Subject: MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

Course Code: EECE3201

Topics: Introduction to Microwave Engineering
Date & Time : 30-11-2023, 3.00pm to 3.50pm

Dr. S.Neeraja
Associate Professor
Department of EECE
GITAM School of Technology (GST)
Visakhapatnam – 530045
Email: nsajja@gitam.edu

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

 Topic(s) for the class:
• Course Introduction
• Introduction to Microwave Engineering

Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave

December 28, 2023
Engineering
 Prerequisites:
Students should have a knowledge of the following
subject to have a better understanding of the course:
• EECE2051: Electromagenetic Waves

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

Course Introduction

Course Description:

• Microwave frequencies are extensively used in domestic,

telecommunications, commercial, industrial, defence, aeronautical fields.
• Generation of microwave energy at various frequency bands and at various
power levels is the basic requirement of the usage of these frequencies.
Such generation techniques are elaborated in this course.
• Measurement techniques of all parameters of microwaves which are vital
at designing or analysing a system are essentially enumerated in this
course.

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

Course Introduction

Course Objectives
1. To understand the concept of negative resistance devices used for amplification at microwave
frequencies
.
2. To study and analyse the Linear beam tube devices commonly used in microwaves
subsystems i.e. Two cavity Klystron and Reflex Klystron.
3. To explain the operation of microwave devices using slow-wave structures like Helix
traveling wave tube.
4. To analyse the operation of crossed-field device, Conventional Magnetron.
5. To study the measurement of different microwave parameters like impedance, frequency,
wavelength, guided wavelength, VSWR etc at gigahertz frequencies using the microwave
bench setup

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

 Course Outcomes:

1. Explanation about the principle of operation of Transferred Electron Devices, Avalanche

Transit Time Devices and Parametric Devices
2. Recognition of the limitations of existing vacuum tubes at microwave frequencies and
performance of linear beam tubes such as Two cavity Klystron and Reflex Klystron
3. Evaluation of the performance of microwave tubes with slow wave structures such as Helix
traveling wave tube
4. Analysis of the performance of crossed field microwave tubes such as Magnetron.
5. The student will be able to conduct experiments for measuring frequency, wavelength,
power, VSWR, impedance of microwave circuits

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

 Syllabus
EEC33011: Microwave Engineering
L-3,P-0,C-3
Unit I Transferred Electron Devices 10L
•Introduction, GUNN effect diodes (GaAs diode), GUNN diode principle of operation (RWH
theory). Avalanche Transit Time Devices: Introduction, Operation of IMPATT Diode, Operation
of TRAPATT diode, parametric amplifiers, applications.
Unit II Microwave Linear Beam Tubes 9L
•High frequency limitations of conventional tubes, Klystrons, Re-entrant cavities, velocity
modulation process, bunching process, reflex Klystron, velocity modulation, power output and
efficiency
•Unit III Helix Traveling Wave Tubes 8L
Slow wave structures, amplification process, convection current, axial electric field, wave modes,
gain considerations
Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave
December 28, 2023
Engineering
• IV Microwave Crossed Field Tubes 8L
• Magnetron oscillator types, principle of operation of cylindrical
magnetron, equations of electron motion, cyclotron angular frequency,
pi mode separation.

• Unit V Microwave Measurements 10L

• Introduction, microwave bench measurement setup, frequency and
wavelength measurements, measurement of power, VSWR, impedance,
coupling factor, directivity, isolation of a directional coupler.

Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave

December 28, 2023
Engineering
 Text Book(s):

• Text Books
1. Samuel Y. Liao, Microwave Devices and Circuits, 3/e, Prentice Hall of India, 2003
2. Sushrut Das, Microwave Engineering, 1/e, Oxford University Press, 2015

• Reference Books
1. R.E. Collins, Foundations for Microwave Engineering, 2 /e, John Wiley & Sons, 2009
2. Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao, Microwave and Radar Engineering, 1/e, Pearson Education, 2014
3. M Kulkarni, Microwave and Radar Engineering, 1/e, Pearson Education, 2014

Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave

December 28, 2023
Engineering
INTRODUCTION:

 Micro wave is an electromagenetic wave which has a wavelength of 1mm to 1m and a frequency of 300MHZ
(0.3GHZ) to 300GHz.
 MW spectrum covers Ultra High Frequency (300MHz-3GHz), Super High Frequency (3GHz-30GHz)SHF and
Extremely High Frequency (30GHz-300GHz) frequency bands
 These are high frequency and short wavelength wave with these features offer high gain with narrow beam and
higher bandwidth.
 These are not visible, not sensed ,not heard by humans.
 The term microwave refers to tinyness (in terms of wavelength).
. Wavelength corresponds to the dimensions of a particular device.. Lower the wavelength, lower is the
dimension of a particular device. Microwaves are of high frequency range. As frequency is inversely
proportional to wavelength, microwaves are of low wavelength. Therefore, the device dimensions will be small.

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

Characteristics of Micro waves
 Smaller Wavelength
 Operated with high frequency
 Propagated through free space
 Depth of penetration is infinity in dielectrics
 Do not penetrate into good conductors
 They reflected through good conductors
 They are transmitted through good dielectrics
 They are transmitted and received by antennas.
 Power transfer takes place through MW’s

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

 IEEE Microwave Frequency Bands
S. No. Band Frequency Range ( in GHz )
1 L 1-2
2 S 2-4
3 C 4-8
Micro wave region
4 X 8-12
5 Ku 12-18
6 K 18-26
7 Ka 26-40
8 Q 33-50
9 V 40-75
10 W 75-110 Millimeter Wave region:40GHz-
11 Millimeter 30-300 300GHZ
waves

12 Sub 300-3000
millimeter
waves

Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave

December 28, 2023
Engineering
 Advantages of Micro waves

 High bandwidth capability

 High Antenna Gain
 Line of Sight (LOS) Propagation
 Fading effect &Reliability-Due to LOS and High frequencies Less fading effect
 Transparency property of Microwaves-freely propagated through ionized layers
surrounding earth and as well as atmosphere
 Low power requirement-MW’s are operated at short wave band

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

Applications of Micro waves
The most important features of Microwaves are High frequency which provides higher
bandwidth and short wavelength.
With these features the following applications
•Long distance communications
•Microwave Oven-At 2.45GHz Microwave frequencies are passed through food which absorbs
the energy and causes dielectric radiation.
•Terrestrial communications
•Radars—Fire control radars ,tracking radars, synthetic radars, traffic control radars
•Defense
•Electronic warfare
December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering
Applications of Micro waves
• Air traffic control &Navigation
• Microwave heating—Industrial purpose
• Wireless Data Networks—Wireless LAN(IEEE802.11, WiMAX(IEEE 802.16)
• Remote sensing—Satellites monitoring weather conditions, soil moisture etc.
• Astronomy –obtaining information from other planets
• Medical applications-Heart stimulation, radio therapy of tumors &Cancer tissues
• Testing of materials
• Mining

December 28, 2023 Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave Engineering

 Thank You

Department of EEEC, GIT EECE3201 Microwave

December 28, 2023
Engineering