, C7P4
caste in, C9P33
defending, C5P28–C5P35
European scholars of, C5P63
“fulfillment theology,” C5P69
Pentecostals oppose, C10P36
“reformation” of, C5P76
Sanskritic, C8P13
social reform, C6P13
Ziegenbalg’s criticism of, C4P6
Hindu Mahasabha, C8P6
Hindu revivalism, C8P7
Hindu(s), C5P61, C11P4
apologists, C5P28
Brahmins, C1P1, C1P22
conversion of, C3P60
dharmic order, C5P3
Dubois views on, C3P57–C3P59
early European encounters with, C4P1–C4P88
identity, C5P67
ignorance of sacred texts, C5P5
middle-class, C6P43
nationalism, C0P10, C0P42, C1P4, C1P60, C6P4, C6P51, C8P16, C8P19, C8P20, ,
C10P10
Orthodox, C6P43
participate in Catholic festivals, C3P81
of Pondicherry, C3P69, C3P71
Rath Yatras, C3P47
reform-minded, C9P18
residing on Pakistan side, C8P31
supported by Jyotirao Phule, C6P44
Tamil, C4P51, C4P79
temples in Goa, destruction of, C3P11
 of Tranquebar, C4P51, C4P56, C4P60–C4P62
upper caste elites, C0P45
worship of Shiva, C3P25
Ziegenbalg’s exchanges with, C4P66
Hindutva, C0P10, C0P11, C0P42, C8P6, C10P7, C10P59
activists, rhetoric of, C6P10
agenda in India, C10P45
and anti-Christian violence, C10P42–C10P51
movement, C0P34
Pentecostalism and, C10P10
rise of, C10P8
Hindutva: Who Is a Hindu? (Savarkar), C8P6
Holy Spirit, C6P47, C6P48, C10P12, C10P20, C10P26, C10P27, C10P31
Huntington, Samuel, C5P82
Hutton, J. H., C7P46, C7P47

I
Ibadat-khana, C2P1
identity
of Catholics, C3P56
Christian, C7P7
crises, C6P7
of Dalits, C0P33
layering of, C4P32–C4P34
regional-vernacular, C4P84
of Syrian Christians, C1P29
of Tamil Christians, C4P76
Ilaiah, Kancha, C9P48–C9P51
Ilbert Bill controversy, C5P60
Immaculate Conception, C4P66
India
Catholic newspapers in, C8P18
Catholics and nationalism, C8P16–C8P21
competing ideas of, C8P6–C8P21
Gandhi’s prioritization of Muslims, C8P9–C8P11
partition of, C8P4, C8P22–C8P44
Protestants and nationalism, C8P12–C8P15
Indian Church
growth of, C1P30
Persian Christianity, impact of, C1P25
Indian National Congress, C5P60, C8P22
Indian Ocean, C2P9
map of, C4F1f
trade and political expansion, C0P23, C4P4
trading opportunities in, C4P8
Indian Pentecostal Church (IPC), C10P21
Industrial Revolution, C5P12
Iqbal, Muhammad, C8P29
Iqbal, Tahir, C8P55
Islam, C1P32–C1P33, C4P4, C4P36, C9P81, C11P4
Christian attacks on, C5P49
“golden age” of, C1P60
introduced in south India, C3P27
religion of conquest and violence, C4P3
revivalist, C1P60
syncretic variety of, C3P29
Ziegenbalg’s criticism of, C4P6, C4P58
Islamization, C1P33, C8P47–C8P48
Israel, Hephzibah, C4P76, C4P77

