EECE1031 Unit 1

Course Title: EECE1031- NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS
Dr. I.E.Sanyasi Naidu

Associate Professor
Department of Electrical, Electronics and Communication
Engineering
GITAM School of Technology (GIT)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: ninjarap@gitam.edu
26 June 2023 Department of EECE, GST Course Code and Course Title: EECE1031- NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS1
EEE1031: NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS GITAM
Deemed to be University
Course description :
This course aims to develop the basic concepts of network
analysis, which are the pre- requisites for all the electronics
engineering courses. The course deals with understanding
various network reduction techniques such as source
transformation, network theorems and apply these techniques to
simplify different complex R-L-C networks. Design techniques of
resonant circuits is imparted. Analysis and synthesis of two-port
networks are dealt. Transient Response of complex electrical
systems and design of stable system is also elaborated.
Course Educational Objectives: GITAM
• To impart knowledge about solving different complex circuits using

various network reduction techniques such as source
transformation, network theorems.
• To explain the analysis AC and DC transient response for complex
R-L-C circuits.
• To familiarize AC steady state response for complex R-L-C series
and parallel circuits and to analyse the circuits.
• To distinguish between series and parallel resonance and design
resonant circuits.
• To acquaint the students with evaluation of two port network
parameters.
Unit-I Contents GITAM
Introduction:
Introduction: Ohms law, Kirchhoff's laws, series and
parallel circuits, source transformations, delta-wye
conversion, linearity and superposition theorem with
simple examples, Thevenin's and Norton's theorem
with simple examples, maximum power transfer
theorem with simple examples. mesh, super mesh
analysis, nodal, super node analysis
26 June 2023 Department of EECE, GST Course Code and Course Title: EECE1031- NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS 4
Unit-II Contents GITAM
Time domain analysis of circuits: Transient analysis of first

order and second order systems, initial and final conditions in
networks. dc transients: source free and forced response of RL,
RC and RLC circuits analysis using Laplace transform.
Unit-III Contents GITAM
Sinusoidal steady-state analysis: Sinusoids, sinusoidal

functions and complex functions, instantaneous power, average
power, effective values of current and voltage, apparent power
and power factor, complex power, phasors, phasor relationships
for R, L and C and steady state analysis of RL, RC and RLC
circuits.
Unit-IV Contents GITAM
Resonance : Series resonance, parallel resonance, bandwidth,

selectivity, quality factor.
Unit-V Contents GITAM
Two-port networks: Impedance parameters, admittance
parameters, hybrid parameters and transmission parameters,
relationships between parameters.
Course Learning Outcomes: GITAM
Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to

1. Analyse basic AC and DC circuits using nodal, mesh analysis and network
theorems, retransformation and several methods of simplifying networks.
(L3)
2. Understand the concept of graphical solution to transient electrical
network in time domain analysis and apply Laplace Transform for steady
state and transient analysis.(L2)
3. Analyse sinusoidal or AC response of circuits and determine power and
power factor of circuits.(L3)
4. Distinguish between series resonance and parallel resonance concepts and
performance parameters.(L2)
5. Derive two port network parameters Z, Y, ABCD, h and their
interrelationships and determine for different network functions (L3).
Introduction GITAM
• In electrical engineering, we are often interested in
transferring energy from one point to another point.
• To do this, we require interconnection of electrical devices and
such interconnection is known as electric circuit.
• Each component of the electric circuit is known as circuit
element.
• A circuit element is a mathematical representation of a simple
two terminal electrical device characterized by its specific
voltage current relationship. Examples: Resistors, Capacitors,
Inductors etc.
Electric Charge GITAM
Current GITAM
• The unique property of electric charge is that it can be transferred from
one place to another, that means it is mobile in nature.
• Charge in motion represents current.
• The convention is to take the current flow as the movement of positive
charges. That is, opposite to the flow of negative charges.
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
• Figure shows a dc current and a sinusoidal ac current versus

time.
Current GITAM
• Figure shows other types of time varying currents such as the

