CORDILLERA CAREER DEVELOPMENT

Click or tap here to enter text.

COLLEGE
Buyagan, Poblacion, La Trinidad Benguet

LEARNING MODULE IN
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION 2
for remote teaching and learning use
only.

PREPARED BY:
VENUS P. KITENG
DINA P. AMDOS

DECEMBER 2020
 INTRODUCTION

In today’s multicultural world, we need to be trained not only in

one skill but in many others to including listening, speaking,
reading, and writing. In order to be equipped with these skills,
the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) revised the general
education curriculum and one of the core courses required is
Purposive Communication which aims to develop students’
communicative competence in various purposes, and across
professions.

In this course, you will be exposed to a wide plethora of activities

that will help sharpen your skills in creative and critical thinking,
logical reasoning, problem solving, and decision making. Your
writing and presentation of academic papers with the use of
appropriate tone, style, conventions, and reference styles will
also given importance in this course.

This module is divided into four chapters. The first chapter

introduces speaking in public. This chapter will prepare you in
delivering speeches from outlining to developing supporting
materials. The second chapter delves deeper into writing for
academic purposes which includes the different types of essays.
The third chapter concentrates on writing for work purposes. It
aims to prepare you land job offerings in the future. The fourth
chapter will hone your ability in debate and argumentation. All in
all, this course promotes proficiency in communicating in various
purposes.

Enjoy learning!
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The need to transition to flexible learning as the new normal mode of

Education inspired the authors to prepare this learning module. They
wish to express their gratitude to Cordillera Career Development
College for the opportunity in this endeavor.

The authors are also expressing their thanks to the librarians, Mrs.
Vilma Mondero and Ms. Thelma Amayag for providing reference
materials in the realization of this task. In addition, they are very
grateful to their colleagues, for the spirit of friendship and unity
during the pressuring times, and also for their inputs in the realization
of this learning material. Lastly, they appreciate the eagerness of
their learners to learn.

Special thanks and forever gratefulness is offered to their family and

dear friends for their love, support and understanding during this
endeavor.

-vpkiteng
-dpamdos
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 SPEAKING IN PUBLIC

Lesson 1. Overview of Public speaking . . . . 3

Lesson 2. Types of Speech . . . . . 6

Lesson 3: Writing the speech . . . . . 8

Lesson 4: Speech Delivery . . . . . 16

Lesson 5: Designing Effective Presentation Materials . 27

Chapter 2 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Lesson 1. Writing a Narrative essay/report . . . 34

Lesson 2. Writing a descriptive essay . . . 38

Lesson 3. Writing an informative essay . . . 40

Lesson 4. Writing a persuasive essay . . . . 42

Lesson 5. Research-based Argumentative essay . . 47

Chapter 3: WRITING FOR WORK PURPOSES

Lesson 1. Business Letters . . . . . 57

Lesson 2. Writing business emails and memorandum . 67

Lesson 3. Resume and Application letter writing . . 76

Lesson 4. The Job Interview . . . . . 82

Chapter 4: DEBATE

Lesson 1: Debate History and the types of debate . . 91

Lesson 2: Skills needed in debate . . . . 97

Lesson 3: Dress and Appearance . . . . 100

Lesson 4: Logical fallacies in debate . . . . 100

References . . . . . . 105
 Speaking in pUBLiC
Welcome to
Chapter 1 of
“You can speak well
if your message Purposive
delivers the message Communication 1b.
of your heart.” In this chapter, we
-John Ford are going learn
about public
speaking, its
elements, and how
we are going to
speak in public.

Public speaking is a type of oral communication that is

viewed as a form of ART because it involves styles and techniques
in facing a group of people known as audience. This speech delivery
has for its purpose different objectives such as to inform, to
entertain, to persuade or to instruct based on the call of the specific
communication
context.

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

A. familiarize with the meaning and elements of public speaking;

B. appreciate the significance of understanding the value of

communication for various purposes; and

C. deliver speeches in public.

1
Before you proceed to Lesson 1, let’s have a review of Purposive
Communication 1a. What are the principles of effective communication
and principles of oral communication? You have to set and focus your
mind of the succeeding lessons.

Fill the table below.

Principles of Effective Oral Communication

The 7 C’s of Effective Written Communication

C-

C-

C-

C-

C-

C-

C-

2
 HiSTORY Of
pUBLiC Speaking

Even in today’s world of computerization and robotics, the old-

fashioned business of public speaking is a booming thing. Almost on a
weekly or a monthly basis, conferences, conventions, seminar-workshops
whether international or national in nature are being held. Lectures and
speeches of all sorts abound such prestigious gatherings. Public speaking
proves its intrinsic value not only in the workplace but also in the civic and
social life of people. “Real people” use speechmaking skills in everyday
situations.
We have the best cultural and historical tools for speechmaking
today- computers, internet, etc. that’s why we are so fortunate because of
the presence of such materials.
Public speaking is attached to the word rhetoric- which means to
influence people through speech. This word is said to have originated from
the public speaking found in the market place or agora of democratic
Athens, Greece and in the Senate of Republican Rome. However, the
practice of rhetoric in some form is found universally in the various
cultures of the world.
In Asia. Ancient Asia, in its pre-modern and early modern periods, also
produced rhetorics. They are seemingly intriguing and challenging if
viewed from the late modern and postmodern perspective. Rhetorics of
Imperial China were strongly influenced by the atmosphere of the royal
court. Here, an effective speaker might be the person known for wisdom
who was always able to speak with wisdom and profundity. Sometimes, it
has to be vague so as not to insult or alarm members of the royal
household.
Chinese scholars did not produce works on how to persuade very
large audiences of the general public since they assume that the common
mass of people lacked wisdom. Nevertheless, Chinese wise main laid out
how to gain personal wisdom and how to make others desire knowledge
either through conversation with one person or in speech before an elite
group. The classical works of Confucius like his Analects, of Lao-tze and
many others just simply give wise advice to rulers, subjects, teachers,
courtiers, and students concerning how to gain understanding and how to
help others learn the correct way of living and thinking.
Just like Ptah-hotep, silence was an important tool in Chinese
rhetoric because self-assertion by an advocate might imply that the
Emperor or other leaders lacked intelligence or did not deserve absolute

3
obedience. The main focus was on how to make wisdom prevail so that
order and harmony could be maintained. Persuasion came less from
arguments addressed to specific points of dispute. Persuasion came more
from a program of indoctrination in which advocates repeatedly cited
generally accepted and recognized principles of society and life. Narrative
stories were also valued as ways to reveal the mind of the wise person.
The overall content and context of traditional Chinese rhetoric was
Confucianism’s emphasis on civility, duty, loyalty to others, self-restraint,
and respect for the norms of society. It also capitalizes on the doctrines of
jen, yi, the, and li.
There are certain principles of ancient Chinese rhetoric that are
observed to operate in the rhetorics of Japan and India. Japan’s cohesive
society produced a rhetorical style of speaking around a topic. This allows
the audience to make their own inferences, until harmony is attained. The
advocates usually relied less on explicit assertion of an argument and
more on the intuitive ability of the audience to recognize what was really
intended. Speakers have the propensity to hold back from revealing their
emotions. Ritual statements, metaphorical comparisons, and allegorical
folktales often comprised the whole body of the speech.
On the other hand, wisdom books in ancient India seem to follow
the Chinese and Japanese model. They tended to focus on the speaker’s
invocation of cultural truths while seeking to attain harmony and
consensus. The main goal of the men of wisdom was to gain true and
inner liberation from the worldly goods and desires. The main objective
was to gain knowledge of the absolute truths through silent meditation
and repetition of ritual phrases. Truthful speech was thought to be that
which revealed aspects of the greater cosmic, ontic, and social order of
things.
Indians’ way of speaking flows from their own philosophy. They
believe that an expression of sincere truth could be recognized by its
humble, non-assertive character as well as by its direct attention to
instituting social harmony. Epics and folktales emphasized how untrue
speech where the speaker’s mind and tongue were divided could be
recognized by the gods. It was also believed that forked speech could
bring about ill fortune and bad omen for the speaker.

4
Draw the timeline of the history of public speaking. Include keywords of
events/ideas in each of the time.

Write a brief summary here:

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

5
 TYpeS Of SpeeCH

There are three major speech types: according to purpose,

according to occasion, and according to manner of delivery.

1. According to Purpose

a. Informative- this serves to provide interesting and useful information

to your audience like your teacher talking about earthquakes or a
fellow student preserving his research.

b. Demonstrative- this serves to instruct/teach an audience on how to

do something step by step

c. Persuasive- works to convince people to change the way they think or

do something, or start doing something that they are not currently
doing.

d. Entertainment – aims to provide pleasure and enjoyment that make

the audience laugh or identify with anecdotal information

2. Special-Occasion Speeches

a. The Speech of Welcome– this expresses the greeting on behalf of the

organization, identifies the purpose of the occasion or the visit, and
relates interests and aims of welcoming the guests

b. Speech of Introduction– this acquaints the audience with the

upcoming speaker, promotes the purposes of the speaker, and avoids the
temptations to talk too long or to undermine the speaker you are
introducing

c. Speech of Nomination- this gives the information about the position

for which you are nominating the individual, shows your nominee is
especially fit for the position, and helps the listeners visualize the
successes that your candidate will bring to the group when he/she is
chosen

d. Speech to Present Gift or Award– this gives fair but not excessive
tribute to the recipient of the award or gift

e. Speech of Tribute (Eulogy)- this allows us to pay special honor to

significant people, living or deceased; it requires true eloquence of spirit

3. According to Manner of Delivery

a. Impromptu- is a speech that has no advanced planning or practice

This is delivered “on the spur of the moment” and this depends solely on

6
your ability to speak in an instant. It’s sometimes called “thinking on your
feet”.

b. Extemporaneous- involves the speaker’s use of notes and some

embellishment to deliver a speech and time is given for the speaker to
prepare

c. Manuscript- speaker reads every word from a pre-written speech

which may seem easy enough

d. Memorized- speech that is fully written out like the speech that is
read from the manuscript, and fully memorized

Instruction: Read the speeches uploaded in the LMS whose titles are
written below, and identify the type of speech according to its purpose.
Write your answer on the space provided.

Summary Type of Speech

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Title of Speeches:

1. The Challenges of our Times by J. Sanchez

2. The Role of Law in Building a Moral Society by C. Sin

3. America and Asia by A. Stevenson

4. Dinner Speech by F. Marcos

5. Gettysburg Address by A. Lincoln

7
 WRiTing a SpeeCH
This lesson will be discussed online. Please listen to the discussion
and write the concepts that you will learn from it. Use the space below.

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

8
 Since graphic organizers are important in organizing your speech,
we have included here a copy of the graphic organizers that are very
helpful in organizing thoughts, although some may already have been
presented in the video lecture.

Graphic Organizers

Graphic organizers or visual organizers are used in the business

presentations. The following are examples of graphic organizers which are
helpful in business presentations.

A Descriptive or Thematic Map

works well for mapping generic
information, and particularly well for
mapping hierarchical relationships.

Organizing a hierarchical set of information,

reflecting superordinate or subordinate
elements, is made easier by constructing a
Network Tree.

When the information relating to a main

idea or theme does not fit into a
hierarchy, a Spider Map can help with
organization.

9
 When information contains
cause and effect problems and
solutions, a Problem and
Solution Map can be useful for
organizing.

A Problem-Solution Outline
helps students to compare
different solutions to a problem.

A Sequential Episodic Map is useful

for mapping cause and effect.

When cause-effect
relationships are complex
and non-redundant a
Fishbone Map may be
particularly useful.

10
A Continuum Scale is effective for
organizing information along a
dimension such as less to more,
low to high, and few to many.

A Comparative and Contrastive

Map can help students to compare
and contrast two concepts according
to their features.

A Series of Events Chain can help

students organize information
according to various steps or stages.

A Cycle Map is useful for organizing

information that is circular or cyclical, with no
absolute beginning or ending.

A Human Interaction Outline is

effective for organizing events in
terms of a chain of action and reaction
(especially useful in social sciences
and humanities).

11
 Sample Speech
Sample Introduction
Should all hospitals use electronic health records?
All hospitals should use electronic health records (EHRs). As new
legislation and advances in technology have led many hospitals
and clinics away from paper records, the debate between the two
still lingers. Some doctors cling to paper records out of habit or
personal preference, and there are often concerns about the
security of information and protecting patient privacy. But, as
Americans become more transient and medical professionals more
interconnected, the fact that electronic records can be shared easily
between hospitals is becoming more and more important. EHRs also have
a physical lasting power that is unmatched by paper records. There are
legitimate concerns about the security of electronic records, but
the benefits outweigh the risks. Thus, even though EHRs pose some
security risks, every hospital should use them because they are
permanent and they can be shared easily between hospitals.
• Topic Sentence
• Background
• Main ideas
• Counterpoint
• Thesis

The Body
As the “meat” of the paper, the body is where the main ideas are
developed, sources are brought in to support them, and the overall
argument is made. Each paragraph within the body should revolve around
one major idea and follow the basic guidelines of a paragraph, i.e., topic
sentence, idea, support, wrap-up. Outlining is key to writing the paper’s
body. With a proper outline, you’ll know how many paragraphs (or ideas)
you want to present, what order you want to present them, and what you
want to say in them.
Using the sample outline we created earlier, you can easily see how
this paper’s three body paragraphs would be structured, what ideas they
will each talk about, and what support will be needed. Notice that each
idea/paragraph within the body is supported by evidence. Much of your
writing in HCI will demand that you support it with source evidence, so
the body is where you would quote, paraphrase, summarize, or present

12
data/information from credible texts.
Sample Body Outline
Body Paragraph 1: EHRs are permanent
• Idea: Electronic health records should be used because they are
permanent.
Support: Use example from Smith to support this

Body Paragraph 2: EHRs can be shared between hospitals

• Idea: Electronic health records should be used because they can be
shared between hospitals/organizations easily.
Support: Use example from lecture notes in module X to support this

Body Paragraph 3: EHRs pose security risks

• Idea: Electronic health records can be hacked and have cyber security
issues.
• Support: Use example from article X to show this

Conclusions
Conclusions wrap-up or tie together everything that’s been said
and give you a final chance to lay out your main ideas before the reader.
Your conclusion should restate your main ideas/thesis, address any
opposing views, and point to future directions for research or for your
topic. You can think of the conclusion paragraph as a mirror or inverse of
the introduction. Just as the introduction presents the topic, main idea,
and supporting points to the reader, so does the conclusion bring all of
those back together to wrap things up neatly and make one final push for
persuasion.