J
Jaffna
Christians in, C4P32, C4P35
lower caste converts in, C4P35
Tamil Saivites, C5P35
jagir (land grant), C2P75
Jalal al-Din Muhammad Akbar (1542–1605), C0P21, C2P1
and Christianity, C2P1–C2P80
conversation with representatives of other religions, C2F1f
court painters of, C2P73
dialogues with Jesuits, C2P38–C2P61
Din-i-Ilahi, C2P3, C2P6, C2P14, C2P19, C2P69
Ibadat-khana, C2P1
imperial persona, C2P13–C2P21
introduced to moral and theological tenets of Bible, C2P45
receiveing deputation of Jesuits, C2F3f
visit to Jesuits, C2F2f
James, Jonathan, C10P38
James, William, C6P20
jatis, C3P18, C5P36, C7P11
Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), C10P50
Jesuits, C0P21, C0P32, C2P22
Akbar’s visit to, C2F2f
arrival in India, C2P8
cultural adaptation, legacy of, C3P3
dialogues with Akbar and mullahs, C2P38–C2P61
earning Akbar’s trust, C2P22–C2P37
expending influence Mughals, C2P22–C2P37
final mission to Akbar’s court (1595-1605), C2P72
Madurai mission, C3P61–C3P63
mission to Akbar’s court, C2P8–C2P80
during Mughal Empire, C2P2–C2P7
 practice of accommodatio, C3P40
Jesus Calls Ministries, C10P37
Jesus Christ, C0P40, C2P68, C2P78
Jesus the Avatar (Chakkarai), C8P14
Jesus the Dalit M C9F2 an of Sorrows (Jyoti Sahi), C9F2f
Jews, C4P37
intolerance toward, C4P44
Protestant missionary encounters with, C5P36–C5P42
toleration of, C4P44
Jeyaraj, Daniel, C4P65, C4P86
Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, C8P3, C8P39, C8P68
and Christians in Pakistan, C8P46
death of, C8P47
talks with Gandhi, C8F2f, C8P23–C8P29
John, Prester, C11P2
Jones, Arun, C7P65–C7P66, C10P20
Joseph, John, C8P53
Joshi, Anandibai, C6P45
Joshua, Gurram, C9P54–C9P56
Joshua Project, C10P45
Judaism, C4P36–C5P38, C11P4
Judeo-Christian framework, C4P38, C4P39, C4P43

K
kafala system, C1P62
Kairanawi, Maulana Rahmat Allah, C5P50–C5P52, C5P57
Kalimahs (concise Islamic creeds), C0P2
kanganies, C4P82
Kanshi Ram, C9P48
Karunanidhi, M., C4P46
Katju, Kailas Nath, C8P58
kattanars (pastors or priests), C1P50
Kent, Eliza, C7P28
Kerala, C1P6
communism, C1P59
conversion of Brahmins, C1P22
geographical access to Arab societies, C1P60
migrants to Arab states, C1P61–C1P63
Pentecostal churches in, C10P25, C1P62
Syrian Christians of, C0P5, C0P19
khadi, C8P1
Khan, Liaquat Ali, C8P46
Khan, Syed Ahmed, Sir, C5P54–C5P56
Khasi, C7P58
Kosambi, Meera, C6P21, C6P28, C6P45
Koschorke, Klaus, C0P47, C6P54
kothi (imperial mansion), C2P76
kuravanci, C4P72

L
Labbai, C4P59
La Crequiniere, C4P37
Lajja (Nasreen), C8P56
Lalitha, Jayachitra, C9P67
Leitao, Duarte, C2P69, C2P71
The Letters of Prester John, C4P10
Locke, John, C4P44
London Missionary Society, C5P14
Lord, Henry, C4P38–C4P41
Lorrain, James Herbert, C7P56
Luke, P. Y., C9P53
Luther, Martin, C5P1
Lutheran Pietist missionaries, C9P45