triangular and square waveforms.
Current GITAM
• Graphical representation of current:
Current GITAM
• Graphical representation of current:
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Current GITAM
Voltage GITAM
Voltage GITAM
Voltage GITAM
• Voltage has polarity. Plus ‘+’ and minus ‘-’ are used to represent
reference direction or voltage polarity.
• The Voltage V12 can be interpreted as:

a) Point 1 is at a potential of V12 volts higher than point 2.
Or
b) potential at point 1 with respect to point 2 is V12 volts.
• There fore logically it follows that V12 = - V21
Voltage GITAM
Q. An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10 Sec

to flow through a bulb. If 2.3K joules is given off in the form of
heat and light energy, calculate the voltage drop across the bulb.
Voltage GITAM
Power and Energy GITAM
• If the power has + sign, power is delivered to or absorbed by the element.

• On the other hand, if the power has – sign, power is being supplied or delivered by
the element.
• Polarity of voltage and direction of current play major role in determining the sign
of power.
• According to Passive sign convention:

power absorbed by an element is positive, when current
enters through its + terminal.
i.e. p is +ve.
power absorbed by an element is negative when current
enters through its –ve terminal.
i.e. p is –ve.
In general Power absorbed = – power delivered.
Active and passive circuit elements GITAM
• There are two types of elements found in electric circuits

based on energy delivered to or by them.
• Passive elements are those whose average power delivered is
always zero or negative.
Examples: Resistors, inductors, capacitors
• Active elements are those whose average power delivered is
always positive.
Examples: Voltage and current sources.
Numerical examples GITAM
• Determine the power absorbed by each element for the following

circuit.
Numerical examples GITAM
Solution:
Power absorbed by 20V Source is negative as current
I out of positive terminal of voltage source,
p1 = - (20 x 6)= -120 W
For p2 and p3 current is flowing into the positive terminal of the elements and
are positive. p2 = + (12 x 6) = 72W p3 = +( 8 x 7) =56W
For p4 current is flowing out of positive terminal and hence is negative.
p4 = -(8 x I/6) = -(8 x 6/6) = -8W
We can observe here that p1+ p2+ p3+p4 = -120+72+56-8 = 0
It means total power supplied is equal to total power absorbed.
Independent Voltage source GITAM
• An independent voltage source is two terminal element that maintains
a specific voltage between its terminal.
• The voltage is completely independent of the current through it.
• Sources such as generators and batteries may be regarded as
approximations to ideal voltage sources.
Independent Current source GITAM
• An independent current source is a two terminal element that

provides a specific current independent of voltage across the
source.
Dependent sources GITAM
• Dependent sources are designated by diamond shaped

symbols.
Dependent voltage sources GITAM
• In a dependent or controlled voltage source, the voltage across

the source terminals is a function of other voltages or currents
in the circuit.
Dependent voltage sources GITAM
• A voltage controlled voltage source is a voltage source having

a terminal voltage equal to a constant times the voltage (vx)
across a pair of terminals elsewhere in the network.
• A current controlled voltage source is a voltage source having
a terminal voltage equal to a constant times the current (ix)
through some other element in the circuit.
Dependent current sources GITAM
• The current flowing through a dependent current source is

determined by a current or voltage elsewhere in the circuit.
Dependent current sources GITAM
• A current controlled current source is a current source having

the source current equal to a constant times the current (ix)
through some other element in the circuit.
• A voltage controlled current source is a current source having
the source current equal to a constant times a constant times
the voltage (vx) across a pair of terminals elsewhere in the
network.
Dependent or controlled sources GITAM
• Controlled voltage and current sources are useful in
constructing circuit models for many types of real world
devices such as transistors, transformers, electrical machines
and electronic amplifiers.
• There are four kinds of controlled sources:
a) Voltage controlled voltage sources (VCVS)
b) Current controlled voltage sources (CCVS)
c) Current controlled current sources (CCCS)
d) Voltage controlled current sources (VCCS)
Ohms law GITAM
• Ohm’s law states that the voltage ‘v’ across an element is directly
proportional to the current ‘i’ flowing through it. i.e. v ∝ i or v=R i.
where R is a proportionality constant known as resistance.
• Resistance is the property of the material to restrict the flow of
current. It depends on type of material and its dimensions.
• This property is used in many applications such as heaters, irons,
toasters and electric stoves.
• In the process of flow of electrons through a material, they loose
some of their energy due to the resistive property of materials,
resulting in heat generation.
Ohms law GITAM
Resistance GITAM
Resistance GITAM
Resistance GITAM
Resistance GITAM
• A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as linear resistor.