Sample Conclusion
Should all hospitals use electronic health records?

Having looked at the benefits and limited drawback of EHRs, it is

abundantly clear that full adoption by hospitals would be the most
effective route. Concerns about hacks, lost data, and other
information security issues, though legitimate, are not supported
by the reality of EHR use. While these security issues exist, their
impact and rate of occurrence is not high enough for real concern
and the positives of EHR use overshadow them. On the other hand,
the advantages of being able to easily transfer information between

13
hospitals or providers, and the fact that this information has a permanent
place of storage, make EHRs absolutely necessary. The future of
healthcare will rest upon the ability of providers and patients to adapt and
adjust to the advantages of technology, so in order to better fulfill the
needs of patients, hospitals need to get on board and fully adopt
electronic records.

· Topic Sentence
· Wrap-up
· Restate Main ideas
· Point to the future

Before writing your own speech, I would like you to make a simple
diagram containing the steps in writing a speech. Draw it below.

14
You will be writing your own speech. You may choose the type of speech
according to purpose that you wish to write about-whether you choose
informative, persuasive, demonstrative, or entertainment is up to you.
You may also choose your own topic appropriate for the purpose you have
picked. When writing your speech, remember the ways and steps that we
discussed. First, write the outline of your speech, including the key points
or topic sentences. These will serve as your guide in expanding your ideas.
An outline is provided below to guide you. Please see Course Guide for
further instruction/s. You may use separate sheet if necessary.

Title of your speech:

_____________________________________________
Purpose of your speech:
_____________________________________________
Introduction:
Technique/ way on how to grab attention:
______________________________________________________
Preview statement:
______________________________________________________
Body:
Organizational pattern to use in speech:
___________________________________________
Main Point 1:
______________________________________________________
Main Point 2:
______________________________________________________
Main Point 3:
______________________________________________________
Conclusion:
Signal/key phrase to use/technique to use:
_________________________________________
Ending Statement:
______________________________________________________

15
 SpeeCH DeLiVeRY
Speech delivery refers to the presentation of
the speech you have researched, organized,
outlined, and practiced. Delivery is
important, of course, because it is what
is most immediate to the audience. You
can communicate your confidence and
preparedness to your audience.
Effective delivery shows your audience
that you have researched your topic and
understand what you are speaking about. An
effective delivery allows you to pull it all together—to showcase your work
and to speak with confidence during your delivery.

Elements of Speech Delivery

1. Voice and articulation

Human voice is important in any speech situation. The substance
and weight of one’s knowledge are best presented through a pleasing and
audible voice. However, the volume of the voice is dependent on the
following considerations: the size and proximity of the audience (listeners),
the size and acoustic of the venue and the material (topic) to be
presented. The pitch of the voice should also be considered when
speaking particularly on its softness and loudness. The correct breathing
and pronunciation of the words would make the delivery more
comprehensible.

2. Diction
Diction is often mistaken as pronunciation only, but it also concerns
good choice of words, correct language structure, acceptable
pronunciation, fluency and proficiency of the language.

3. Tone
Tone refers to the mood or feeling the speaker creates. Sometimes
the tone is set by the occasion. Remember: You set the tone for your
speech long before you begin speaking—in fact, the tone can be set as
soon as the audience sees you. Your tone should be related to the topic of
your speech. Although your tone will run throughout your speech, it can
vary as you proceed.

16
Read the following poem to practice voice modulation and articulation,
and proper diction and tone.
Dearest creature in creation,
Study English pronunciation.
I will teach you in my verse
Sounds like corpse, corps, horse,
and worse.
I will keep you, Suzy, busy,
Make your head with heat grow
dizzy.
Tear in eye, your dress will tear.
So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.
Just compare heart, beard, and
heard,
Dies and diet, lord and word,
Sword and sward, retain and
Britain.
(Mind the latter, how it's written.)
Now I surely will not plague you
With such words as plaque and
ague.
But be careful how you speak:
Say break and steak, but bleak
and streak;
Cloven, oven, how and low,
Script, receipt, show, poem, and
toe.
Hear me say, devoid of trickery,
Daughter, laughter, and
Terpsichore,
Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,
Exiles, similes, and reviles;
Scholar, vicar, and cigar,
Solar, mica, war and far;
One, anemone, Balmoral,
Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;
Gertrude, German, wind and
mind,
Scene, Melpomene, mankind.
17
Billet does not rhyme with ballet,
Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.
Blood and flood are not like food,
Nor is mould like should and
would.
Viscous, viscount, load and broad,
Toward, to forward, to reward.
And your pronunciation's OK
When you correctly say croquet,
Rounded, wounded, grieve and
sieve,
Friend and fiend, alive and live.
Ivy, privy, famous; clamour
And enamour rhymes with
hammer.
River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,
Doll and roll and some and home.
Stranger does not rhyme with
anger,
Neither does devour with
clangour.
Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,
Font, front, wont, want, grand,
and grant,
Shoes, goes, does. Now first say
finger,
And then singer, ginger, linger,
Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge
and gauge,
Marriage, foliage, mirage, and
age.
Query does not rhyme with very,
Nor does fury sound like bury.
Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth,
loth.
Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.
Though the differences seem little,
We say actual but victual.
Refer does not rhyme with deafer.
Foeffer does, and zephyr, heifer.
Mint, pint, senate and sedate;
Dull, bull, and George ate late.
Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,
Science, conscience, scientific.
Liberty, library, heave and
heaven,
Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.
We say hallowed, but allowed,
People, leopard, towed, but
vowed.
Mark the differences, moreover,
Between mover, cover, clover;
Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,
Chalice, but police and lice;
Camel, constable, unstable,
Principle, disciple, label.
Petal, panel, and canal,
Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.
Worm and storm, chaise, chaos,
chair,
Senator, spectator, mayor.
Tour, but our and succour, four.
Gas, alas, and Arkansas.
Sea, idea, Korea, area,
Psalm, Maria, but malaria.
Youth, south, southern, cleanse
and clean .
scourging.
Ear, but earn and wear and tear
Do not rhyme with here but ere.
Seven is right, but so is even,
Hyphen, roughen, nephew
Stephen,
Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,
Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and
work.
Pronunciation -- think of Psyche!
Is a paling stout and spikey?
Won't it make you lose your wits,
Writing groats and saying grits?
It's a dark abyss or tunnel:
Strewn with stones, stowed,
solace, gunwale,
Islington and Isle of Wight,
Housewife, verdict and indict.
Finally, which rhymes with
enough?
Though, through, plough, or
dough, or cough?
Hiccough has the sound of cup.
My advice is don’t give up!
-Written by Gerard Nolst Trenité

Doctrine, turpentine, marine.

Compare alien
with Italian,
Dandelion and battalion.
Sally with ally, yea, ye,
Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.
Say aver, but ever, fever,
Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver. Carry on!!!
Heron, granary, canary.
Crevice and device and aerie.
Face, but preface, not efface.
Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass,
bass.

Large, but target, gin, give,

verging,
Ought, out, joust and scour,

18
 “Action speaks louder than words.”

4. Gestures

In public speaking, your body can be an effective tool for adding

emphasis and clarity to your words. Gestures or hand movements are
necessary to synchronize with the message of the speaker during an oral
speech delivery. Whether your purpose is to inform, persuade, entertain,
motivate, or inspire, your body and the personality you project must be
appropriate to what you say. To become an effective speaker, you must
understand how your body speaks. You can’t stop sending your audience
nonverbal messages, but you can learn to manage and control them.

Although the use of the hands is culture-bound, there are standard

movements that have a universal meaning. Gestures aid the audience to
understand further the speaker’s message. The pointing or index finger for
instance is used to gesture location; the supine or hands held up with palms
open may mean welcoming people, etc.

The Principle of Empathy

Part of the impact your physical behavior has on an audience can

be explained by the concept of empathy, the ability to share in another
person’s emotions or feelings. When you speak, the people in your
audience tend to mirror your attitudes. They unconsciously feel what you
feel and respond accordingly. So it’s vital that your body faithfully portray
your true feelings.

Clarify and
support your
words

19
 Types of Gestures
a. Descriptive gestures clarify or enhance a verbal message. They
help the audience understand comparisons and contrasts, and
visualize the size, shape, movement, location, function, and number
of objects.
b. Emphatic gestures underscore what’s being said. They indicate
earnestness and conviction.
c. Suggestive gestures are symbols of ideas and emotions. They
help a speaker create a desired mood or express a particular thought.
d. Prompting gestures are used to help evoke a desired response
from the audience. If you want listeners to raise their hands, applaud,
or perform some specific action, you’ll enhance the response by doing
it yourself as an example.

How to Gesture

20
5. Posture
Proper posture is applied to allow the speaker to exude confidence
because it helps in keeping the back of the speaker straight.

Stand straight but not rigid, with your feet about six to 12 inches- apart
and one slightly ahead of the other. Balance your weight evenly on the
balls of your feet. Lean forward just a little. Your knees should be straight
but not locked. Relax your shoulders, but don’t let them droop. Keep your
chest up and your stomach in. Your head should be erect and your chin up,
but not uncomfortably so. Let your arms hang naturally at your sides, with
your fingers slightly curled. Take a few deep, full breaths. Your stance
should be alert but not stiff, relaxed but not sloppy.

6. Body Movement

Along with gestures and posture, be

reminded to move your body following the
right timing and space. It is not sufficient to
stay in one place while speaking before an
audience.
When you move your entire body in a
controlled, purposeful manner during a
speech, you can benefit in three ways. To
begin with, body movement can support
and reinforce what you say. And, of
course, motion will almost always attract
an audience’s attention. Finally, using
body movement is the fastest, most
effective means of burning up nervous energy and relieving
physical tension.

21
 All of these characteristics,
however, also have the potential
to work against you. One rule for
making body movement your
ally and not your enemy is this:
Never move without a reason.

7. Facial expressions

Facial expression is often the key determinant of the meaning

behind a message. When you speak, your face communicates your
attitudes, feelings, and emotions more clearly than any other part of your
body. According to behavioral psychologists, people can easily recognize –
simply by observing a speaker’s facial expressions – such -distinct feelings
as surprise, fear, -happiness, confusion, disgust, interest, disbelief,
anger, and sadness.

8. Eye contact
Eye to eye contact manifests sincerity and confidence. If one knows
how to establish eye contact during a job interview or facing a group of
people, the audience feels the speaker and values their worth for the
speaker.

22
 Why is Eye Contact Essential?
In most cultures, the act of looking someone directly in the eyes is
a symbol of sincerity. When you speak, your eyes also -function as a
control device. Eye contact can also help you overcome nervousness.

How to Use Your Eyes Effectively

Know your material.

Establish a Monitor visual

bond. feedback.

Watch the video of Collin O’Brady in TED talk which

is uploaded in the LMS. Observe how he delivered his
speech and evaluate how the elements of speech delivery
are utilized.

Complete the observation chart below. (3 pts. each)

eLemenTS DeSCRiBe HOW THe SpeakeR UTiLizeD eaCH

Of SpeeCH eLemenT Of SpeeCH DeLiVeRY
DeLiVeRY
1. Voice and
articulation

2. Gestures

23
3. Posture

4. Body
Movement

5. Facial
expressions

6. Eye contact

7. Diction

9. Overcoming Anxiety

24
 Before we start with this part of the lesson, I would like you to
watch Be a More Confident Public Speaker uploaded in the LMS.

Self-assessment
Done watching? If yes, what were the tips mentioned in the video?
Please write your thoughts below.

___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

If you feel nervous about speaking in public, you should know that it is
normal to experience some communication apprehension, or “stage
fright,” when you deliver a speech.

As a speaker, your goal is not to eliminate feelings of apprehension,

but to use them to invigorate your presentation. Having some
apprehension can motivate you to prepare carefully; it can give you the
energy and alertness that make your presentation lively and interesting.
Although you may feel that your communication apprehension is too much
to overcome, statistics are encouraging. Researchers have found that only
“one out of 20 people suffers such serious fear of speaking that he or
she is essentially unable to get through a public speech” (Sprague
& Stuart, 2000).

a.1. Preparing Carefully

Experts have discovered that it is not the amount of time you spend
preparing, but how you prepare.

a.2. Practice Your Speech Before You Deliver Your Speech

Practice means giving your speech out loud (possibly in front of a mirror)
while timing it and later asking a sympathetic friend (or friends) to listen
to it and give you feedback.

a.3. Focus on a Friendly Face

Once you are in front of your real audience, find a friendly face in the
crowd and focus on that person. The peak anxiety time for most speakers
is the first moment of confronting the audience (Behnke & Sawyer, 1999,
2004). Receiving positive reinforcement early on is an excellent way to
get over this initial anxiety.

a.4. Try Relaxation Techniques

Effective relaxation techniques for such situations include deep breathing

25
and visualizing a successful speech (Behnke & Sawyer, 2004). Shallow
breathing limits your oxygen intake and adds further stress to your body,
creating a vicious cycle.

a.5. Talk Yourself into a Strong Performance

The purpose of this kind of speech is positive motivation. In public
speaking, a similar kind of psychological technique can be helpful. As you
prepare your speech, practice your speech, and get ready to give your
speech, tell yourself that you are going to do very well. Be positive and
take a positive and confident approach to the speech.

a.6. Consider the Importance of Your Topic to Others

It may be helpful to think about the significance of your topic to others as
one way to gain the confidence to give a strong performance.

a.7. Give Speeches

It may seem simple, but this is the strategy most public speaking
instructors and students use to overcome anxiety (Levasseur, Dean, &
Pfaff, 2004). In short, it becomes easier and easier with each speech. As
one seasoned speaker said, “Learning to become a confident speaker is
like learning to swim. You can watch people swim, read about it, listen to
people talk about it, but if you don’t get into the water, you’ll never learn”
(Sanow, 2005).