M
Madigas, C7P13–C7P15, C7P24, C7P87, C9P10, C9P12. see also Dalits
Madras, C1P14, C3P75, C4P43, C8P15
Catholic leaders from, C8P44
Christian voices of, C6P51–C6P55
Lutheran church in, C4P67
missionaries in, C9P11
public consciousness arising in, C6P9
Rethinking Christianity in, C6P55
madrasa, C5P51
Madras Presidency, C1P49
Mahabharata, C0P12, C8P14
mahachakra (great wheel), C0P11
Mahdi movement, C2P18
Majorals, C4P32
Malayali Pentecostals, C4P83
Mancias, Francis, C3P15
Mandal Commission, C9P68
Mani, Lata, C5P18
Mappilas, C1P33, C1P34
Maraikkayar Muslims, C4P59
Marathas, C3P70, C6P12– C6P14, C6P6
Marathi Christian, C6P14, C6P17
Maravas, C3P48
Marshman, Joshua, C5P20
Mar Thoma Syrian Church, C1P1
Martin, Francois, C3P69
Martyn, Henry, C0P24, C2P40, C5P44, C5P45, C10P58
Masih, Abdul, C5P46, C5P80
Masih, Ayub, C8P53
Masih, Manzoor, C8P52
Masih, Rehmat, C8P52
Masih, Salamat, C8P52
mass conversion, of Dalits and tribals, C0P49
among Nagas and Mizos, C7P32–C7P62
of Chamars and Chuhras in Punjab, C7P9
in Northwest India, C7P63–C7P84
overview, C7P1–C7P9
in South India, C7P10–C7P31
Matapariksha, C5P32
maths/mutts, C3P26
Max Muller, Friedrich, C6P30
Meherullah, Munshi Mohammad, C5P58
Mercurian, Everard, C2P65
Meropurbatee, C4P40
Methodist Church of South India, C10P22
Methodist missionaries, C7P65
millennial messianism, C2P38, C2P69
Mirza Muhammad Hakim, C2P17
Mishra, Ranganath, C9P77
Mishra Commission, C9P77
Mishra Report, C9P79, C9P81
Missions Etrangeres de Paris (MEP), C3P66, C3P67
Mitchell, John Murray, C5P27
Mizos, mass conversions of, C7P54–C7P62
mlecchas, C5P33
Modi, Narendra, C10P47
moksha (liberation), C1P15
Monier-Williams, Monier, C6P1–C6P4, C6P9, C6P51
Moody, Dwight, C6P47
Mosse, David, C3P51, C3P53
Mott, John R., C5P69, C9P24
Mountbatten, Lord, C8P30
Mudaliars, C4P32
Mughal–Catholic fusion, C2P73–C2P76
Mughal Empire, C2P1, C2P9, C2P73
Mughals, C0P13
Muhajirs, C8P33
“Muhammadan Controversy,” C5P49
Muhandirams, C4P32
Muir, John, C5P27, C5P32
Mukkavars, C3P15, C3P23
conversions of, C3P79
mullahs (Muslim teachers), C2P4, C2P22, C2P38, C2P41, C2P42, C2P47–C2P56, C2P64,
C2P79, C8P46
Multa Praeclare, C3P73
munazaras, C5P43, C5P44
Munro, John, C1P51–C1P53
Muslim League, C8P3, C8P6, C8P41–C8P42
demands of, C8P30
emergence of, C8P7
“two nation theory,” C8P23–C8P24
Muslims, C1P32–C1P34, C8P14, C10P60
acts of violence against, C10P50–C10P51
apologists, C5P28
beliefs and practices, C4P60
conflict with Portuguese, C3P14
criticized New Testament, C4P62
early European encounters with, C4P1–C4P88
elite society (ashraf class), C5P45
Gandhi’s prioritization of, C8P9–C8P11
ignorance of sacred texts, C5P5, C5P21
interaction with Gulf countries, C1P60
intolerance toward, C4P44
Labbai, C4P59
migrants to Malabar Coast, C1P33
munshis, C5P45, C5P51
orthodox, C2P73
Pangals of Manipur, C7P33
Paravas’ rivalry with, C3P14
of Pondicherry, C3P71
reformers, C5P47
revivalism, C1P60
Rohingya, C8P67
Salafis, C1P60
Sufi, C3P25
Tamil-speaking Maraikkayar, C4P59
in Tranquebar, C4P59–C4P65
upper caste elites, C0P45
Wahhabis, C1P60, C3P82
My Father Baliah (Satyanarayana), C7P1