• A resistor that does not obey Ohm’s law is known as nonlinear resistor. Ex. Filament in a lamp and
diodes
Conductance GITAM
Resistance and conductance GITAM
• Power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current

or voltage.
• In each circuit, determine v and i, power dissipated in each

resistor.
Nodes, branches and loops GITAM
• Elements of electric circuit can be interconnected in several ways.

• Interconnection of two or more circuit elements is known as a Network.
• A network having one or more closed paths is known as electric circuit.
• A branch represents a two terminal element in a circuit.
Nodes GITAM
Branches GITAM
Path GITAM
Closed path or Loop GITAM
Mesh GITAM
• Determine the number of nodes, branches and meshes in the

following circuit.
Answer:
this is the simplified version of above circuit

eliminating virtual nodes
Number of nodes, n = 3
Number of branches, b = 4
Number of meshes, m = b-n+1 = 4-3+1 = 2
Kirchhoff ’s laws GITAM
• For the following circuit determine v1 and v2.
For the circuit shown in figure determine v0 and i.
Find i0 and v0 in the following circuit.
Find v0 , v1 and v2 for the following circuit.
State which interconnections are valid and which are
invalid?
GITAM
Series resistors and voltage division GITAM
Series resistors and voltage division GITAM
Parallel resistors and current division GITAM
Voltage division GITAM
• Using voltage division determine v1 and v2 .
Voltage division GITAM
Resistance reduction: GITAM
Resistance reduction GITAM
• Determine Req for the following circuit.
• Determine R12 for the following circuit.
Single loop circuit GITAM
• Compute the power absorbed by each element in this circuit
Single node pair circuit GITAM
Determine ‘v’ and power supplied by independent current source for the
following circuit.
Identify which elements are in series and which are in parallel?
Identify which elements are in series and which are in parallel?
Wye (Y) or T network: GITAM
Delta (Δ) or П network: GITAM
Delta (Δ) to Wye (Y) conversion GITAM
• Some times it will be more convenient to work with a ‘Y’ network in a

place the circuit contains ‘Δ’ network.
• Superimpose a ‘Y’ network on the existing ‘Δ’ network
and determine the resistances in the ‘Y’ network.
• For obtaining equivalent resistances in the Y-network, the resistance
between each pair of nodes in ‘Y-network’ is the same as the
resistance the same pair of nodes in the ‘Δ- network’.
• Here R12(Y) = R12(Δ), R13(Y) = R13(Δ) and R34(Y) = R34(Δ);
Wye (Y) to Delta (Δ) conversion GITAM
Y-Δ Networks GITAM
Y-Δ Networks GITAM
For the network shown in figure, find Rab and i.
Y-Δ Networks GITAM
• Find the equivalent resistance Rab for the following circuit.
• Find the resistance between terminals A and D.
Answer: replacing ‘Δ’BDC to ‘Y’BDC
• Compute the power absorbed by each element in this circuit
Determine ‘v’ and power supplied by independent current source for the
following circuit.
Nodal and Mesh analysis GITAM
• Two powerful techniques that aid in analysis of complex circuits are:

a) Nodal Analysis
b) Mesh analysis
a)Nodal analysis: it is based on systematic application of Kirchhoff’s current

law.
b) Mesh Analysis: it is based on the systematics application of Kirchhoff’s
voltage law.
Using above two methods we can solve for voltages and currents in any linear
circuit.
Nodal Analysis GITAM
• In nodal analysis node voltages are the variables.