Self-assessment
How far have you gone with practicing your speech? By this time,
we are hoping that you are almost ready to deliver your speech. Try
delivering your written speech in front of you friend/s or family member/s.
Then, let them write their comments on your speech delivery on the space
below. Let them affix their signature/s.

Comment/s or suggestion/s:
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name

26
 DeSigning effeCTiVe
pReSenTaTiOn
maTeRiaLS
This lesson will be discussed in the
virtual meeting.

Audio-Visual Aid Design Principles

Below are more concepts which are not discussed in the recorded
presentation.

1. Show video clips at easily viewable size. If you include video clips,
make sure the size of the clip (¼, ½, or full size) on the screen is
viewable for the audience.

2. Cartoons or animations or clip arts that are

not offensive and do not stereotype people.

3. Play audio at easily heard levels. The sound

system in the room should be adequate for the
audience to hear.

4. Show real or scaled objects during your presentation that are viewable
from the last row or use a document camera to display it.

5. Proofread and spell-check presentation materials for grammar and

spelling errors.

6. When using the board or flip charts, write large text and in a logical
flow.

7. Cite sources properly. Include in-text

citations where necessary and list the
corresponding references at the end of the
presentation materials.

8. Acknowledge your contributors. Acknowledge

those who helped you with the presentation, including your team
members, at the end of the presentation materials.

9. Remember your visuals are to enhance and not distract.

10. Most importantly, design materials to enhance your presentation and

help you deliver the content effectively, not to distract from it!

27
 By this time, you should have studied the
principles in creating an effective supporting material.

Your task is to create a supporting material (like

an audio-visual aid) for the speech you have written.
Create a supporting material that you can use for your
speech delivery.

Be guided by the principles discussed above.

Oral Presentation Tips

By Dr. Susan Mendoza

An oral presentation is more than just reading a paper or set of

slides to an audience. How you deliver your presentation is at least as
important as effectively communicating your message as what you say.

Preparing a Presentation

An effective presentation is more than just standing up and giving

information. A presenter must consider how to communicate the
information to the audience. Here are tips to create a presentation that is
both informative and interesting:

Organize your thoughts. Start with an outline and develop transition

between sections. Emphasize the real-world significance of your
presentation.

Have a strong opening. Why should the audience listen to you? One good
way to get their attention is to start with a question, whether or not you
expect an answer.

Define terms early. If you are using terms that may be new to the
audience, introduce them early in your presentation. Once an audience
gets lost in an unfamiliar terminology, it is extremely difficult to get them
back on track.

Finish with a bang. Find one or two sentences that sum up the importance
of your research/presentation. How is the world better off as a result of
what you have done?

Time yourself. Do not wait until the last minute to time your presentation.
You want to know as soon as possible if you are close to your time limit.

Create effective notes for yourself. Have notes that you can read. DO not
write out of your entire talk, use an outline or other brief reminders of

28
what you want to say. Make sure the text is large enough that you can
read it from a distance.

Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your presentation, the
more comfortable you will be in front of an audience.

Presenting Effectively

When you start your presentation, the audience will be interested in

what you say. Use these tips to help keep them interested throughout
your presentation.

Be excited. You are talking about something exciting. If you remember to

be excited, your audience will feel it and automatically become more
interested.

Speak with confidence. When you are speaking, you are the authority of
your topics, but do not pretend that you know everything. If you do not
know the answer to a question, admit it. Consider deferring the question
to your mentor or offer to look into the matter further.

Make eye contact with the audience. Your purpose is to communicate with
your audience, and people listen more if they feel you are talking directly
to them. As you speak, let your eyes settle on one person for several
seconds before moving on to somebody else. You do not have to make
eye contact with everybody, but make sure you connect with all areas of
the audience equally.

Avoid reading from the screen. First, if you are reading from a screen, you
are not making eye contact with your audience. Second, if you put on a
slide, it is because you want them to read it, not you.

Blank the screen when a slide is unnecessary. A slide that is not related to
what you are speaking about can distract the audience.

Use a pointer only when necessary. If you are using a laser pointer,
remember to keep it off unless you need to highlight something on the
screen.

Explain equations and graphs. When you display equations, explain them
fully. Point out all constants and dependent and independent variables.
With graphs, tell how they support your point.

Pause. Pauses bring audible structure to your presentation. They

emphasize important information, make transition obvious, and give the
audience time to catch up between points and to read new slides. Pauses
always feel much longer to speakers than to listeners. Practice counting
silently to three between points.

Avoid filler words. Um, like, you know and many others. To an audience,
these are indications that you do not know what to say; you sound
uncomfortable as well. Speak slowly enough that you can collect your
thoughts before moving ahead.

29
Relax. It is hard to relax when you are nervous, but your audience will be
more comfortable if you are too.

Breathe. All good presenters are nervous every time they are in front of
an audience. Breathe deeply throughout your presentation to keep your
nerves in check.

Acknowledge people who supported your research. Be sure to thank the

people who made your research possible.

In addition to the recorded lecture, and the readings you did,

please open the flash drive and watch Speech Sample. This can help you
prepare with your presentation.

Assessment
Answer the following questions. Criteria for grading will be originality and
substance of answer, organization, and mechanics.

1. Explain the importance of effective oral presentation. (3 pts. each)

a. Academic life

__________

b. Professional life

__________

3. Why must you consider the best way to communicate the information
to the audience? (5 pts.)

30
4. Aside from the list, what one or two tips can you suggest to keep the
audience interested throughout your presentation? Explain how the tips
you have suggested can be effective. (5 pts. each)

_____
____________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Record a memorized speech of your written speech. Apply the

principles we have learned, and use the material that you have prepared.
Please see Course Guide for further instruction/s.

Here are the mechanics for your recorded speech.

1. You should be wearing appropriate attire with proper haircut.
2. You should be clearly visible in your video (whole body video).
3. Have some gestures and prepare some materials and communication
aids.

Good luck!

31
Africa, A. 2018. Purposive Communication in the now.
Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Bauzon, P. 2004. Handbook in public speaking, argumentation,

and debate. Mandaluyong City: National
Bookstore.

Be a confident public speaker.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tShavGuo0_E

Beverly, A. 2019. An Unbelievable Story. Toastmasters

International World Champion of Public Speaking.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xmj1LBJu_Ss

Caudilla, J. & Cansancio, J. 2019. Purposive Communication.

Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Dapat, R. & Chang, L. 2018. Essence and Essentials of

Purposive Communication in the 21st Century. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.

Madrunio, M. & Martin, I. 2018. Purposive Communication. C &

E Publishing Inc.

Toastmasters International. 2011. Gestures: Your body speaks.

https://www.toastmasters.org/-/media/files/ department-
documents/education-documents/201-gestures.ashx

32
 WRiTing fOR aCaDemiC pURpOSeS

Welcome to Chapter 2 of Purposive Communication 1b. In this chapter,

we are going to learn how to write essays including concept papers
and position papers or research-based argumentative essays.

At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to:

A. develop critical perspectives towards societal issues;

B. demonstrate skills in creative and critical thinking, logical

reasoning, problem solving, and decision making; and

C. write and present academic papers using appropriate tone, style,

conventions, and reference styles.

33
 WRiTing a
naRRaTiVe
eSSaY/RepORT

This is an account of something that happened; a

story.

Narration has the following elements:

Situation: The background; who what, when, and
where of the account
Conflict: The problem, friction or issue at the heart
of the story
Struggle: What happened? The struggle adds action
and develops the plot
Outcome: Result of the struggle; the resolution
Meaning: Lessons learned; the “moral of the story”
 When writing, one has to use:
 Description techniques (adjectives)
 Dialogue (what people said, in quotation marks, using quotation
indicators like He said, she said, etc.)
 Transition words (like, then, soon, later, on the other hand, for
example)
 Verb tense (usually past tense: pick a tense and stick with it)
 Point of view (often 1st person; 3rd person if writing a biographical
narrative about someone else)

Incident report is a form to be filled out to record information

about an unusual event. In a health care facility, incident report gives
account to an injury, damage or harm witnessed or experienced. This
type of incident must be reported soon as possible for accuracy and
urgency.

In reporting a crime, incident report or police report is used to

present physical record of an incident deemed criminal or illegal. This
must include a narrative section that details the series of events
leading to the crime.

Generally, information from an incident report may be used to

formulate plans and profiles, develop support strategies and affirm
legal documents.

34
A. When is an incident report written?

1. injury to individuals
2. self-abusive behavior
3. aggressive behavior directed to others
4. jeopardizing others
5. serious illness
6. property destruction
7. imminent death
8. missing articles
9. medication reaction
10. administration of wrong medicine or vaccine, etc.

B. Characteristics of an Effective Incident Report

Poorly written incident report Well- written incident report

Thoughts are not presented in an It is written in a well-organized
organized manner. manner.
Details are inadequate and It is well-crafted, complete and
inappropriate. comprehensive.
Particulars are not factual and Information is accurate and
objective. impartial.
Writing mechanics are not It observes accurate language and
observed strictly. writing mechanics.
It’s not logically and It creates a clear mental picture in
comprehensively written. the minds of the readers.

C. Writing an effective incident report

1. Present the facts. Present facts like the names of the involved and their
identification, date, time, location, and events leading up to the incident.

2. Arrange the events logically, chronologically. The writer must determine

the sequence of events. Present first the events leading up to the incident
including actions, reactions, tools, hazardous materials, etc., then the
event itself and the events following the incident. Through this, readers
can really figure out what happened.

3. Analyze the events. The report must include a comprehensive analysis

of the events that transpired specifically how it started. This may include
primary and secondary courses and other contributing factors.

4. Recommend course of action. The last part of the report features the
writer’s recommendation as to what course of action must be initiated.
Recommendation may include employee’s personality development
training, preventive maintenance activities, etc.

35
Incident Report Sample

Employee Incident Report of Inappropriate Behavior

Date :

Time :

Location :

Name if individual
reporting :

Name(s) of all
persons involved in :
the incident

Name(s) of other
witnesses :

Was there physical

violence or damage : NO YES
to property?
Was the safety of a
person endangered? : NO YES

Were there any

photos or videos? : NO YES

If yes, describe: :

Detailed description
of incident (include
all WH information) :

Report prepared by:

:

Signature Phone number:

Date of Report :

36
 Think of a recent incident in
your home, school or community. Write an incident report about it.

Criteria:
Completeness of information, content: 13 pts
Mechanics, Organization, Originality: 12 pts

Use the worksheet below or you can attach an extra sheet.

INCIDENT REPORT

Nature of the incident:

Name(s) of persons involved:

Date and Time:

Exact Location:

Cause of incident:

Witnesses:

Detailed description of incident (include all WH information)

37
 WRiTing THe
DeSCRipTiVe eSSaY

Descriptive essay makes use of specific details and imagery,

making reader feel present in the moment. Description is present in any
type of writing. When writing, think about the dominant impression you
want to give and don’t describe every single thing. Use imagery to put
your reader right there with you. Also, order events in time and space in
such a way that the reader can imagine the location and time easily.
Be specific

*Instead of: I got home and put my books down on the couch. Then, I ate
some food.

Try:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Be interesting

*Instead of: After my mom yelled at me, I was sad and mad. I wanted to
yell back, but I knew I’d get in bad trouble. So, I hid in my closet and
cried.

Try:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Avoid sweeping generalization

*Instead of: People all around the world have hated animal abuse and will
do so for all time.

Try:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Avoid being judgmental

*Instead of: The kid like a great big jerk. He was so racist. I thought he’d
never shut up.

38
Try:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Use adjectives and adverbs

*Instead of: It was hot. In the afternoon, we rested on a log before hiking
further into the woods.
Try:________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________

Cut a picture of a place, event, person, food, or things. Write a descriptive

essay about it. (Content, originality- 12 pts.; Organization, mechanics- 8
pts.) You may use a separate sheet.

39
 WRiTing
infORmaTiVe eSSaY

An informative essay is a communication that conveys knowledge

or ideas to audience in order to develop understanding about a specific
topic. The purpose of informative communication is to promote
understanding, stimulate thinking and explain ideas. It can illustrate,
define, describe and instruct audience about a topic.

Why engage in informative communication?

a. It offers you the chance to utilize your researching, writing, organizing
and speaking skills.

b. It also allows you to provide thought-provoking, valuable and unique

information to your audience. You can provide significant knowledge to
your audience and make them realize the importance of gaining new
information in their lives.

Informative communication focuses on dealing with objects or things

seen and experiences in the world, process or patterns of action i.e.
how something is done or how something happens or occurs, events or
past, present or future occasions with which the audience can relate to
and concepts or abstract idea theories and beliefs.

Some tips for informative communication

These tips are provided by the Department of Communication of
University of Pittsburgh (2019) that you can observe whether you are
preparing for an informative communication for school of business
projects.

a. Analyze the audience. Never assume that your audience has a thorough
background in the subject.

b. Use appropriate language. Consider the standards of speaking and

writing styles that your audience. Your choice of language should not
make your audience feel that their ability to understand is belittled.

c. Explain the importance of the topic. Your audience should find a good
reason to listen or read your message. They should find a connection of
their interest with your message.

d. Express interest in the subject material. You can get your audience’s
attention and perk up their interest in your topic when they see and feel
that you show interest in your own topic.

40
e. Show, don’t tell. Numerous topics are easily understood through seeing
and doing. Demonstration and visual aids using available technology can
help you in this aspect.

6. Be specific. Communicate about details rather than general ideas of

your topic but not too detailed that the big picture of the message is
misled.

Methods of informing (A Primer on Communication Studies)

a. Informing through definition entails defining concepts clearly and

concisely using synonyms and antonyms, use or function, example or
etymology.
b. Informing through description entails creating detailed verbal pictures
for your audience.
c. Informing through demonstration entails sharing verbal directions about
how to do something while also physically demonstrating the steps.
d. Informing through explanation entails sharing how something works,
how something came to be or why something happened.

Make an informative brochure of a beautiful spot, famous product, or

famous culture and tradition in your place. When writing the content of
the brochure, apply the methods of informing, and tips in making an
informative essay. You may write your draft below. Please see Course
Guide for further instruction/s.

