LECTURE HANDOUTS

COMPILATION
PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
(COM101)
• WELCOME TO PAMANTASAN ng CABUYAO
• WELCOME STUDENTS!!!
• WELCOME TO PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION CLASS!
Professor: Dr. Maria Consuelo L. Dimaya, Ph.D.
PNC VISION

A premier educational institution of higher learning, developing

globally-competitive and value-laden professionals and leaders
instrumental to community development and nation building.
PNC MISSION

As an institution of higher learning, PnC is committed to equip

individuals with knowledge, skills and values that will enable them
to achieve their professional goals and provide leadership and
service for national development.
PNC CORE VALUES

• P- Personal Dignity
 
• N- Nurturing Community
 
• C- Commitment to Excellence
PNC GRADUATE ATTRIBUTES

1. Professional Competence
2. Communication Skills
3. Analytical and Problem-Solving Skills
4. Lifelong Learning Skills
5. Interpersonal Skills
6. Productivity
7. Social and Ethical Responsibility
NETIQUETTE FOR STUDENTS FOR HYBRID
FLEXIBLE (HI-FLEX) LEARNING
1. Login on time
2. Check your access upon the availability of the device
3. Eliminate all forms of distraction
4. Participate actively with full and focused attention
5. Stay on topic with no irrelevant comments and inappropriate materials
6. Refrain mixing with other online or digital platforms
7. Check grammar, spelling, and punctuation
8. Always cite your sources and never plagiarize
9. Submit files the right way and check emails regularly
10. Reach out to your instructors/professors.
11. Keep messages short and do not all caps
12. Appropriate emoticons and expressions
13. Delivery of humor and sarcasm
14. Never to a strong and offensive language, comment, or personal attack
15. Dress code even online
16. Stay respectful, kind, professional at all the time
OTHER RELATED MATTER (COVID-19 SAFETY MEASURES)

• On a “Home Quarantine” today, our Department of Interior and Local

Government (DILG) advised the wearing of face masks even inside
residences especially if a family encounters difficulty in practicing social
distancing at households. You can also follow this measure if applicable to
your home. Lastly, disinfecting can be also done on, before, or after the Hi-
Flex Class as you use things necessary for the conducting of the said activity.
THE WRITE WAY TO COMMUNICATE ONLINE (LEWIS, 2000)
LEWIS’ ADVICE ABOUT THE WRITE WAY TO COMMUNICATE THAT COULD EASILY BE ADAPTED FOR STUDENTS. “THE
WRITE WAY INVOLVES COMMUNICATING ONLINE IN A MANNER THAT IS (W)ARM, (R)ESPONSIVE, (I)NQUISITIVE,
(T)ENTATIVE, AND (E)MPATHETIC.”
COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER
COURSE DESCRIPTION

•Purposive Communication reinforces the capability of the learners to write,

speak, present and perform different workplace requirements in various
multicultural purposes as effectively as possible. It enables the learners to
critique and analyze speeches and their meanings and effects on the audience.
The course allows students to learn the best practices in creating and writing an
effective office document.
• 
TOPIC1 (WEEK1)
TOPIC TITLE: COMMUNICATION IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

OVERVIEW
• In this module, students will be exposed to the various ways of looking at communication. It should
give students understanding of why communication should be studied at the tertiary level, and a
potential of such a course in helping them transform themselves and their society. It includes
communication models that can be used by students, and explain why communication tasks in the past
have either failed or succeeded. It is an introduction to the different processes, principles, and
dimensions of communication that students should be aware of, when they start communicating in the
academe and the professional world.
LESSON OBJECTIVES

• To be able to explain how communication takes place

• To clearly discuss how models of communication and processes can serve to explain existing
communication pathways, recommend communication strategies, and identify models
applicable in written and spoken business interaction.
• To be able to use examples to explain a specific model and identify the barriers of
communication.
• To be able understand, discuss, and articulate a level of Standard English expected from a
specific field of practice.
TOPICS

•Communication Models and Processes

•Communication and society
TOPIC OBJECTIVES

•After topic 1, students are expected to:

1. Understand the importance of communication models and processes;
2. Explain the notion of World Englishes in the context of English being a global language; and
3. Apply ethical principles in communication process.
INTRODUCTION

• Communication – a skill that’s probably the most vital of all. The ability to
communicate well is a vital contributor to being a good student, employee, and
citizen.
• Many research studies have suggested that being able to express yourself well and
to comprehend with equal clarity what others are expressing, is a crucially
important thing. A proficiency at interpersonal communication is certainly coupled
with physical and mental health, socially desirable behavior, educational
attainment, and the ability of an individual to get employment.
 • It is a mistake to believe that communication is a simple process.
Although people communicate with one another every day, the real question is
whether the ideas one has expressed are truly understood by another.
Communication breakdowns happen in every part of the globe, and these have
led to plethora of problems. Effective communication can breach peace, spark
revolutions, and affect change in government. However, to communicate
properly, one cannot simply strive to express oneself and leave understanding to
fate; one must also learn how to organize one’s thought, control one’s
emotions, use one’s words to articulate concepts and arguments, and express
oneself in the best way possible.
 •The art of one’s communication reflects the art of one’s thinking.
According to James Berlin (1982), one of the major proponents of The New
Rhetoric, in teaching writing, “we are not simply offering training in a useful
technical skill that is meant as a simple complement to the more important
studies of other areas. We are teaching a way of experiencing the world, a way
of ordering and making sense of it”.
 • This is also true when it comes to all the language skills essential in
communication, whether this is in writing, reading, listening, or speaking. These are
tools that help us analyze, critique, and negotiate with the world. To construct ideas
and bring people to believe in one’s vision, it is important to be able to communicate
in an effective, articulate manner. On a personal level, honing one’s communication
skills can also bring about success to one’s personal and professional life.
• To lead nations or corporations, communication skills are essential. To work
smoothly as a team, communication is indispensable. And to create a vision that
people will believe in, one needs to learn how to communicate purposefully in
today’s society.
DIFFERENT MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

•One way of thinking about communication process is by looking at the

different communication models available. According to Denis Mc
Mcquail and Sven Windahl (2013), in their book Communication Models
for the Study of Mass Communications, “ a model seeks to show the
main elements of any structure or process and the relationship between
these elements…it helps in explaining by providing in a simplified way,
information which would otherwise be complicated or ambiguous.
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

•Aristotle, writing 300 years before the birth of Christ, provided an explanation
of oral communication that is still worthy of attention. He called the study of
communication, “rhetoric” and spoke of three elements within the process.

• Rhetoric falls into three divisions, determined by three classes of listeners to

speeches. Among the three elements in speech- making are: speaker, subject,
and person addressed- it is the last one, the listener, who determines the speech’s
end and object.
•Here, Aristotle speaks of a communication process composed of a speaker, a
message, and a listener. Note, he points out that the person at the end of the
communication process holds the key to whether or not communication takes
place. Aristotle explains that the speakers should adjust their messages
according to their audience and the occasion to achieve a particular effect.
• Let us apply this to a modern example. After the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
the US President Franklin Roosevelt delivered a stirring speech to declare war on Japan on December
8. The speaker, in this case, was US President Roosevelt and his speech was crafted especially for the
occasion, filled with strong words that were crisp and straight to the point. The occasion was the
President’s response to the attack on Pearl Harbor; the main audience was the US Congress; and the
effect was to persuade members of Congress to declare war on Japan, which they did, with only one
dissenting vote. These components of speaker, speech, occasion, audience and effect should be
considered when communicating one’s message.
OSGOOD-SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
• In this model pay attention to the role of the interpreter. Encoding and
decoding are not automatic processes both go through the filter of the
interpreter. Therefore, the message may succeed or fail, based on the
interpreter’s appreciation of the message. There are times when the sender
and receiver may apply different meanings to the same message, and this is
termed “semantic noise”. His second model, on the other hand, builds this
theory about the interpreter into the different fields of experience of the
sender and the receiver.
•For the message to reach the receiver, there must be a common field of experience
between the sender and the receiver. Although the receiver might not fully appreciate
all the nuances of the message, as there are parts of the sender’s experience that the
receiver has no knowledge of, the receiver may still understand the core meaning of
the message. According to Snesha Mishra (2017) , this field of experience may
constitute “ culture, social background, beliefs, experiences, values, and rules. In this
model, if the encoder’s and decoder’s field of experience overlap, communication
can take place. If there is no overlap, or if only a small area is in common,
communication is difficult, if not impossible.
• 
SHANNON- WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
 