Procedure:
• Consider a network without voltage sources.
• Identify the nodes and number them in the network.
• Select one of the node as a reference node.
• Assign the voltages to remaining ‘n-1’ non reference nodes with respect
to the reference node
as ex: v1, v2,v3,…..vn.
• Apply KCL at each of the ‘n-1’ non-reference nodes.
• Express branch current in terms of node voltages using ohms law.
• Solve the simultaneous equations to obtain the node voltages.
Nodal analysis GITAM
• Determine node voltages for the following circuit
• Determine node voltages
Super node analysis GITAM
• Determine the node voltages
• Determine the node voltages for the following circuit
• Determine node voltages for the following circuit
Mesh analysis GITAM
• Mesh analysis is a general method to analyze electric circuits using

mesh currents of the circuit.
• In mesh analysis we apply KVL to obtain unknown currents.
• Mesh analysis is applicable to planar networks.
• A circuit that can be drawn on a plain paper with no branches crossing
one another is called a planar circuit.
Mesh analysis GITAM
Determine the branch currents for the following circuit.
Mesh analysis GITAM
Mesh analysis GITAM
Determine mesh currents for the following circuit.
Mesh analysis GITAM
Super mesh analysis GITAM
• Determine mesh currents
• Determine mesh currents
Practical Voltage source GITAM
Practical Current source GITAM
Source transformation GITAM
Source transformation can also be applied to dependent sources.
Using source transformation find V0.
Using source transformation find ix
Network theorem GITAM
• We have used Kirchhoff's laws, nodal and mesh analysis to

analyze various circuit. The main advantage of using them is, we
can analyze a circuit without tampering with its original
configuration.
• Major drawback of this approach is, it involves tedious
computations for large and complex circuits.
• To handle the complexity of circuits, circuit theorems are
developed by engineers to simplify the analysis.
• Such theorems include: Superposition theorem, Thevenin’s &
Norton’s theorems, Maximum power transfer theorem, Millman’s
theorem, compensation theorem etc.
Linearity and super position theorem GITAM
• Linearity is the property of an element describing the linear relation ship

between cause and effect.
• Linearity property is a combination of both homogeneity ( scaling) property and
additivity property.
• Homogeneity Property: it requires that if input (excitation) is multiplied by a
constant, then the output appears as a multiple of same constant.
Ex: For a resistor, v = iR,
if i=ix, then v = ixR = vx;
if i=kix then v = kixR= kvx
• Additivity Property: Response to a sum of inputs is the sum of individual

responses.
Ex: For a resistor, v=iR,
v1=i1R, v2=i2R,
if i=i1+i2 , v = (i1+i2)R;
v = (i1+i2)R=i1R+i2R=v1+v2
A resistor voltage current relation satisfies both linearity and homgeneity
properties, hence it is a linear element.
• Super position theorem:

States that current through (voltage across) an element in a linear
circuit is the algebraic sum of the currents through (or voltages
across ) that element due to each independent source acting alone.
To apply super position theorem:
1. Consider one independent source at a time while all other
independent sources are turned off.
2. Dependent sources are controlled by control variables and hence
they will be left intact.
Super position theorem GITAM
Using super position theorem, determine ‘v’ for the following circuit.
Determine ‘i’ using superposition theorem
Thevenin’s theorem GITAM
Thevenin’s theorem states that a linear two terminal electrical circuit

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a voltage source in
series with a resistance.
26 June 2023 164

Thevenin’s theorem: Case 1 GITAM
Determine thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals 1-2 for
the circuit shown in figure.
• For circuits having dependent sources, a different procedure is

followed for determining RTh.
• Determine Thevenin equivalent for the following circuit.
Norton’s theorem GITAM
• Norton’s theorem states that a linear two terminal electrical circuit

can be replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source
in parallel with a resistance.
• Thevenin Voltage, VTh = VOC