41
 WRiTing a
peRSUaSiVe eSSaY

Persuasion means trying to influence the way someone thinks or

behaves. Similarly, a persuasive communication is a kind of message that
attempts to influence the audience to adopt the communicator’s strong
perspective on a specific topic and to act upon that belief.

The modes of persuasion were introduced by the Greek philosopher

Aristotle (384 BCE–332 BCE) to teach his students how to convince their
audience.

1. Ethos is the appeal to ethics. It shows the character of the speaker as

credible and worth listening to. The writer’s expertise on his or her subject
matter lends to such credibility. The level of education and profession of
the writer also come into play.

a. Having been a tour guide in the last ten years here in El Nido, I have
had my fair share of unforeseen events. When waves are high due to rain,
the boat will be swinging crazy and rocking like a pendulum. When this
happens, don’t panic. Stay inside the boat and just let the power of the
wave’s crash. As long as you have
your life vest on, there is nothing to
worry about.

b. Dentists all over the world

recommend brushing at least three
times a day, particularly after every
meal.

2. Pathos is the appeal to emotion.

This aims to convince the audience by appealing to human emotions.
Emotions such as sympathy, anger, and sadness motivate humans; using
pathos will then get the audience to be emotionally invested in the subject
of the writing.

a. Imagine your own child scared and in pain, not knowing why he or she
was arrested in the first place, beaten up by the police. Imagine a place
where anyone can just kill anybody and get away with it. Imagine your
freedom curtailed, unable to express yourself on social media. This is what
will happen if you do not speak up against the atrocities of a corrupt
government.

b. Secure your family’s future. Invest in health insurance now.

c. Don’t you miss the good times, when things were much simpler, and
people were genuinely fond of each other?

42
3. Logos is the appeal to logic and reason. It demonstrates the extent of
knowledge of the speaker that the audience believe him or her to be well-
informed about the topic.

a. According to recent research studies on expectant mothers, more

women have decided to have children in their thirties. Some of the
reasons cited were to establish a career first, to travel without thinking of
responsibility, and to enjoy the first years of marriage. One of the
disadvantages they see, however, is at this age, it has become harder to
conceive.

b. A hero is someone who is admired or idealized for courage,

extraordinary achievements, or noble qualities. If it is proven that the
soldier abandoned his or her duty prior to dying in this war, then he or
she does not deserve to be buried in the National
Heroes Cemetery.

Every persuasive communication expresses a

particular proposition. A claim or a proposition is a
statement that an author discusses, explains, or
proves in his writing. It can be explicitly or implicitly
made in the writing.

CLAIM OF FACT This claim affirms or asserts that a statement is

true or false. It argues that the statement is
indeed a fact, or it defines a particular term.

This claim often takes an objective position.

For example: GMA7 is a better media network than
ABS CBN2.
CLAIM OF VALUE This claim evaluates, appraises, or judges an idea.

This claim is subjective. In writing, the author can

tell whether the idea is important or relevant
based on some criteria or standards, whether
something is good or bad, right or wrong.
For example: Gay marriage is immoral.
CLAIM OF POLICY This claim proposes an action that should be
undertaken as a solution to a particular problem. It
makes use of words such as should, ought to, and
must.

This claim may argue against an already

established policy or solution. In writing, the
author aims to convince readers that the proposed
solution would indeed solve the given problem and
that it is better than the current or any other
proposed course of action.
For example: The Philippine government should
legalize medical marijuana.

43
 Mastering the art of persuasive communication is never easy. But once
you have acquired and developed the skill, you can substantiate your
communicative competence, obtain the support of others, and earn their
respect, and unify your colleagues and motivate them to work as a
team.

In addition, your persuasive approach should be based on

audience’s orientation toward the proposition.

1. When audience members agree with the proposal, focus on intensifying

their agreement and moving them to action.

2. When audience members are neutral in regards to the proposition,

provide background information to better inform them about the issue and
present information that demonstrates the relevance of the topic to the
audience.

3. When audience members disagree with the proposal, focus on

establishing your credibility, build common ground with the audience, and
incorporate counterarguments to refute them.

Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

1. Attention – Get your audience to listen. Hook the audience by making

the topic relevant to them. Their ideal response to you is “I want to hear
what you have to say”.

2. Need – Get your audience to feel a need or want. Cite evidence to

support that fact that the issue needs to be addressed. Their ideal
response is “I agree, I have that want/need”.

3. Satisfaction – Tell your audience how to fill their need or want. Offer a
solution and persuade the audience that it is feasible and well thought out.
Their idea response is “I see that your solution will work”.

4. Visualization – Get your audience to see benefits of solution. Take the

audience beyond your solution and help them visualize the positive results

44
of implementing it or the negative consequences of not. Their ideal
response is “This is a great idea”.

5. Action – Get your audience to take action. Call your audience to take
action by giving them concrete steps to follow to engage in a particular
action or to change a thought or behavior. Their ideal response is “I want
it”.

Analyze the following statements and state whether true or false. This
activity is not graded but will help you gauge your understanding of
concepts.

1. The purpose of informative communication is to share or

relay knowledge to an audience on a specific topic.

2. Event speeches to help your audience both understand the

process and possibly be able to replicate the process for themselves.

3. When speaking about concepts, you may have to find

concrete ideas in order to make abstract ideas more relatable and
tangible to your audience.

4. An informative speech about a process them describes how

something is made, done or how it works.

5. Informing through demonstration entails explaining concepts

clearly and concisely using synonyms and antonyms, use or function,
example or etymology.

6. Informing through description entails creating detailed verbal

pictures for your audience.

7. The purpose of a persuasive communication is to convince

the audience to reject the speaker’s perspective on a topic.

8. A narrowed focus makes searching more manageable.

9. When audience members agree with the proposal, focus on

intensifying their agreement and moving them to action.

10. Choose a persuasive speech topic that meaningfully impacts

the society.

11. Drawing parallels between yourself and the audience

increases the distance between you and them.

12. For the audience to be persuaded, they have to feel that the
speaker is credible and worth listening to.

45
 13. An appeal to pathos requires referencing evidence that shows
that the speaker is knowledgeable about the topic he or she is talking
about.

14. The thesis statement of your persuasive communication

should be clearly argumentative and states your stance.

15. The core of persuasive communication is to appeal to and

resonate with the audience’s feelings and emotions.

**You may check your answer. Answers are in the appendices.

Assessment
Instruction: Write a persuasive communication (essay) addressed to
the people in your community concerning any one of the following
issues;
Strict implementation of curfew hours to minors, Waste segregation,
Access to livelihood projects, Clogged drainages, Illegal drugs, etc.

Essay Parts
1. Background: historical and social context of a controversial issue
2. Proposition: your thesis statement; what you will argue, including a
roadmap of how you will argue it
3. Qualifications: any limitations to your argument
4. Refutation: identification of the opposing position and its flaws
5. Support: your reasoning, facts, examples, statistics, opinions of
authorities, and other evidence to make your case
6. Conclusion: restate your thesis and show you have made your case,
summarize most important points you made

Criteria for scoring:

Clear, concise, and defined thesis . . . . 5 pts

Clearly organized structure . . . . . 10 pts

Strong introduction. . . . . . . 5 pts

Well-developed argument with strong evidential support . 15 pts

Strong conclusion . . . . . 5 pts

Purposeful and precise word choice . . . . 10 pts

50 pts.

46
 ReSeaRCH-BaSeD
aRgUmenTaTiVe
WRiTing
FROM RESEARCH TO ARGUMENT: Producing a Research-based
argumentative essay

Below is a comparison between a blog and a Research-based

argumentative essay

Blog Research-based
argumentative essay
What is it? A personal journal or An essay that presents a
diary entry that is writer’s position with support
posted online. from research studies.
What is the Any of the following: To persuade readers to accept
purpose of the To entertain the writer’s position.
writing project? To instruct
To inform
To persuade
Does it require Research may be used Research must be used to
research? but is not required. support the writer’s claim or
position.

Before you write …

1. Formulate the research question

The essay you will be writing is argumentative. It means that you are
expected to present a clear stand on an issue that has at least two
different sides (opposing sides). Some examples of contentious issues
include legalizing divorce and legalizing same-sex marriage in the
Philippines.

You may also choose topics that concern your school, province, city, town,
barangay or even those that relate to the environment in general and
other regions and nations such as the Southeast Asia.

Decide on what issue you would like work on. Then, read about this issue.
Check that this issue has two opposing viewpoints. Then formulate a
research question similar to the examples that follow.
Why should divorce be legalized in the Philippines?
Why should same-sex marriage be legalized in the Philippines?
Why should the practice of proper waste segregation be instituted in my
barangay?
Why should eco-tourism be promoted in my community?

47
2. Find the answers to your research question
Now that you have formulated your research question, plan the next steps
for finding the answers to your question. This requires the preparation of
annotated bibliography, which is a list of sources with a brief description
of the content of each source.

Your sources must be acceptable.

Is the source relevant?

These are the criteria in
Does it provide the latest facts and figures?
deciding on the
Is it reliable?
acceptability of sources.

Therefore, the following are NOT recommended/considered sources.

Any holy book (Bible) or inspirational writing (self-help books)

Any work of literature (novels, short stories, plays and poems)
The dictionary
Personal blogs, journals and diary entries
Wikipedia

NOTE: Use the APA format in all references.

Author's last name, first initial. Publication date. Book title. Additional
information. City of publication: publishing Company.

Below is a sample of annotated bibliography following the APA format.

Sources (APA Format) Description
Waite, L., Goldschneider, The authors, researchers at the Rand
F., & Witsberger, C. Corporation and Brown University, use data
(1986). Nonfamily living from the National Longitudinal Surveys of
and the erosion of Young Women and Young Men to test their
traditional family hypothesis that nonfamily living by young
orientations among adults alters their attitudes, values, plans,
young adults. American and expectations, moving them away from
Sociological Review, 51, their belief in traditional sex roles. They find
541-554. their hypothesis strongly supported in young
females, while the effects were fewer in
studies of young males. Increasing the time
away from parents before marrying
increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and
changes in attitudes about families. In
contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited
below shows no significant gender
differences in sex role attitudes as a result of
nonfamily living.
Ehrenreich, B. (2001). In this book of nonfiction based on the
Nickel and dimed: On journalist's experiential research, Ehrenreich

48
(not) getting by in attempts to ascertain whether it is currently
America. Henry Holt and possible for an individual to live on a
Company. minimum-wage in America. Taking jobs as a
waitress, a maid in a cleaning service, and a
Walmart sales employee, the author
summarizes and reflects on her work, her
relationships with fellow workers, and her
financial struggles in each situation.

This activity is not recorded but

will help you to keep track of
your understanding of the lesson.

Illustrate your understanding of a Research-based argumentative essay

by writing the descriptions in the arrows.

Research-
based
argumentative
essay

Below are reference books, your task is to format these in the APA format.
The pattern is (Author's last name, first initial. (Publication date). Book
title. Additional information. City of publication: Publishing company).

1. Title: Purposive Communication published in 2018 by C and E

Publishing Incorporated.
Authors: Marilou Ranosa Madrunio and Isabel Pefianco Martin

APA Format:

2. Published in 1999 by Allan M. Nicol and Martin B. Pexman in

Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. The book title is
Presenting your findings: A practical guide for creating tables.

APA Format

49
 Below is a worksheet for Pre-Writing
activities. Fill in the needed details.
Use an extra sheet if needed.

RESEARCH QUESTION
(State your research question below)

ANNOTATED RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY

(List the sources you will use to answer your research question. Include
a brief description of the content of each source).
SOURCES DESCRIPTION
(USE the APA format)

50
Prepare to write …
1. The thesis statement

At this point, you should be ready to formulate a thesis statement. The

thesis statement is the main point or central argument of your paper. It
expresses your stand on the issue you chose to do research on.

A good thesis statement:

a. presents a strong position that is supported by convincing
evidences; and
b. suggests a framework for organizing the essay.

Consider the thesis statement below:

Despite the growing number of broken families in the country,
divorce should not be legalized in the Philippines.

The statement above clearly argues that a divorce law in the Philippines is
not desirable. Second, with the use of “despite”, it can be predicted that
the writer of the essay will present contrasting scenarios for a country
with divorce law on one hand, and a country without a divorce law on the
other hand.

Let’s have another sample thesis statement:

Because of the economic and environmental benefits, it brings, eco-
tourism should be promoted in my community.

What are the characteristics of this thesis statement? Write what you
think on the space below.

2.The Outline
After researching about your topic, choose one side that you agree with.
The side you choose will be your argument or your position. Now. List all
the factual support for your argument and do the same for the other side,
which is the opposing side. Also, list all the factual support you have
gathered for that position.

You should be ready to write an outline of your essay. Your outline will
give your paper a general shape because it serves as a plan for your
essay.

Your outline should have the following parts:

 Your thesis statement.

 Your argument and specific support for each argument
 The opposing argument and supporting details for it
 A list of sources for the support that you will use in your paper
51
***If the outline is well-done, half of the work of writing the paper is also
done.

3. The Essay

After completing all the pre-writing tasks, you are now ready to write your
essay. In writing, observe citation conventions and make sure that you
practice intellectual honesty by acknowledging all your sources. Any fact,
figure, idea, or concept that is not yours must be acknowledged in the
paper. Otherwise, you will be accused of plagiarism.

Check your understanding of the

input by answering the following
questions briefly.

1. What is the role of research in producing the argumentative essay?

2. What pre-writing tasks must be undertaken before you write the

argumentative essay?

3. How can you practice intellectual honesty when you write your essay
or paper?

Go back to your previous activity on

formulating the research questions
and annotated bibliography. Use the
same research question to make the Thesis statement and outline.

RESEARCH QUESTION
(copy your research question from previous activity)

52
 THESIS STATEMENT
(Formulate a thesis statement for your research question)

OUTLINE
(write your outline for the essay

53
 LIST OF SOURCES

Based on the outline, write your

research-based argumentative
essay.

Your essay should have a clear introduction, body and conclusion. For
more details and the rubric for this activity, please see Curriculum
Guide.

54
Africa, A. 2018. Purposive Communication in the now.
Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Caudilla, J. & Cansancio, J. 2019. Purposive Communication.

Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Dapat, R. & Chang, L. 2018. Essence and Essentials of

Purposive Communication in the 21st Century. Books Atbp.
Publishing Corp.

Madrunio, M. & Martin, I. 2018. Purposive Communication. C &

E

MacGibbon, L. 2019. Academic essay writing.

https://www.cdu.edu.au/sites/default/files/acike/docs/academic
-essay-writing-resource.pdf.

Wakat, et al. 2018. Purposive Communication Quezon City:

LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.

55
 WRiTing fOR WORk pURpOSeS

Welcome to Chapter 2 of the course, Purposive Communication 1b. In

this chapter, you are going to learn how to write communication in the
workplace, and read about what makes communication in the
workplace effective and spontaneous.

At the end of the chapter, the students will be able to:

A. explain the importance of effective communication in the

workplace;

B. analyze and prepare communication materials in the workplace;

C. appreciate the significance of understanding the value of

effective workplace communication;

D. determine culturally appropriate expressions in various

contexts; and

E. manifest positive personal and professional quality.

56
 BUSineSS LeTTeRS

A business letter is a formal written communication between, to

or from businesses and usually sent through the Post office or sometimes
by courier. It is jokingly called snail mail (in contrast to email which is
faster).

Who writes business letters?

 Business to business
 Business to consumer and
vice versa
 Job applicant to company and
vice versa
 Citizen to government official
and vice versa
 Employer to employee and
vice versa
 Staff member to staff
member

Write business letters to:

Persuade Congratulate
Inform Reject a proposal or offer
Request Introduce a person or policy
Express appreciation Invite or welcome
Remind Follow up
Apologize Formalize discussions

57
 Read the article “What makes workplace communication effective” by
Jesus Perry Caudilla saved in the flash drive.
Then, answer the following comprehension questions.

1. Why is good communication important in the workplace? (5 pts.)

2. Name and explain four disadvantages of poor workplace communication?

(8 pts.)

3. How do tools of technology negatively affect workplace communication?

Support your answer with specific situations. (7 pts.)

4. Aside from the tips discussed in this article, what two or three other
suggestions can you give to improve communication in the workplace? (5
pts.)

__________

58
A. Parts of a business letter
1. Letterhead or Return address – should be readable, informative and
attractive but not too attention occupying.

a. Mandatory elements b. Optional elements

 organization’s name  organization’s logo
 Address (include zip code  The executive’s name
and area code) and title
 Telephone number  A list of officials or other
 Email address governing bodies
 Website (if any)

2. Date Line – written below the sender’s address, sometimes separated

from it by a space.
The common forms are:
September 24, 2020 (American)
24 September 2020 (British)
The month is never abbreviated, the day is never spelled out, and
endings for numbers (27th) are not usually used.

3. Confidential or personal notation

 The notation should be put on the envelope.
 Written between the date line and the inside address.
Example: Private and confidential

4. Inside Address
 Always on the left side and single spaced.
 The recipient’s name (if stated) is followed by the company’s name,
the department or division, the street address, city postal code and
country.
 If there is a line that is too long, encode half of it on the next line
with two or three spaces indention.

Example:
ATTY. ENRICO F. CUENCA
General Manager, Golden Opportunity, Inc.
RCBC Plaza, Ayala Ave. cor. Gil Puyat Ave.
Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines 1200

5. Attention Line is used when you do not know the name of the person
you are writing to. This line can also be printed before the address of the
company.
Example: Attn: Enrico F. Cuenca, General Manager

Attn: The General Manager

6. Subject Line provides a further reference. It saves introducing the

subject in the first paragraph. It immediately draws attention to the topic
of the letter and allows the writer refer to it throughout the letter. It

59
quickly identifies the purpose of the letter and it should not be more than
one line/ one or two words.
Example: Subject: New Policy on Office Uniform

7. Salutation
It should be written bellow the address and the space of one or two lines
before the body of the letter. It is followed by a comma (,) or a colon (:),
which is optional.
Example: Dear Sir, Dear Sir:
Dear Gentlemen, Gentlemen:
Dear Madam, Dear Madam:
Dear Mr. Cuenca, Dear Atty. Cuenca:

8. Body of the letter – contains the necessary information you want to

communicate.

 Clear, informative and accurate as possible.

 The length depends on the subject of the letter and the
language used.
 The right length includes the right amount of information.
 All the necessary points should be made in a logical sequence.

Style:
Avoid slang words, jargon, buzz words, and elitist language.
Be brief. Give short but clear explanations, instructions,
reasons. Be specific and state the facts.
Be pleasant, positive, lively and encouraging.
Use the word “you” in the opening sentence but not too much in
your letter.
“I” should be used when you are speaking about yourself.
“We” should be used when speaking on behalf of your company or a
group of associates.

First paragraph
The first paragraph of formal letters should include an introduction to the
purpose of the letter. It is common to first thank someone or introduce
yourself.

Dear Mr. Cuenca,

Thank you very much for writing us. It is always a pleasure to be
of service to our customers.

60
Second paragraph
It should provide the main information of the letter, and build on the main
purpose in the introductory paragraph.
Please be informed that you must proceed to our BENECO Business
Center and submit your proof of ownership (e.g., Land title,
Transfer certificate, Title or Lease Contract), proof of identity
and latest bill to the aforementioned office during weekdays
between 8:00 AM to 5:00 PM. If an authorized representative will
process the application, he or she must present an authorization
letter from the owner of the property and valid identification
cards with picture (both from the owner and the representative).

Final Paragraph
It should shortly summarize the intent of the formal letter and end with
some call to action.
Please feel free to email us again or contact us through our Call
Center hotline 16211 or 631-1111, for assistance.

9. Complimentary Close
Formal Sign-off Less formal Sign-off
Yours faithfully, Best wishes,
Faithfully yours, Best regards,
Yours sincerely, Regards,
Sincerely yours,

10. Signature block

It consists of your typed name, your handwritten signature and your
position in the organization. The handwritten signature should be between
the complimentary close and the types name and title.

11. Enclosures
 Small enclosures (checks, folded flyers, business cards) are placed
inside the folds of the letter.
 To safeguard against overlooking them, include an enclosure line in
your letter.
 When your enclosures are bulkier, use an appropriately sized
manila envelope.
 Enclosures may include leaflets, prospectuses and CVs.
 They can be mentioned at the bottom of the letter.

Enc.: TOR Photocopy

Encl.: Lease Contract (5 copies)

61
12. Postscript – is a brief message appended to the end of a letter or
other text usually introduced by P.S.
In certain types of business letters, (in particular, sales promotion letters)
postscripts are commonly used to make a final persuasive pitch or offer an
additional incentive to a potential customer.
P.S. 20% discount awaits early registrants

However, there are only seven (7) basic parts of a business letter:
1. Heading/return address
2. Date
3. Inside address
4. Salutation
5. Body
6. Complimentary close
7. Signature block

B. Common Types of Business Letters

Business letters are professionally written communication that is sent

through postal mail or messenger or the internet. Business letters are
written in standard formats and each serves a specific purpose.

1. Application letter
 A document that is prepared along with a resume or curriculum
vitae when applying for a job.
 Serves as a formal introduction to a prospective employer.
 Expresses the job seeker’s intent to apply for a specific position in a
business firm ad eventually become part of its workforce.
 The central focus is to describe the job seeker’s skills, market
his/her capabilities and encapsulate his/her experiences.
 Includes the applicant’s compelling reason why he/she is qualified
for the position.
 Must effectively persuade the reader to provide the applicant a
chance to go through screening process such as interview and
testing.

62
2. Letter of Recommendation
 Often asked by would-be employers from applicants before they get
hired.
 Describes the relationship between the sender with the job
applicant – a previous employer or academic adviser.
 Includes information about the recommended job seeker’s
knowledge and capabilities about a position or role.
3. Letter of Resignation
 Written to inform the recipient, usually, the immediate supervisor
or manager about leaving a job.
 Serves as a notice for an employee’s last day of service in the
company.
 Provides details on the circumstances that lead to a decision of
giving up the job.
4. Inquiry Letter
 Written to solicit valuable answers to questions about a product or
service.
 Be concise and distinct by stating exactly what information you
need to know.
 It is always a good point to leave your contact information for easy
and quick response to your query.
5. Follow-up Letter
 Usually written after some initial communication, i.e., not hearing
from a company after sending a job application or a request that
has been acted upon.
 Use a polite tone – remind the receiver gently and do not accuse
him/her for forgetting about your job application or request.
 Write straight to the point stating in a few words the reason you are
sending this type of communication.
6. Sales Letter
 Starts off with appealing words to catch the reader’s attention.
 Strong call to action is used to make the reader act upon something.
 Details the advantages of doing something to the recipient, e.g.,
buying a product or service.
 Includes information such as phone number or email address to
make it easy for the reader to respond.
7. Order Letter
 Sent by individual customers or businesses to other individuals or
businesses to place order for products or services.
 Must specifically state the name of the product or service,
description, quantity and unit and total price.
 Sometimes the manner of payment or the payment itself is included
in the letter.
8. Complaint letter
 Written and sent to express dissatisfaction or disappointment about
a product or service.
 Professional tone is used – words should be direct but tactful – if
you want to be listened to by the receiver.

63
9. Adjustment Letter
 Usually written and sent by a company as a reply to a client’s claim
or complaint.
 Begin with the good news on adjustment if it is to the client’s favor;
otherwise stick to the facts and make the customer feel and see
that you understand the predicament.
10. Acknowledgement letter
 Written to inform the receiver that a previous communication has
been received.
 Simply serves as simple receipt without explaining whether or not
action upon the previous letter has taken place.

S amples are uploaded in the LMS. The file name is

amples of business letters.

Self-assessment
Identify what is described in the following sentences.

1. It is a letter that explains the details of a product or

service and it aims to convince the reader to patronize such product or
service.

2. A letter used mainly as a confirmation that a previous

communication has been received.

3. A letter that is a response to a client’s complaint.

4. A letter that is written to get specific details about a

certain product or service.

5. A letter from a client or customer that expresses

disappointment.

6. It is a letter that you write to remind someone of a

previously sent communication.

7. It is a letter that you write to express your interest in a

certain job vacancy.

8. A letter used to place order of products or services.

9. Also called endorsement letter.

10. A letter that a worker writes to inform employer or

supervisor of the intent of leaving a job.

64
11-14. What are the mandatory contents of a return address?

15-16. What should the body of a business letter contain and how should
it be written?

17-18. Explain the content of the first paragraph of a business letter.

19-20. Explain the content of the second and following paragraphs (before
the final paragraph) of a business letter.

C. Business Letter styles: Block and Modified

block (Robert Insley)

1. Block letter style

 Every line of every component, except for the
company letterhead, begins at the left margin.
 It is efficient because it eliminates the need to
set tabs and indent lines.
 It does not necessarily mean a full justification
– there is usually no attempt to have each line
end evenly on the right margin.

2. Modified block style

 It is a traditional letter style used in some
businesses.
 The date, complimentary close and signature
block are indented.
 The first line of each paragraph may start at
the left margin as in the block style or it may
be indented one-half inch.

65
 Read and understand the situations below.
Write a letter for each situation. You have to
decide carefully what type of letter and what
format is most appropriate for the letters
that you write.

Instruction: Encode all your letters in one document file and send it
through messenger/email/LMS on the date specified in the course guide.

Format:
Paper size: 8.5 x 13
Margins: 1” on all sides
For the rubric, see the Course Guide.

Letter 1: Write a letter of complaint to a business that has disappointed

you. Explain what dissatisfied you about the product or service offered by
that company and what you expect the company to do to remedy the
situation.

Letter 2: Write a letter complimenting a business or company for its

outstanding services or products. Be specific about what you like, and give
details on your positive experience with the company.

Letter 3: Write a letter to the principal detailing a pressing problem

facing the school. Explain what makes the issue worthy of attention and
suggest possible solutions.

Letter 4: Write a letter of apology to your teacher. Explain your actions

and the reason for making the apology.

Letter 5: Write a cover letter for a scholarship application. Include

information about yourself, how you will use the scholarship, and your
appreciation for the opportunity to apply.

66
 WRiTing BUSineSS emaiLS
anD memORanDUmS

A. Email
The purpose of email is to convey information in an inexpensive and quick
way to colleagues, customers, suppliers, investors and other contacts
around the globe.

Example 1: Formal – in this example, you can see the basic parts of a
formal business letter. It follows the format and tone of a printed business
letter.

Converge ICT Team<noemail@convergeict.com

To: petecaudilla@yahoo.com
Dear Valued Subscriber,
As part of our efforts to constantly innovate not just our project
but also our internal systems, which are equally important in
providing you better experience as a customer, we are excited to
announce that we will be implementing a new business support
system. These system advancements will soon allow you to access
your account online to do service modifications, view e-billing,
and transact payments, among others.
Should you have other questions on these changes, you may reach us
through the following:
FB page: bit.ly/2FFntK-FBSupport
Hotline: 02-667-0850
Best regards,
Converge ICT Team

Example 2: Informal – this example shows the more conversational

tone throughout the email. It’s like a telephone conversation between
sender and receiver.

On Wed, Apr 10, 2019 at 6:04 PM Pete Caudilla:

petecaudilla@yahoo.com wrote:
Hi, Mark,
Thank you for your prompt reply.
Can you tell me the email address of Zach Nostratis? Hope to
connect with him ASAP.

Kind regards,
Pete

67
Example 3: Very Informal – this type of email is similar to texting. It is
commonly sent only to colleagues with whom you have a close working
relationship.

Insley, Robert<Robert.Insley@unt.edu
To: Pete Caudilla
Apr 8 @ 7:25
Glad to help, Pete!
Bob

Tips on how to write emails (International

Language Academy of Canada, ILAC)

1. Subject Line Says a Lot

No doubt, a subject line is the first thing a
recipient reads. The decision of whether or not
to open an email depends highly on how the
subject line looks. Make sure the subject line is
simple, specific, but catchy. Use key words that
briefly summarize the content of your message.