•This model was created by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. According to
the Website Communication Theory Org. in 1948, Shannon and Weaver wrote
an article in the Bell System Technological Journal entitled “Mathematical
Theory of Communication”. According to Flores ( 2016 ), this is also often
called the ‘The Telephone Model”, since it was developed because of the
technology of the telephone and the experience of “ noise” coming from the
switchboard
•The sender would be the person giving the message, while the encoder would be the transmitter which
converts the message into signals. Let us use the modern example of the mobile phone. With this, the
encoder would be the cell phone, and the sender, of course, would be the person calling. The decoder
on the other hand, would be the reception place of the signal which converts signals into messages,
which is why in modern parlance, when there is no signal there is difficulty in decoding the message.
The receiver would be the destination of the message by the sender which would be the person who is
being called – and when there are problems, or “noise” that interferes with the message, then the receiver
would give feedback, which is usually phrased as “choppy”, when the message cannot be heard because
of the signal. The messages are transferred through the use of a channel; in the case of the telephone, the
channel would be the cables, while in the case of the cellphone, the channel would be radio frequencies.
This model can also be used in other situations, and can tell us how the message may sometime get lost
because of the noise, which can be physical or psychological and how feedback is an essential
component of communication to ensure that the message is successfully received.
EUGENE WHITE’S STAGES OF ORAL
COMMUNICATION

• According to White, it is possible to begin at any of the stages outlined in his model. People
are under the mistaken impression that when we communicate, we usually start with
thinking, but that is not necessarily the case. Since it is a circular model, it means that oral
communication is a continuous process with no real beginning or end. The most important
contribution from White’s model is the concept of feedback, which can only be processed by
the speaker if he or she has been monitoring the audience or the listener. Hence, the speaker
must also pay attention to the listener’s verbal and non- verbal cues.
LINEAR MODEL

It shows a one- way mode of communication as shown in the figure below. It means that the sender
sends the message to the receiver via channel. Generally, communication is a two- way process; however,
there are instances that linear communication happens. A good example of this is when listening to music.

The Linear model is applied in mass communication like television,

radio, etc. This model is not applicable in general human
communication as general human communication has to have
feedback and responses.
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL

• It is based on the premise that individuals are simultaneously engaging in the sending and receiving of messages
(Barlund 2008 ). This is an excellent model during face- to – face interaction which allows the interlocutors to be
creators and consumers of messages simultaneously. As shown in the figure above, when the sender delivers the
message, it will pass through a channel (verbal, aural, visual) before reaching the receiver. As a message reaches
the receiver, a feedback will be sent to the original sender. In this case, the former receiver becomes the sender; the
former sender becomes the receiver. The communication cycle continues until naturally or forcefully terminated.
However the success of communication may be interfered by different forms of barriers in different stages. It
depends on the interlocutors on how they will overcome such barriers.
•In conclusion, communication is not a simple process that starts with the speaker and ends with the
listener- there are many factors that should be considered. When it comes to the message, how the
message is organized and what field of experience it comes from should be taken into consideration.
When comes to the sender, the best communication is the one that involves feedback. Furthermore, there
are several kinds of “noise” that may severely affect the reception of the message and thus, should be
avoided. Cultural differences, technology, and interpretation need to be considered as well. To be a good
communicator, one needs to pay attention to how people are responding to the message, and adjust
accordingly, rather than being preoccupied with simply expressing oneself.
ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY

1.Why do you think communication skills are considered to be essential

in being good citizens?
2. Be ready to explain in your own words, the different models of
communication, with examples.
These questions will be answered in class.