• Norton Current, IN =Isc
• RTh = RN =Voc/Isc
• Norton current IN = Voc/RTh
• Thevenin voltage, VTh =IN RN
• Determine Norton’s equivalent for the following circuit across load

terminals and then find load current.
Maximum power transfer theorem GITAM
According to Maximum power transfer theorem, power transferred to

the load is maximum when the load resistance is equal to source
resistance.
Find the maximum power transferred to the load in following

circuit. Also determine power transferred to load when RL=3KΩ.
What two different values of RL will have exactly 20mW power
delivered to them.
Find the maximum power transferred to the load in following

circuit. Also determine maximum power transferred to load.
References GITAM
• William H. Hayt Jr., Jack E. Kemmerly, Engineering Circuit Analysis,
8/e, McGraw Hill,2013
• Van Valkenburg M.E, Network Analysis, 3/e, Prentice Hall India,
2014
• Sudhakar and Shyam Mohan ,Network Theory, 2/e, TMH, 2012.
• Schaum's outline series, Basic circuit analysis, McGraw-Hill
Professional, 2012
• A.Chakrabarti, Circuit Theory Analysis & Synthesis, 6/e, Dhanpat
Rai and Company, 2014.
GITAM
THANK YOU

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Course Title: EECE1031- NETWORK THEORY AND ANALYSIS

Dr. I.E.Sanyasi Naidu

• To impart knowledge about solving different complex circuits using

Time domain analysis of circuits: Transient analysis of first

Sinusoidal steady-state analysis: Sinusoids, sinusoidal

Resonance : Series resonance, parallel resonance, bandwidth,

Upon successful completion of the course, students will be able to

• Figure shows a dc current and a sinusoidal ac current versus

• Figure shows other types of time varying currents such as the

• Graphical representation of current:

• Graphical representation of current:

• The Voltage V12 can be interpreted as:

Q. An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10 Sec

• If the power has + sign, power is delivered to or absorbed by the element.

• According to Passive sign convention:

• There are two types of elements found in electric circuits

• Determine the power absorbed by each element for the following

• An independent current source is a two terminal element that

• Dependent sources are designated by diamond shaped

• In a dependent or controlled voltage source, the voltage across

• A voltage controlled voltage source is a voltage source having

• The current flowing through a dependent current source is

• A current controlled current source is a current source having

• A resistor that obeys Ohm’s law is known as linear resistor.

• Power dissipated in a resistor is a nonlinear function of either current

• In each circuit, determine v and i, power dissipated in each

• Elements of electric circuit can be interconnected in several ways.

• Determine the number of nodes, branches and meshes in the

this is the simplified version of above circuit

• For the following circuit determine v1 and v2.

For the circuit shown in figure determine v0 and i.

Find i0 and v0 in the following circuit.

Find v0 , v1 and v2 for the following circuit.

• Using voltage division determine v1 and v2 .

• Determine Req for the following circuit.

• Determine R12 for the following circuit.

• Compute the power absorbed by each element in this circuit

Identify which elements are in series and which are in parallel?

Identify which elements are in series and which are in parallel?

• Some times it will be more convenient to work with a ‘Y’ network in a

For the network shown in figure, find Rab and i.

• Find the equivalent resistance Rab for the following circuit.

• Find the resistance between terminals A and D.

Answer: replacing ‘Δ’BDC to ‘Y’BDC

• Compute the power absorbed by each element in this circuit

• Two powerful techniques that aid in analysis of complex circuits are:

a)Nodal analysis: it is based on systematic application of Kirchhoff’s current

• In nodal analysis node voltages are the variables.

• Determine node voltages for the following circuit

• Determine node voltages

• Determine node voltages

• Determine node voltages

• Determine the node voltages

• Determine the node voltages for the following circuit

• Determine node voltages for the following circuit

• Mesh analysis is a general method to analyze electric circuits using

Determine the branch currents for the following circuit.

Determine mesh currents for the following circuit.

• Determine mesh currents

• Determine mesh currents

Source transformation can also be applied to dependent sources.

Using source transformation find V0.

Using source transformation find ix