2. Start Your Email with Greetings

It is always important to have a
contact name, unless a recipient
is unknown (in “to whom it may
concern” case). If needed, don’t
be shy to call and ask for the
person’s name. Some people use
informal salutations, such as “Good
how formal your relationships are.
Dear First name Last name
Dear Mr./Ms. Last name
Dear Mr./Ms. First name Last name
Dear Dr. Last name
To whom it may concern
morning” or “Hi”. It totally depends on

3. Say Thank You

If a person has replied to your email, you should thank him/her by writing
“Thank you for your (prompt) reply “. It is important to start an email on
a positive note, as it creates a good first impression of you.

4. Be Clear and Precise

No matter how complex your email
appears to be, try to define its purpose
clearly at the very beginning of the email
by writing “I am contacting you as…” or
“I am writing to you in reference
to/regarding…”. It helps the reader
understand the purpose of your email.

Being clear and precise is important, as most business people have no

time to read all emails they receive. Being specific about the purpose of
your email will save them time and will be much appreciated.

68
5. Save Someone’s Time
Keep your emails specific and concise. It is also a good idea to split the
body of the email into several paragraphs, based on the topics you raise.
You can also use bullet-points, which makes it easy to read.

6. Informal vs Formal
Your manner of speaking depends on who you are talking to. It usually
comes naturally and is based on your relationship with an interlocutor.
It applies to emails as well.
7. Don’t Avoid the Negative
Delivering bad news is never easy! But it’s something you have to do
sometimes, when working in a business environment.

A good way to do it is to provide a reader with neutral or positive

Here are some examples demonstrating different ways to write the

same thing:
Informal: Can you …?
Formal: I was wondering if you could…
Informal: Sorry, I can’t meet you. I’m busy that day.
Formal: I am afraid I will not be available to make it that day.

information first. Only then move to the negative part, explaining what
caused it and why it’s important. The final part of the message should
provide a potential solution to the problem or an optimistic note. It is like
making a sandwich!

Your goal here is not to hide or minimize the scope of the problem, but to
leave the reader with the impression that you care or you are taking
action to fix it.

8. The Last Vow

Before ending your email, thank the recipient one more time by saying
“Thank you for your consideration.” It is also very common to add “should
you have any questions, please do not hesitate contact me” or “I look
forward to hearing from you”.

9. Write a Closing to Your Email

As you have already constructed your email beautifully, it requires a
beautiful closing too. There are many ways to do so, and again, it depends
on the formality of relationships between you and the reader.
Choose the most suitable phrase before typing your name.
– Yours sincerely, (when you know the name of the recipient, Formal)
– Best regards, or Kind regards, (Formal, Most common)
– Take care, Thank you, or Have a nice day (Less Formal)

69
 10. Proofread Your Email

Wait! Don’t send it yet! It is very important to

reread your email carefully before hitting the send
button. Check if there are any typos, grammatical
or punctuation errors, or inappropriate word usage.

It’s always good to ask someone else to proofread it

for you. Remember that you cannot get the email
back once you send it!

B. Memorandum, a Latin term that means “it must be remembered”, is a

note, document or a form of communication intended to issue a directive,
execute a policy, present an information report, provide suggestions and
instructions, propose a particular project, convey information, rebuke
errors, give warnings, solve problems or make requests.

Types of Memorandum

Directive Memo – this type of memo features a policy or procedures given

mostly by higher ups to the subordinates. This may feature
directives/instructions on dress code, proper conduct, tardiness, absences,
etc.
Report Memo – this type of memo is usually from a subordinate to higher
ups as the former reports the developments or whatever transpired during
an official business.
Confirmation Memo – this memo confirms in black and white what has
been agreed verbally.
Ideas and Suggestions Memo – this memo conveys ideas or
suggestions usually from lower ranks to higher ups.

Characteristics of an Effective Memo

Must be short and precise.

Must observe proper writing mechanics.
Must not utilize hackneyed expressions, runabout
phrases and jargons.
Must be conversational style.
Must be courteous and understanding in tone.

Note that an effective memorandum is one that

is written in a powerful manner so that the
readers will be convinced to act upon it.

70
 Cordillera Career Development College
Buyagan Poblacion
Letterhead
La Trinidad Benguet

August 20, 2020

TO : All employees
FROM : Human Resource Development Heading
RE : Implementation of “NO ID NO ENTRY”
Policy

Effective August 25, 2020, all employees are

advised to wear their ID while inside the school
Body
campus. This is for identification and security
purposes. Failure to comply with the policy will
have a corresponding sanction.

For your information, guidance and compliance.

Lala Lunag, PhD

HR Director Signatory

Cc: ALL OFFICES

Sample:

MEMORANDUM

TO : All employees
FROM : Jackielou E. Cansancio, Office Manager
CC : Atty. Cris Belas, HR Manager
DATE : May 6, 2019
SUBJECT : INAPPROPRIATE USE OF COMPANY TIME

It has reached my attention that there were some employees who were
inappropriately using their time browsing their social media account
during office hours. This memo serves to remind you to utilize your
work hours for office tasks.

While I encourage a happy and healthy working environment, I advise

that you use company time for what it is actually intended. Should you
have questions regarding this issue, please read the employees’
manual to be reminded of the company rules.

C.Thank you!Minutes in Business meetings

Writing

71
Minutes of a business meeting are written in order to maintain a record of
what occurred and what topics were
brought up during a meeting, as well as
the information about the activity of
attendees and decisions made. They are
the repository of information that usually
serves as a basis or background material
for upcoming meetings.

Main Parts of Minutes of the Meeting

There may be standard templates or special formats used by businesses,
Nordquist (2019) identified main parts whose arrangements may vary.

1. Heading includes the name of the organization or committee as well as

the date, location and time of the meeting.

2. Participants or attendees consists of names of all those who attended

the meeting, including guests, and those who sent apologies for not
attending.

3. Approval of the previous minutes is a short note whether the minutes

of the previous meeting were approved as read without corrections or
approved with corrections of significant errors or omission.

4. Action items include a report on the items discussed in the meeting-

the subject of the discussion, person who led the discussion and the
conclusions or decisions that have been reached. This part also includes
unfinished business from the previous meeting.

5. Announcements part reports about any announcements made by the

participants or those who were not around, and the proposed agenda
items for the succeeding meeting.

6. Next meeting is a short note on the date and time of the subsequent
meeting.

7. Adjournment is a short note on the time the meeting ended.

8. Signature line carries the name of the person who prepared the
minutes and the date they were submitted. In some organizations, the
minutes of a legal nature require more that one signatory.

Steps in Writing Minutes

1. Choose the format in which your meeting minutes will be taken.

The format should include information about the participants, the
covered agenda, as well as decisions made and actions performed.
2. Choose the method you will use to record the proceedings of
the meeting. You can decide on pen and paper or electronic gadget
such as laptop, a tape or voice recorder or a video recorder.
Prepare this before the meeting.

3. Prepare a list of everyone who will be present at the meeting.

Also, get as much information about the scope and the purpose of a
meeting as possible. 72

4. Prepare a template for official document of the meeting. The

template you choose should include the time and date, place and
purpose of the meeting, and the names of its attendees and guests.
Identify the following concepts. This activity is not graded.
1. A Latin word that means “it must be remembered”.
2-5. What are the uses of a memorandum?

6-8. List the parts of the memo with a short description of each.

9-12. List the types of memorandum and write a short description of

each.

13. A part of the minutes of the meeting that contains

the name of the organization and the setting of the meeting.
14. It notes the time the meeting has ended.
15. It contains the names of attendees including the
names of member who were absent.
Complete the activity below. This is graded so do your best.

Modified True or False. Write “True” if the statement is correct. If it is

otherwise, write “False” and then rewrite the statement to make it correct.

1. It is important that your email begins with a negative note that

creates a positive impression of you.

2. Make your emails specific and extensively long.

3. Your goal in writing using the sandwich method is to hide the

problem or negative points.

4. A memo is courteous and understanding in tone.

73
 5. Encode the minutes of the meeting a week after to avoid losing
the essence of the meeting.

6. Write only the names of the members of the organization who

are present in the meeting.

7. Minutes of the meeting are written to keep a record of the topics

discussed and issues and decisions that came up during the meeting.

8. Make sure the subject line of the email is empty to be specific.

9. Email is an expensive way to of communication.

10. Verify your notes of the minutes of the meeting with co-
participants.

74
 Assume that you are an office
manager at Golden Opportunity Inc. Write a memo about a
situation of your choice. Tell recipients the purpose of the memo, your
reason/s for sending it and what action you want taken. Provide
suggestions in your memo if needed.

Situations you may choose from:

a. CLAYGO (clean as you go) after eating at the breakroom
b. An upcoming computer training seminar
c. Playing computer games during office hours
d. Tardiness and absenteeism

Reminders:
a. Use the first paragraph to state the purpose of the memo.
b. Use the second paragraph to provide major details of a proposal or
major reasons for a decision or suggestion, or to indicate why you agree
or disagree with a proposal or idea.
c. Use the third paragraph for minor details.
d. End the memo by stating your position on the subject and call to action.

MEMORANDUM

DATE :
TO :
FROM :
SUBJECT :

Introduction:

Body:

Conclusion:

Respectfully yours,

75
 appLiCaTiOn LeTTeR anD
ReSUme WRiTing

Employment Letter is precisely the first

actual correspondence one has to write
after graduation. It is comprised of an
application letter and resume or
curriculum vitae (CV). Its ultimate purpose
is to convince the company to hire the
applicant while its immediate purpose is
for the applicant to be called for an
interview or document perusal.

A. An application Letter should create enough interest to make the

potential employer want to look at your application in greater detail by
reading your resume and hopefully invite you for an interview. Your
application letter, however, should not contain too much detail about your
experience and qualifications because that is the job of the resume.

1. Layout and style

 It should be limited to one page and a few paragraphs.
 It is better to address a letter to a specific person, e.g. Dear Miss
Chan, rather than to Dear Sir or Madam. However, in some job
advertisements the name of the person you are writing to is not
given but it is your responsibility to find out.
 It is good practice to try to find out the following information before
you write your letter:
a. the full name of the person you are writing;
b. their title - Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms, Dr, Professor, etc, and;
c. their position - Personnel Manager, Human Resources Manager,
etc.
2. Structure of the letter (Body)
Paragraph 1: It should state clearly why you are writing and where you
saw the job advertised.
Sample statements:
 I would like to apply for the post of ………………….as advertised in
today’s issue of………
 With reference to your advertisement in ……... on ……..., I am
writing to apply for the position of ......

76
Paragraph 2: It should give a little information about your qualifications
and experience. Make sure the information you give is relevant to the job
that you are applying for.
Sample statements:
 As you can see from my enclosed resume, I have worked in my
present position for five years. During this time, I have gained
invaluable experience in .......
 I am currently a student at CCDC studying .......... I am due to
graduate in......... Although I have been studying full time, I have
had a number of summer jobs which have helped me to gain
experience in …..
 My experience over the past two years has been at the managerial
level, where I have had responsibility for .....

Paragraph 3: It should say why you believe you are suited to the job and
what you can offer the company. Those currently employed can state the
reason for wishing to change their present job. However, you should not
sound critical of your present employer.
Sample statements:
 I am currently working as a receptionist in ...The reason for my
seeking a new position is that I wish to pursue a secretarial career.
Unfortunately, there are no openings for advancement in my
present employment.
 For the last two years I have been working as a receptionist
in ...Unfortunately the company is moving its main offices overseas
and I have therefore decided to look for a new position. I believe
that the experience I have gained in ... has given me the qualities
you are looking for ...
 I believe I would be an asset to your company. I will be able to
bring with me my experience of ... which I believe would be useful
in this position…
 I feel that my ability to ... will help/enable me to ...

Paragraph 4: It should tell the reader when you are available for an
interview and how to contact you.
Sample statements:
 I would like to have the opportunity to talk to you further about my
application. I am available for interview at any time and I can be
contacted at/on ...
 I am available for an interview at any time but would appreciate
two days’ notice. I can be contacted on/at ... I look forward to
hearing from/meeting you soon.
 As requested in the advertisement, I enclose a copy of my resume
together with a recent photograph. I look forward to meeting with
you to discuss my application further. I am available ... and can be
contacted on/at ...

77
John Donaldson
8 Sue Circle
Smithtown, CA 08067
909-555-5555
john.donaldson@emailexample.com

August 15, 2020

George Gilhooley
Times Union
87 Delaware Road
Hatfield, CA 08065

Dear Mr. Gilhooley,

I am writing to apply for the programmer position advertised in the

Times Union. As requested, I enclose a completed job application, my
certification, my resume, and three references.

The role is very appealing to me, and I believe that my strong

technical experience and education make me a highly competitive
candidate for this position. My key strengths that would support my
success in this position include:

 I have successfully designed, developed, and supported live-use

applications.
 I strive continually for excellence.
 I provide exceptional contributions to customer service for all
customers.

With a BS degree in Computer Programming, I have a comprehensive

understanding of the full lifecycle for software development projects. I
also have experience in learning and applying new technologies as
appropriate. Please see my resume for additional information on my
experience.

I can be reached anytime via email at

john.donaldson@emailexample.com or by cell phone, 909-555-5555.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I look forward to speaking
with you about this employment opportunity.

Sincerely,

John Donaldson

78
B. Resume or Curriculum Vitae (CV)

A resume is an overview of an applicant’s

personal data, work experience and work
functions, educational attainment, training
and seminars, awards and distinctions,
special and technical skills and even
character references.

Having a well written, effective resume at

one’s disposal is an excellent tool in
today’s ever-changing job market. An
effective resume may win you a job
interview. In the world of academia, a
strong resume, known as a curriculum
vitae (CV) may open the door towards a
tenured position.

Components of a Resume

Heading – this includes the applicant’s complete name, geographical

address, contact numbers and email address.

Objectives – this features a fragment that contains what the applicant

wants to achieve personally and professionally for the company when
hired.

Educational attainment – it is the applicant’s credentials in terms of his

academic achievements, degree or certification, professional development,
on the job training and continuing education.

Work experience – this section includes relevant employment record, job

title, functions, company and the date inclusive. Further, the arrangement
of the entries must start from the most recent because the employers are
more interested to know what the applicant has done recently.

Training and Seminars attended – this optional section presents the list of
the training, workshops and seminars the applicant has attended or
participated in relevance to the job being applied for. The certificates must
be attached.