N
nabobs, C5P10–C5P12
Nadars, C1P53
Nagas, of northeast India
Ao Naga Baptist Christian, C7P44
Ao Nagas, C7P39, C7P41, C7P45
Christian identity, C7P50–C7P52
 Horton’s model to, C7P38
mass conversions of, C7P40–C7P53
Sema Nagas, C7P46
Naicker, E. V. Ramaswamy, C9P51
Namboodiripad, E. M. S., C1P59
Nambudiri Brahmins, C1P22, C1P37, C1P38, C1P54
Nandi, Gopinath, C5P27
Naqshbandi Sufi Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi (1564–1624), C2P18
Nasreen, Taslima, C8P56
National Christian Council of India, C8P38
National Church, C6P53
National Commission for Minorities, C9P81
nationalism
Catholics and, C8P16–C8P21
Hindu, C0P10, C1P4, C1P60, C6P4
Protestants and, C8P12–C8P15
swadeshi, C8P69, C8P70
Navalar, Arumuga, C5P35
nawab (regional governor), C3P49
Nayaka rule, C3P41–C3P43
Nayars, C1P37, C1P38, C1P54
Nehru, Jawaharlal, C8P41–C8P42, C8P57
Nepal
Christianity in, C8P60–C8P62
democracy in, C8P61
Hindu kingdom, C8P60
New Testament, C1P1, C2P73, C6P14, C9P3
Carey’s Bengali translation of, C5F2f
Jew–Gentile distinctions of, C4P75
Muslims criticized, C4P62
notion of oru olai, C9P60
vision of Pentecost, C10P27
Ninety-five Theses (Luther), C5P1
Nirmal, Arvind, C9P62
Niyogi, Bhawani Shankar, C8P59
Niyogi Report, C8P59
Nobili, Roberto de, C0P22, C3P3, C3P9, C3P30–C3P39, C9P45, C11P4
accusers of, C3P46
critics of, C3P43
and farangi identity, C3P44
gained access to Brahminical society, C3P38
learned Tamil, C3P34
lifestyle of Brahmins, C3P44–C3P47
and Madurai Brahmins, C3P30–C3P39, C3P41
missionary project, C3P33
missionary strategy, C3P36, C3P47
 portrayed Jesus as divine guru, C3P35
strategy of cultural accommodation, C3P30
Northwest India, mass conversions in, C7P63–C7P84
Chuhra mass movement, C7P74–C7P79
sincerity, communion, and reconversion, C7P80–C7P84
urban conversions, C7P64–C7P67
Numark, Mitch, C5P36

O
Oddie, Geoffrey, C5P30, C5P31
Old Testament, C4P39, C5P35
Israelites of, C4P42
“Sara” of, C4P26
Oraon tribes, C0P41
orientalism, C5P10–C5P12
Orientalism, C4P45
Orthodox Hindus, C6P43
orthodox monotheism, C3P24
oru olai, C9P60
other backward castes (OBCs), C9P68