Awards and Distinctions received – This optional section of the resume can
positively set the applicant apart from other aspiring applicants. This
includes academic, personal and professional recognition from highly
esteemed academic, professional or even business and religious
institutions.

Character references – this part is the most debated part of the resume.
This is the reason why some applicants just indicate “available upon
request”. However, if the application is on hard copy, it is advisable to
include at least three character references. These are professionals (no

79
blood relation with the applicant) who can attest to the applicant’s paper
qualification.

Please see attached Resume sample files in LMS.

This activity is not graded but

will help you monitor your own
understanding of concepts.

Read and analyze the following statements about writing the application
letter and resume. Write “true” If the statement is correct and “false” if
otherwise.

1. An employment letter is similar with an application letter.

2. An application letter is not necessarily interesting because that is

the purpose of the resume.

3. You need not to research for the proper person to send your
application to and address it anonymously.

4. Present your purpose of writing and how you were informed of

the vacant position in the first paragraph of your application letter.

5. In the second paragraph, list as much information about your

qualifications even those unrelated to the job you are applying for, to
impress the hiring manager.

6. Write briefly your personal and professional goals in the

objectives section of the resume.

7. In writing your work experiences, begin with your first

experience with the most recent ones at the last part.

8. Character references are available upon request in both printed

and e-mailed application.

9. The heading of the resume carries your name, address, contact

details and e-mail address.

10. Awards and distinctions received is an optional part of the

resume but will positively give an applicant an edge over other aspiring
applicants.

Check the Appendices section to see if you got the correct answers.

80
This activity will further test your understanding of the lesson.

Instruction: Rewrite the following letter in a suitably formal style.

Supply the missing parts of the letter. Some sentences may have to
be deleted altogether and some may need rephrasing. Use an extra
sheet.

11 Oakwood Road

Stanhope, Birmingham

8th October

Dear Mr. Scott,

I am writing because you said you wanted a Service technician

in The Evening Mail of 7th October. I’ve put my life story in with this
letter. If you look at it you’ll see I know a lot about engineering
because I’ve been a maintenance engineer for six years. So I’ve learnt
a lot about servicing manual and electrical systems. I took a
conversion course the other day, all about pneumatic, hydraulic and
electrical systems. It was pretty easy.

Now I’m going to evening classes in the same things, and I

hope I’ll pass the exams at the end! I liked your comment in the ad
about “good prospects” because I’m not just in it for the money. I
want a job that’ll mean something. I’m sure you’ll understand. Get in
touch if there’s anything else you need to know. Give me a ring at
work, it’s 423419. In the evenings, you can always get me at my
mother’s in King Oak. I can come and see you at any time except
Tuesdays, which are a bit awkward.

Best wishes,

Richard Walters

81
 To deepen the lesson, we have
more application activities below.

Instruction: Study the job advertisement below. Given that you have
finished your degree and you have the qualifications fit for the job, how
would write your application letter and resume?

Your task is to write an application letter and resume for the job
opportunity above. Follow the procedure of sending applications stated in
the job description. Further details for this assignment are found in the
Curriculum Guide of this course.

Address your application to your teacher as the Hiring Manager, HKS

Finance firm. Upload your application in the activity provided in the
LMS.

THe JOB
inTeRVieW

The job interview is a vital component of the job application process.

Documentary requirements which are the written components of the
job application do not give a complete picture of the applicant. Thus,
employers arrange to interview job applicants to determine whether or
not the latter possess the qualities expected by the company or
organization.

82
5 Basic types of Interview you need to be aware of:

The Screening Interview

This is usually an interview with
someone in human resources. It
may take place in person or on the
telephone. He or she will have a
copy of your resume in hand and
will try to verify the information on
it. The human resources
representative will want to find out
if you meet the minimum qualifications for the job and, if you do, you will
be passed on to the next step.

The Selection Interview

The selection interview is the step in the process which makes people the
most anxious. The employer knows you are qualified to do the job. While
you may have the skills to perform the tasks that are required by the job
in question, the employer needs to know if you have the personality
necessary to “fit in.” Someone who can’t interact well with management
and co-workers may disrupt the functioning of an entire department.

The Group Interview

In the group interview, several job candidates are interviewed at once.
The interviewer or interviewers are trying to separate the leaders from the
followers. The interviewer may also be trying to find out if you are a
“team player.” The type of personality the employer is looking for
determines the outcome of this interview. There is nothing more to do
than act naturally.

The Panel Interview

The candidate is interviewed by several people at once. It can be quite
intimidating as questions are fired at you. You should try to remain calm
and establish rapport with each member of the panel. Make eye contact
with each member of the panel as you answer his or her question.

The Stress Interview

It is not a very nice way to be introduced to the company that may end up
being your future employer. It is, however, a technique sometimes used
to weed out those that cannot handle adversity. The interviewer may try
to artificially introduce stress into the interview by asking questions so
quickly that the candidate doesn’t have time to answer each one. The
interviewer may also ask weird questions, not to determine what the job
candidate answers, but how he or she answers.

83
THe inTeRVieW pROpeR
A. Preparing for the Interview
You should gather as much information about the employer as you can.
Not only will you appear
informed and intelligent, it will
also help you make a decision
if a job offer is eventually
made.

You might also want to

prepare for answering
questions by listing some of
your attributes.

You want to seem somewhat

spontaneous, but you also
want to appear self-confident.
The way to do that is to
rehearse, not exactly what
you will say, but how you will
say it. A great method is to rehearse in front of a video camera. Study
your posture, the way you make eye contact, and your body language.

B. Dressing for the Interview

Appearance is very important and whether we like it or not, it is the first
thing people notice about us. You should match your dress to employees
in the workplace in which you are interviewing and probably take it up a
notch. If dress is very casual, those being interviewed should wear dress
pants and dress shirts or skirts and blouses.

Your hair should be neat and stylish. Your nails should be well manicured
and clean.

Men’s nails should be short. Women’s nails should be of a reasonable

length and polished in a neutral color. Also, for women, makeup shouldn’t
be heavy. Perfume or cologne should be avoided as some people find
certain scents offensive.

C. Establishing Rapport
Since the interviewer’s job is to make sure that not only your skill, but
your personality as well, is a good match, you must establish rapport with
the person or persons interviewing you. That begins the instant you walk
in the door. Let the interviewer set the tone. Nothing is as awkward as
offering your hand and having the gesture not returned by the other
person. Therefore, you should wait for the interviewer to offer his or her
hand first, but be ready to offer your hand immediately.

84
D. Body Language
They say that body language gives more away about us than speech. Eye
contact is very important but make sure it looks natural. A smiling,
relaxed face is very inviting. Hands resting casually in your lap rather than
arms folded across your chest also is more inviting.

E. Answering Questions
When it comes down to it, isn’t this the main point of the interview? Speak
slowly and clearly. Pause before you answer a question. Your answers will
seem less rehearsed and it will give you a chance to collect your thoughts.

F. Asking Questions
Usually toward the end of the interview, the person conducting it will ask
you if you have any questions. You should have some. You should ask
about what a typical day would entail. You could also ask what special
projects you would be working on. As in every other aspect of the job
search, you are trying to show the employer how you can fill their needs.

G. Illegal Questions
We have all heard horror stories of interviewers asking job candidates
inappropriate questions, such as those about marital status, age, and
family status. These questions should not be asked, but it is up to you
whether to answer them.

H. Money Questions
Money is a very sensitive topic. The candidate shouldn’t bring it up.
However, the interviewer may bring it up first. He or she may ask what
salary you hope to earn. You must prepare for this question before the
interview. Find out what others in the same position are earning. Always
give a range, not an exact number. This will help keep you from pricing
yourself out of a job. You don’t want the employer to think they can’t
afford you, but you also don’t want them to think you are a cheap
commodity.

I. After the Interview

This is something that is too often neglected. It’s the thank you note or
follow-up letter. It is your chance to reiterate something you mentioned
on the interview or bring up something you forgot to mention. It is also a
nice gesture and a simple matter of politeness.

85
 Here are some tips relating to your appearance and body language. For
each one, select the correct missing word from the options below.

1. Make sure your clothes are clean, but ________ wear obvious logos or
designer names.
a. do b. don’t c. must
2. Don’t use __________ much deodorant or perfume!
a. to b. too c. two
3. Don’t wear too much jewelry. Interviewers don’t ______ like rings!
a. never b. sometimes c. usually
4. Wear _______ that are smart, but comfortable.
a. cloths b. clothes c. covers
5. Arrive well __________ the interview time.
a. before b. after c. later than
6. Make eye ________ with the interviewer when you are introduced.
a. contactation b. contiction c. contact
7. Give a firm handshake, and make sure you ___________!
a. snarl b. smile c. snigger
8. Don’t ________. This will distract the interviewer from what you’re
saying.
a. fidget b. figgit c. fijit
9. Don’t appear over-confident, for example by leaning too far back in
your chair, but do
try to __________.
a. relax b. relapse c. collapse

See appendices for the correct answers.

Kindly answer the comprehension questions comprehensively.

1. What steps are involved in the job application process? 3 pts.

2. What communication skills are needed in applying for a job? 3 pts

86
3. What is the importance of job interviews in the application process? 2
pts

4. Describe how you should dress for an interview given that appearance
is an important aspect. 3 pts

5. How should you act and what should you do at the end of the interview
to show gratitude? 3 pts

Watch the videos on Job interviews uploaded in the LMS. With that and
with the lesson, complete the table below on what you should do in job
interviews. See the course guide for more details.
A. Preparing for a Job Interview
Before the Interview

During the interview

87
After the interview

B. Job Interview Conduct

What to do What not to do

88
Caudilla, J. & Cansancio, J. 2019. Purposive Communication. Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Dapat, R. & Chang, L. 2018. Essence and Essentials of Purposive

Communication in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Madrunio, M. & Martin, I. 2018. Purposive Communication. C & E

Publishing Inc.

89
 DeBaTe

Welcome to Chapter 4 of Purposive Communication 2. In this chapter,

we are going to study debate. Let’s proceed. You can do it!

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

A. adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas;

B. recognize strengths and weaknesses of arguments;

C. communicate ideas clearly and accurately in oral and written

form;

D. develop critical perspectives towards societal issues; and

E. relate current events with available historical data.

90
 DeBaTe HiSTORY
anD THe TYpeS Of
DeBaTe
Debate as an Art

Debate is the art of forma and oral controversy. It involves a process

consisting of a struggle between two opposing parties to influence
others to accept or reject belief.

Because debate is the art of formal controversy, it should never be

regarded as “wrangling”. No formalities are observed in wrangling in
fact, no art is displayed. Debate in contrast, demands the formality of
extended and orderly discourse in the interchange of opinion and
argument.

Therefore, debate is considered an art because;

a. it requires skill in performance

b. it involves a systematized body of principles intended to develop

skill in the performance of that process.

Moreover, debate is a composite art, for many of its principles are

derived from the contributory arts of rhetoric and oratory.

The Value of debate

Debate trains men in quick and accurate thinking and it develops their
qualities of assurance and self-reliance. It is especially valuable to all
people in positions of leadership.

A. The World Scenario: Protagoras of Abdera (481-

411 B.C.), Socrates, St. Thomas Aquinas,
and Hegel
Debate originated long ago. Its
origin could be traced to Ancient Greece.
It was here where Protagoras, who
emanated from Abdera, lived. He is also
known as Protagoras, the Sophist and the
inventor of fallacies taken from the Greek
“fallo” which means “I deceive”. He engaged in
various debates with Socrates, the greatest ethician of all times.
Protagoras is rightfully regarded as the “Father of Debate” since he was
first to institute argumentative contests among his disciples. He invented

91
themes that his pupil could oppose or defend. He even debated furiously
with Socrates’ presupposition that “all virtue is knowledge and all
knowledge is virtue.”
In the latter part of the fifth century B.C. appeared Corax. He lived
in Sicily. He was a debater-rhetorician who gave his legacy by dividing the
debate speech into four parts: (1) Introduction; (2) Narration; (3) Proof
or Discussion; and (4) the Conclusion.
Not to be outdone is Marcus Tullius Cicero, one of the greatest
Roman orators and debater who flourished during the first century just
preceding the Christian Era. As a debater, he defended Milo in a court
case before the Roman tribunal.
St. Thomas Aquinas of the Middle Ages, presented an almost
perfect form of argumentation contained in his “Summa Theologiae”
where he always began with a proposition showing the thesis and
antithesis of each. Hegel’s philosophy known as the Hegelian dialectic
found in his triad is but operating on the principle as that of St. Thomas.
At the advent of the Classical and Middle Ages, the lingua franca of
debating was Latin. The students were trained through the use of the
dialectic. This method consisted in debating by means of questions and
answers. It is predominant in the seven liberal arts.
In the early part of the 1400’s, the first recorded intercollegiate
debate was between England’s Cambridge and Oxford. Today, Oxford
boasts of having the oldest and the highly respected international debate
society known to man. It is known as the Oxford Union Society. Many
members of that society became
the Prime Ministers of England
and other countries. In 1892, the
advent of debating in the United
States was ushered in with the
holding of the Harvard-Yale
debate match. It might be
parenthetically said that such
debates were based on
memorized speeches with no
definite winner who was declared.

The Philippine Scenario

The Philippines has its own early version of debate. It is known as
Balagtasan. What is unique about the Balagtasan is that the speeches
were done on the spot like the impromptu speeches and the verses said
must rhyme. These are expressed in Filipino.
When the Americans came, they gave us a new kind of education
undertaken by the Thomasites, named after the ship that brought them
here, the USS Thomas. They introduced to the Filipinos Forensic Debating
which is known as the Oregon-Oxford format. The Philippines started
patronizing it in the 1950’s and the 60’s. Before WWII, the Filipino
debaters were debating abroad. In 1928, the University of the Philippines

92
sent abroad a debating team composed of brilliant young Filipinos, all
students of the College of Law, headed by Teodoro Evangelista, then a
sophomore, who later became president of FEU, and coached by Prof.
Carlos P. Romulo, then Adviser of the U.P. Debating Club. It was so
recorded that the team toured the United States and argued for a
complete and immediate independence of the Philippines, without losing a
single debate. The visiting team was awarded the decision of either
American judges or audiences, over the best of the American debating
teams from several U.S. universities numbering fourteen.

B. Types of Debate
There are four common types of contest debates indulged in by
intercollegiate teams as well as by prominent men in public life. Some
variations are introduced in the time-limits and in the sequence of
speakers, but on the whole, the primary requisites for each type are kept
intact.

1. The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Type – also called two-man debate

type as used by President John F. Kennedy and by former Vice President
Richard M. Nixon during the 1960 presidential election in the United
States.

In this kind of contest debate, there is only one speaker on each

side. The affirmative speaker opens the debate. He is followed by the
negative speaker. The affirmative is then given a chance to deliver the
rebuttal speech. It is to be noted that in a two-man debate type,
sometimes both speakers are given the opportunity to deliver rebuttal
speeches.

Affirmative speaker – Presentation

Negative Speaker – Presentation

Affirmative Speaker – Rebuttal

Negative Speaker – Rebuttal

Affirmative Speaker – Summary

Negative Speaker – Summary

2. The Rebuttal Type of Debate is used by two-man teams and three-

man teams.

In this type of contest debate, each team is composed of two or

three members. The affirmative opens the constructive speeches and the
negative starts the rebuttal speeches. Teamwork is meticulously observed.
Every speaker delivers a rebuttal, the first speaker on the affirmative side
closing the debate with his rebuttal speech.

93
 Two speakers on each side

First affirmative – constructive speech

First negative - constructive speech
Second affirmative - constructive speech
Second negative - constructive speech
First negative – rebuttal speech
First affirmative - rebuttal speech
Second negative - rebuttal speech
Second affirmative - rebuttal speech

3. The one-rebuttal debate type or the modified form of the Lincoln-

Douglas debate type.

In this type of contest debate, all the speakers have a chance to

refute the opponent except the first affirmative, who, however, is given a
chance to close the debate with a rebuttal speech.

Two speakers on each side

First affirmative – presents the entire affirmative case
First negative – interpellates the first affirmative
Second negative - presents the entire negative case
Second affirmative - interpellates the second negative
First negative – delivers the rebuttal speech

First affirmative – closes the debate with a rebuttal speech.

4. The Oregon-Oxford Type, also called the cross-question debate.

In this type of debate, there are two or three speakers on each side.
The first affirmative presents the entire affirmative case. After his main
speech, he is interpellated by the first negative. Then the second negative
states the entire negative case. After his main speech, he is also
interpellated by the second affirmative or by the first affirmative. Then the
first negative delivers a rebuttal speech, and the second affirmative closes
the debate with his rebuttal speech.

It should be noted that the interpellation must be confined to the

speech just given by the preceding speaker. Two speakers are not
permitted by to question the same speaker. One of the commonest errors
made by debaters using this kind of debate is the tendency of the debater
asking questions to turn to the audience and harangue it. During the

94
period of questioning, he should ask direct questions and should desist
from delivering a speech.

The order of speakers often followed in intercollegiate debates is as

follows:

Three speakers on each side

First affirmative – constructive speech (10 minutes)

First negative – interpellation of the first affirmative (3 minutes
First negative – constructive speech (10 minutes)
First affirmative – interpellation of the first negative (3 minutes)
Second affirmative – constructive speech (10 minutes)
Second negative – interpellation of the of the second affirmative (3
minutes)
Second negative – constructive speech (10 minutes)
Second affirmative – interpellation of the second negative (3 minutes)
Third affirmative – constructive speech (10 minutes)
Third negative – interpellation of the third affirmative
Third negative – constructive speech (10 minutes)
Third affirmative – interpellation of the third negative (3 minutes)

Complete the diagram below.

Debate

Two reasons why debate is an The value of debate:

art:

The Purpose of Debate

95
 The activity below will serve as
your quiz. Comply what is
required in the following activities.

A. Using a graphic organizer, trace the history of how debate was

introduced in the Philippines.

B. Differentiate the four types of debate in a tabular format.

96
 DeBaTing TipS &
TeCHniqUeS
A. Offensive Debating
Techniques: Debating
Tips to Attack Your
Opponent’s Topic

1. Prepare, Prepare,
Prepare
This point is arguably the most important debating skill of them all as it
affects many of the other debating techniques. For instance, if you
prepare your material well, you’ll be confident and more believable.

If you can, jot down three points for your argument and three points
against your argument. The latter tip means you’ll also be able to
anticipate your opponent’s views and be able to better rebut them when
they say them.

2. Stay on Topic
You only have a limited amount of time to state your case. If you use that
time going off-topic, you lose valuable time. Stay on topic by telling your
audience your three points, elaborating on them further as time permits.

Another great debating tip is to add three more points to your first three
points (again, this is very much time-dependent). This will help you stay
on topic too.

3. Speak Slowly, Clearly and Charismatically

When students are new to debating or public speaking, they often speak
hurriedly or mumble.

This isn’t very attractive or charismatic behavior for a speaker and, in the
long run, it makes it harder for the audience to like you or want to agree
with your points.

When debating, you want to be amicable and likable. People want to be

on your side when you have charisma.

4. Be Confident with Your Topic

If you look like you believe what you’re saying, your audience will also
have confidence that you know what you’re saying and you have a basis
for it.
Conversely, if you look nervous or you seem like you don’t really believe
what you’re saying, your audience isn’t going to be filled with confidence
in you or your message. So, be confident with your message. It’s one of
the best debating techniques of the lot!

97
Of course, you’ll feel most confident when you’ve prepared for your
subject well – so don’t neglect preparation.

“Act like you’re winning, even if you’re not”.

 Looking at your audience and opponents in their faces (a look, not a

stare)
 Using your arms to talk
 Smiling (where appropriate)
 Keeping a relaxed posture
 NOT folding your arms
 NOT looking at the ground

5. Think About Your Body Language

Another great debating technique is to make sure you’re using your body
language to agree with the points you’re making. Make sure your body
indicates confidence by:

**When your team member is making their case, make sure you nod and
agree with their points.

6. Your Audience and Judge’s Body Language in Debate

Also, ensure you’re thinking about your audience and judge’s body
language. If you do this, you’ll be able to see if are you getting:

 blank stares of boredom – which means it’s time to make an

illustration and spice up your argument or make it more cogent
 a look of anger or frustration – which means it might be time to
tone down the rhetoric or think about another angle
 rapt attention and interest – which means you’re on the right track.
Continue with what you’re doing!

B. Defensive Debating Techniques: Debating Tips to Protect Your

Topic

1. Listen and Take Notes

Be careful to listen to the main points of your opponent’s arguments.
Don’t try to take notes on everything; just jot down the major arguments
so you’ll be able to rebut this at a future time. Also, note down any
weakness in their logic that can be rebutted.

2. When You’re the Stronger Debating Partner…

When you’re debating on a team where you’re the stronger debater, make
sure you’re not trying to answer the points that have been addressed to
your weaker partner’s points. Instead, make sure you compare notes in
the interim (while the opponent is speaking), showing your weaker
partner how they might best score points.
In this way, you’re teaching your weaker partner to stand up and learn
debate skills themselves instead of trying to prop up their argument. If

98
you’re on a team with them in the future, you’ll find your partner is better
than they were when you started.

3. Anticipate Your Opponents Questions Before They Come

If you’re in a debating competition, you want to anticipate your
opponent’s questions in addition to the judge’s or audience’s questions.

Additional Debating tips

1. Tell a Story or Give an Illustration with an Example

If your audience doesn’t look convinced, yet you feel like your argument is
convincing and you know the debate topic well, tell a short story (very
short) or give a quick illustration to make your point.

Forming a picture in your listener’s eyes can do a lot as ‘a picture is worth

a thousand words’.

If your audience is also suffering from a somnolescent attitude, a story

might help pique their interest once again and get you in their good books.

2. Use a Strong Conclusion

Even if a person wanders a little in their debate, a person with good
debating skills can finish nicely with a strong conclusion that states their
thesis point and main points clearly.

Also, if you’re taking part in a debating competition, you want to look the
judges squarely in the eye as you send your point home.

3. When Debating, Don’t Take Cheap Shots

As a debater, we’re not called to agree with our opponents all the time.
However, we can still love them and deal amicably with them. After all,
your opponent might be on your side one day!

Specifically, don’t take cheap shots by:

 Making fun of a speaker when they’re nervous or they’ve made some
fault
 Making racial slurs or commenting on a person’s physique or
background
 Don’t heckle your opponent while they’re speaking – this is rude and
shows you are ill-mannered
 Taking the other person’s words out of context – this is infuriating to
your opponents and your judges may not be too happy when they
discover this.

This all comes down to being the better man (or woman). Be gracious to
your opponent in all situations, even if they’re rude.

99
 DReSS anD appeaRanCe

This chapter will be discussed in the virtual class.

LOgiCaL
faLLaCieS in
DeBaTe
“eSTaBLiSHing CReDiBiLiTY in DeBaTe”
Fallacies are defects that weaken arguments. By learning to look for
them in your own and others’ writing, you can strengthen your ability to
evaluate the arguments you make, read, and hear. It is important to
realize two things about fallacies: first, fallacious arguments are very,
very common and can be quite persuasive, at least to the casual reader or
listener. You can find dozens of examples of fallacious reasoning in
newspapers, advertisements,
and other sources. Second, it
is sometimes hard to evaluate
whether an argument is
fallacious. An argument might
be very weak, somewhat
weak, somewhat strong, or

100
very strong. An argument that has several stages or parts might have
some strong sections and some weak ones. Your goal, then, is not to learn
how to label arguments as fallacious or fallacy-free, but to know how to
look critically at your own arguments and move them away from the
“weak” and toward the “strong” end of the continuum.

For further
discussions on this lesson,
please listen to recorded
presentation in your flash drive (File
name: Logical Fallacies).

This activity will not be recorded, but you need to answer to see if you
understood the lesson.
Identify what fallacy is described in the following statements.

1. committed when a general conclusion is made based on an

inappropriately small sample or body of evidence

2. It is a statement or attack against the person speaking

and not the argument itself.

3. The original argument is replaced with an overstated,

misrepresented, or simplified version; the weakened or simplified
argument is then attacked, proven faulty and dismissed.

4. Uses a lack of evidence to support a claim. Since there is

no conclusive evidence to the contrary, the arguer claims that their
conclusion is correct and should be accepted.

5. An arguer tries to get people to accept a conclusion by

making them feel sorry for someone.

6. Happens when one improperly concludes a cause-and-

effect relationship among related items.

7. Suggests that something is correct because everyone is

doing it.

8-10. In 3 to 4 sentences, describe the proper dress and appearance of

participants in a debate activity.

101
Analyze the following statements and identify which fallacy is illustrated.

1. If I don’t have that dress, the whole prom will be ruined

for me.

2. Wearing uniforms to school is like being in a prison of

clothing. Students didn’t do anything wrong, so why are they being
punished?

3. Banning soda from school is like taking candy from a child.

All children like candy and who would hurt a child?

4. Taking a parenting class is as silly as reading a book to

learn how to swim. You can only learn by doing.

6. All the homes in this area are expensive; therefore, they

must be well built.

7. Drink Coca Cola! For 100 years it’s been the favorite drink
of Americans. You’ll like it!

8. A Ford Explorer is a better car than a Lexus SUV because

it has more room, looks better, and costs less.

9. The Macklin Company was more prosperous before Ms.

Williams became president. Clearly, she is the cause of the decline.

10. You don’t want to be a nurse. You have to go through all

the training and then, what do you get? You work with sick, crabby people
and take orders from doctors who don’t know the patients as well as you
do. You’re underpaid, overworked, and unappreciated. Moreover, having
to work different shifts makes a normal home life impossible.

11. I am the father of two daughters. When I hear this

argument that we can’t protect freedom in Europe, in Asia, or in our own
hemisphere and still meet our domestic problems, I think it is a phony
argument. It is just like saying that I can’t take care of Lucy because I

102
have Linda Bird. We have to take care of both of them and we have to
meet them head on.

12. Television can’t be harmful to children because it

occupies their attention for hours and thus keeps them off the street.

13. After all, my views on gun control have been endorsed by

some of Hollywood’s most notable actors — Sylvester Stallone, Barbara
Streisand, and Alex Baldwin, among others. How could you not agree with
me?

14. The congressman is

clearly an able leader. He has a warm
family life and attends Church every
Sunday.

15. The Chinese people

have a natural talent for art. Two
Chinese girls took an art course with
me last semester, and they were the best students in the class.

Assignment
Do a simple research on how the fallacies of debate can be avoided.
Compile your output in a single document. You may write your outline
below.

Please see the COURSE GUIDE for the rubrics and other
details.

103
104
CONGRATULATIONS!
You finished the course (English 1b).
We would like to know what you think of the content and format of
this module. We sure would like to take your thoughts for the
improvement of this course. Thank you!

105
Africa, A. 2018. Purposive Communication in the now. Mandaluyong
City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Bauzon, P. 2004. Handbook in public speaking, argumentation, and

debate. Mandaluyong City: National Bookstore.
Caudilla, J. & Cansancio, J. 2019. Purposive Communication. Books
Atbp. Publishing Corp.

Dapat, R. & Chang, L. 2018. Essence and Essentials of Purposive

Communication in the 21st Century. Books Atbp. Publishing Corp.

MacGibbon, L. 2019. Academic essay writing.

https://www.cdu.edu.au/sites/default/files/acike/docs/academic-essay-
writing-resource.pdf.

Madrunio, M. & I. Martin. 2018. Purposive Communication Using

English in Multilingual Contexts. C & E Publishing Inc.

Nikolaenko, E.B. 2008. Business English. Tomsk Polytechnic University

Publishing House.

Fallacies of Debate. 2012. UNC College of Arts and Science. Retrieved

from http://writingcenter.unc.edu/files/2012/09/Fallacies-The-Writing-
Center.pdf

H. L. Meacock, A. Skene. 2009. Communication Café, English Language

Development, Centre for Teaching and Learning, University of Toronto,
Scarborough. Retrieved from
https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/eld/sites/utsc.utoronto.ca.eld/files/resou
rce-files/Logical%20Fallacies%20HANDOUT%20.pdf

106