P
Pachuau, Joy, C7P61
Padmanji, Baba, C6P7, C6P15–C6P17
Padre, C2P60
Padroado, C3P45, C3P47, C3P73, C3P74, C3P76, C3P79, C4P30
Padroado missionaries, C3P32
Padroado Real (royal patronage), C3P10, C3P70, C4P29
paganism, C3P50, C3P80
pagan society, C3P55
Pahlavi (archaic Persian), C1P4
Paine, Thomas, C6P44
Pakistan, C8P25
blasphemy laws in, C8P45, C8P48–C8P56
Christians in, C8P46–C8P48, C8P56
postcolonial minoritization, C8P46–C8P56
Sunni religious clerics, C8P47
Pal, Krishna, C5P80
palm leaves (cadjan), C4P52
Pantaenus, C1P23, C1P24
pantaram, C3P42
paraiyar, C7P11
Paraiyars, C9P57–C9P58
Paramhansa Mandali, C6P15
paraparan, C4P79
Paravas, C3P12–C3P20, C3P23, C3P24, C3P28, C3P51
Christians, C3P39, C3P43, C3P47
conversions of, C3P79
Parham, Charles, C10P12, C10P27
Parsis, C4P38, C4P39, C4P41
Protestant missionary encounters with, C5P36–C5P42
parsopa, C1P27
partition of India, C8P4, C8P22–C8P44
Christian responses, C8P32–C8P44
Gandhi–Jinnah talks, C8F2f, C8P23–C8P29
Hindu–Muslim violence, C8P22, C8P36
Indian National Congress, C8P22
map showing, C8F3f
massive migration, C8P31
Muslim League, C8P22
Radcliffe Line, announcement of, C8P31
Pathian, C7P57
pattangattis, C3P18, C3P24
Paul, Apostle, C6P22
Paul, Kanakarayan Tiruselvam, C8P13
Pentecostalized Evangelicals, C10P42
Pentecostals/Pentecostalism, C7P60, C10P6, C10P58
address needs of poor and oppressed, C10P33
among Thomas Christians, C10P24–C10P26
appeal of, C10P21–C10P33
appeal to Dalits, C10P28–C10P29
arrival of, C10P19
attacked in India, C10P9
congregations, C10P22
definition of, C10P12
democratic and inclusive message, C10P31
early revivals and publicity, C10P13–C10P18
expansion in India, C10P3
growth in South Asia, C10P59
growth rates in India, C10F1t
and Hindutva, C10P10
Hindutva and anti-Christian violence, C10P42–C10P51
inclusive vision, C10P23, C10P27–C10P33
inroads into Mizoram, C7P60
in Kerala and in South Asia, C10P24, C10P30
legacy, C10P4
Malayali, C4P83
mapping, C10P11–C10P20
methods and beliefs of, C10P8
Nathaniel Roberts’ study of, C10P40
oppose aspects of Hinduism, C10P36
 overview, C10P1–C10P10
prosperity gospel, prevalence of, C10P38
reception of, C10P19
relationship with Hindu beliefs and practices, C10P34–C10P51
role of women in, C10P41
South Asian, C10P35
worldwide movement, C10P32
The Peoples of the United States, C6P45
Perozy, Fulgence, C3P75
Persian Christians, C0P18–C0P19, C1P26
hierarchy, C1P31
orthodoxy of, C1P27
peshwas, C6P13
Pfander, Karl Gottlieb, C2P40, C5P49–C5P52
Phule, Jyotirao, C6P44, C9P51
Picart, Bernard, C4P36, C4P37
Pickett, J. Waskom, C9P22–C9P24, C9P42
Pietism, C4P50
Pietist Christianity, C4P70
Pillai, Arumuga, C5P35
Pillai, Vedanayagam, C4P67
Pinheiro, Emmanuel, C2P72
pious clause, C5P13–C5P15
Plutschau, Heinrich, C4P50
polycentrism, C0P47
Pondicherry, C3P65– C3P71
Pondicherry mission, C3P57
Poona Pact, C9P29
popish rituals, C5P2, C5P23
Popley, Herbert Arthur, C7P25
Portuguese, C1P58
arrival on India, C1P39, C4F3f
conflict with seafaring Muslims, C3P14
hostility towards local religions, C4P12, C4P14
meet Mughals, C2P8–C2P12
relationship with local population, C1P40
views on Islam, C11P5
Portuguese Catholics, C1P6
postcolonial minoritization, C8P45–C8P67
India and Nepal, C8P57–C8P62
Pakistan and Bangladesh, C8P46–C8P56
Sri Lanka and Burma, C8P63–C8P67
Powell, Avril, C5P44
Prarthana Samaj, C6P13, C6P15
Presbyterian Church of India, C7P62
Presbyterian missionaries, C7P65
Propaganda, C3P74, C3P76
Propaganda Fide, C3P67, C3P70, C3P74
Prophet Muhammad, C1P32, C2P4, C2P16–C2P18, C2P38, C2P40, C2P54–C4P58, C8P53
Protestant Christianity, C4P81
Protestant English settlement, C4P44
Protestant indentured servants, C4P82–C4P84
Protestantism, C2P40, C4P29, C4P42, C5P34, C5P70–C5P78, C5P81
Protestant missionaries, C0P32, C3P4, C3P5, C3P56–C3P57, C5P4, C10P36, C11P6
anti-Muslim bias, C8P37
approaches in India, C3P58
in British India, C9P8–C9P13
converts and establishing churches, C9P12
and India’s argumentative tradition, C5P4
in South Asia, C5P5
vision in response to, C5P47
Protestant Orientalism, C4P85, C4P86
Protestant Reformation, C5P1, C5P81, C6P17
Protestants
in Atlantic world, C9P6
and education, C4P31
elites, C8P13
Indians, C1P5
interactions, C0P23–C0P25
Protestants, early, C4P27–C4P44
Dutch, C4P27–C4P37
English, C4P38–C4P44
Protestant supremacy, C9P6, C9P7, C9P82
Pulayas, C9P25, C10P28
Punjab
Capuchins arrival in, C7P77
Chamars and Chuhras, C7P68–C7P73
growing Christian numbers in, C7P83
jatis of, C7P70
low-ranking groups in, C7P69
puranikas, C6P23, C6P44
purdah, C7P28

Q
Qaid-i-Azam, C8P23
Qur’an, C2P4, C2P38, C2P40, C2P42, C2P73, C4P61, C5P6, C5P75
idjtihad, C5P3
ignorance about, C5P21
teachings of, C5P48
unitary identity, C4P3
validity of, C5P50
R
Radcliffe, Cyril, C8P30
Radcliffe Line, C8P31
Rajagopalachari, C., C9P83
Ramabai, Pandita, C5P80, C6P7, C6P8, C6P18, C6P21–C6P50, C6P56
and American Christianity, C6P46–C6P47
and Athanasian Creed, C6P34
in Calcutta, C6P24
at Community of St. Mary the Virgin, C6P30
conversion of, C6P28, C6P45
criticized Sri Ramakrishna (saint), C6P41
critique of Hindu family, C6P27
early life and family of, C6P23
with gifted daughter Manoramabai, C6F1f
“goddess of learning,” C6P25
life of, C6P22
move to Cheltenham, C6P40
Mukti mission, C6P48, C10P20
Ramabai Association, C6P46
received titles “Pandita” and “Sarasvati,” C6P24
and Sister Geraldine, C6P31–C6P36
during stay at Wantage, C6P31
Ramayana, C0P2, C0P12, C5P3, C7P73, C8P14
Ram Leela, C0P2
Ramnad, C3P48, C3P52
Rao, Chilkuri Vasantha, C10P23
Rath Yatras (chariot processions), C3P47
Rauschenbusch, Walter, C7P31
Rauschenbusch-Clough, Emma, C7P31
Raychaudhuri, Tapan, C5P67
Reconquista, C1P40, C4P16
reinois, C3P72
The Religious Life of India, C5P68
The Religious Quest of India, C5P68
Rethinking Christianity, C6P55, C6P56, C8P15
Rhenius, C. T. E., C4P77
Ricci, Matteo, C3P46
rice Christians, C7P19–C7P23
rice conversion, C6P5, C7P47
Rights of Man (Paine), C6P44
Robbins, Joel, C7P7
Roberts, Nathaniel, C6P11, C10P40
Rodrigues, Sebastian, C3P1
Rogerius, Abraham, C0P23
Rohingya Muslims, C8P67
Roy, Arundhati, C7P1
Roy, Rammohan, C5P19, C5P26, C5P31
Rushdie, Salman, C8P53, C8P56
Ruthnaswamy, M., C8P44
Ryrie, Alec, C5P1

S
Sabat, Nathaniel, C5P45
Sabatean Proofs of the Truth of Islamism and the Falsehood of Christianity, C5P46
The Sacred Books of the East (Max Muller), C6P30
sadhus, C3P27
Sahi, Jyoti, C9F1f
Sahoo, Sarbeswar, C10P41
Salaam, Qari Muhammad, C8P54
Salafis, C1P60
samasthanams, C3P26
Sangh Parivar, C0P10, C10P7, C10P50
Sanneh, Lamin, C0P37, C0P40, C0P45, C7P45
Sanskrit, C6P1–C6P3
Bible translated into, C0P24
Monier-Williams’ views about, C6P2
Sanskritization, C6P1–C6P4
Sanskritizing Christianity, C6P56
Santal tribes, C0P41
Santiyakappar festival, C3P51
sanyasis, C3P33, C3P42, C3P49
Sarasvati, Dayananda, C7P84
Saraswati, Laxmanananda, C10P49
Sastri, Vedanayagam, C4P7, C4P71–C4P76, C4P80, C4P87
Satanic Verses (Rushdie), C8P53, C8P56
sati, C2P27, C5P9, C5P15, C5P17–C5P19, C5P19, C10P20
Satyanarayana, Y. B., C7P1
Saunders, Kenneth, C5P68
Savarkar, Vinayak Damodar, C8P6
savarnas, C9P17
Savidge, Frederick William, C7P56
Sawarkar, Dinkar Shankar, C6P17
scheduled castes (SC), C9P4, C9P68–C9P70, C9P74. see also Dalits
Schultze, Benjamin, C4P67
Schwartz, Christian Friedrich, C4P67, C4P72, C4P84
Scottish Enlightenment, C11P10
Scottish missionaries, C5P71
Scudder, Ida, C8F1f, C8P1, C8P2
Second Great Awakening, C5P13
Sen, Amartya, C5P3, C5P43
Sen, Keshab Chandra, C6P24
Serampore Trio, C5P20–C5P24
Seymour, James, C10P27
shahid (faith), C1P33
Shah Jahan, C4P1, C5P9
Shaiva Orthodox, C5P34
Shaiva Siddhanta, C5P34
Shanars, C1P53–C1P54, C9P10
Sherinian, Zoe, C9P59
sheristadar, C5P54
shraddha, C5P62
shuddhi, C7P84, C10P55, C10P56
shuddhi kalashakriya, C10P53
Sikhism, C9P81
Sikhs
conversion of, C7P67
Kabirpanthi and Mazhabi communities, C7P67
residing on Pakistan side, C8P31
Silence (Endo), C3P1, C3P2
Singh, Brijraj, C4P86
Singh, Dara, C10P44
Singh, Sadhu Sundar, C6P53, C8P15
Singha, S. P., C8P39
SIUC. see South Indian United Church
Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), C4P73
sola scriptura, C5P6
South Asia
Christianity roots in, C0P15
Christian populations in, C0T1t
decolonization in, C8P45
definition, C0P8
European expansion in, C4P9
European involvement in, C4P5
history of, Christians and, C0P30–C0P35
and World Christianity, C0P36–C0P49
South Asia Christians, C0P5, C11P13–C11P16
locating, C0S1
population of, C0T1t
transnational religion, C11P13
South Asian Pentecostalism, C10P21, C10P57
South India, mass conversion Dalits in, C7P10–C7P31
caste and untouchability, C7P10–C7P12
indigenous preachers with villagers in Medapalli, C7F1f
motives and outcomes, C7P13–C7P18
rice Christians, C7P19–C7P23
Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah and, C7P24–C7P27
women and mass converts, C7P28–C7P31
South Indian United Church (SIUC), C10P22
“spirit-possessed” pagans, C4P25
Sri Lanka
Christianity in, C8P63–C8P64
National Christian Evangelical Alliance, C8P64
Tamil–Sinhala division, C8P64
St. Thomas, C3P27, C3P28
Staines, Graham, C10P44
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, C4P11, C4P37
Sufi Muslims, C3P25
Sufi pirs, C3P25, C3P27, C3P29, C3P47, C4P59
Sunder Raj, Ebenezer, C9P47
Sunni. see also Muslims
ashraf class, C5P57
merchants, C4P59
swadeshi, C8P1, C8P2, C8P6, C8P45, C8P68, C9P16
limitations of, C8P68
nationalism, C8P69, C8P70
religion, C11P14
Swami Vivekananda, C6P41
syncretism, C3P53
Syrian Catholics (Pazhayakur), C10P26
Syrian Christians, C1P1–C1P63, C6P5, C9P45
The Acts of Thomas, C1P7–C1P20
adopted Brahminical customs, C1P35
and British reforms, C1P48–C1P56
communities, C0P5
and co-participation, C0P31
Discriminatory practices of, C10P28
high caste status, C1P36
identity of, C1P29
Indianness of, C1P4
of Kerala, C0P5, C0P35
origin of arrival of Europeans, C1P3
Pentecostalism among, C10P24–C10P26
and Persian Christianity, C0P18–C0P19, C1P21–C1P31
ties to West Asia, C0P30
westernization, C1P41–C1P56

T
Tablighi Jamaat, C10P51
Tamil Bible, C4P76, C4P80
Tamil Christians, C4P68–C4P84, C9P59
diaspora, C4P88
identity, C4P76
made inroads into lives of laborers, C4P83
poet, C4P67, C4P71–C4P75
 regional-vernacular identities, C4P84
social distinctions by, C4P75
of Tanjore and Tranquebar, C4P72
Tamil Hindus, C4P79
Tamil laborers, C4P82
Tamil Protestants, C4P79
Tariqah-i-Muhammadiyah, C5P47, C5P75
tat tvam asi, C1P15
Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste, C4P1–C4P4
Telugu Christian community, C9P53
tevan, C4P79
Thoburn, James, C6P47
Thomas, Shine, C10P1–C10P3, C10P5, C10P25
Thomas, Sonja, C8P69
Thomas, V. V., C10P28, C10P29
Thomas Christians. see Syrian Christians
Thomas of Cana, C1P28, C1P29
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar, C8P6
Tilak, Narayan Vaman, C6P7, C6P14, C6P17
Tipu Sultan, C3P57
tittys, C3P60
tombs of Catholic saints, C3P28
Tranquebar, C4P6, C4P45–C4P67
Hindus of, C4P51, C4P56, C4P60–C4P62
Muslims in, C4P59–C4P65
New Jerusalem Church in, C4P60
Tamil Christiansof, C4P72
Tranquebar mission, C0P23, C4P45–C4P67
tsungrem, C7P42, C7P57
Tuhfat al-Mujahidin, C4P21
Tukaram (1608–50), C6P14
twashta kasar caste, C6P15
“two nation theory,” C8P23–C8P24

U
ulama (religious scholars), C2P20, C5P44, C5P46
Ummayads (661–750 CE), C1P32
Underwood, G. W., C4P84
United Christian Forum for Human Rights, C10P45
untouchability, C0P7, C7P2, C7P10–C7P12, C9P31
Gandhi campaigned against, C9P18
upper caste conversion, to Protestantism
Baba Padmanji, C6P15–C6P17
conversion of Brahmin in Maharashtra, C6P12–C6P15
Narayan Vaman Tilak, C6P14
overview, C6P1–C6P9
 Pandita Ramabai, C6P18, C6P21–C6P50
Viswanathan’son, C6P18–C6P19
urban conversions, C7P64–C7P67

V
Valignano, Alessandro, C3P46
van Dale, Anthony, C4P24
van Linschoten, Jan Huygen, C4P27
Varkey, C. J., C8P44
varnas, C7P10, C7P11, C9P31
varnashrama dharma, C9P31
Vatican Council (1962– 5), C10P26
Vedas, C6P2, C7P84
Velho, Alvaro, C4P11
Verenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC), C4P28
Verghese, T. M., C10P24
Virgin Mary, C1P56, C2P10, C2P41, C2P74, C3P47, C3P51, C3P81, C4F2f
Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), C10P49, C10P53
Viswanath, Rupa, C9P14–C9P15
Viswanathan, Gauri, C6P18–C6P19
vyakaran, C5P21

W
Wahhabis, C1P60
Walls, Andrew, C0P38, C0P40, C5P82, C6P22, C10P19
Walter, H. A., C5P68
Ward, William, C5P20
Weber, Max, C5P71
Wesleyan Methodists, C5P14, C6P55
Why I Am Not a Hindu (Ilaiah), C9P48
Wilberforce, William, C5P14
Wilson, John, C0P24, C5P27, C5P37, C5P39–C5P42, C5P78, C10P58, C11P10
World Christianity, C0P6, C6P56, C10P8, C11P7–C11P9
paradigm, C0P38–C0P42
paradigm, critics of, C0P43–C0P49
South Asia and, C0P36–C0P49

X
Xavier, Francis, C2P72, C3P9, C3P15f, C7P86, C11P4, C11P5
converted Parava caste leaders, C3P24
early months in Goa, C3P12
involvement with Paravas, C3P15–C3P20
objects of devotion, C3P27
observations about Hindus of south India, C3P19
 relations with Portuguese authorities, C3P22
shrine to, C3F2f
Xavier, Jerome, C2P72

Y
Yardi, Appaji Bapuji, C6P17
Yohannan, K. P., C10P37

Z
Zenana missions, C7P28
Zend Avesta, C5P40
Ziegenbalg, Bartholomaeus, C0P23, C2P40, C4P6, C4P7, C4P46–C4P67, C4P84, C5P24,
C10P58
condescension and rudeness toward Muslims, C4P63–C4P64
criticisms of Islam, C4P58
exchanges with Hindus, C4P66
New Jerusalem Church in Tranquebar, C4P60
and Protestant Orientalism, C4P86
relationship with Danish authorities, C4P57
and religiosity of Tamil Hindus, C4P51
south Indian caste practices, C4P49
study of south Indian society, C4P47
study of Tamil language, C4P46
Tamil people, views on, C4P54–C4P56
Zoroastrianism, C1P16, C5P40
Zupanov, Ines, C3P20, C3P45