DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DJJ50193 PROJECT 2
(INDIVIDUAL REPORT)

SESSION : II 2022/2023

PROJECT TITLE : CD’S SOLAR PANELS

GROUP : 9

NAME : FATIN AMIRA BINTI AMIR HAMZAH

MATRIX NO. : 01DKM20F2033

SUPERVISOR : EN. SAZALI BIN MD HASAN

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to thank those for their time, guidance, encouragement, advice, and
fruitful ideas that were given to us during the course of this project term, especially to our
project supervisor, Encik Sazali Bin Md Hasan for his guidance helped us all the time in this
project. We couldn’t have imagined having a better advisor and mentor for our project. Truly,
all the experience and knowledge we have gained will be used as best as possible as a life
lesson to face the real work environment in the future. We also would like to take this moment
to appreciate the other lecturers who have permitted us to use the workshop guide to us during
the term of our project.

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 ABSTRACT

CD's solar panel is a cutting-edge technology that has gained attention due to its design and
efficient power generation capabilities. This panel utilizes a unique three-layered design which
increases its efficiency and enables it to produce higher voltages than traditional solar panels.
Additionally, CD's solar panel is lightweight, durable, and can withstand extreme weather
conditions, making it ideal for use in various applications such as industrial, commercial, and
residential settings. The panel's efficient power generation capabilities and long lifespan make
it a cost-effective solution for energy needs in many areas. In conclusion, CD's solar panel
represents a significant breakthrough in solar technology and holds great potential for the
growing renewable energy industry.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. CONTENTS PAGES

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction 6
1.2 Background of The Problem 7
1.3 Problem Statement 7
1.4 Objective 7
1.5 Research Question 8
1.6 Scope of Project 9
1.7 Significance of The Study 9
1.8 Definition of Terms 10
1.9 Chapter Summary 11
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Chapter Introduction 12

2.2 History of Project 12-13
2.3 Concept/Theories 14-16
2.4 Previous Research 17
2.5 Chapter Summary 17
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Chapter Introduction 18

3.2 Project Design 19-32
• 3.2.1 Data Analysis Method
• 3.2.2 Flow Chart
• 3.2.3 House of Quality
• 3.2.4 Product Tree
• 3.2.5 Component of The Project
• 3.2.6 Project Development Method

3.3 Mechanical Design/ Product Layout 33

3.4 Project Testing 34
3.5 Chapter Summary 35
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Chapter Introduction 36

4.2 Result and Analysis 37
4.3 Discussion 38-39

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4.4 Chapter Summary 39-40
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Chapter Introduction 41

5.2 Conclusion 41-42
5.3 Future Recommendation 42-43
5.4 Chapter Summary 44
REFERENCE 45

APPENDICES 46-49
• Gantt Chart

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, the use of energy is increasing among humans which is of great concern to the
environment because more and more fossil fuels are used which we already know is one of the
non-renewable energies and pollutes the environment. Therefore we as responsible humans
need to find alternatives to deal with the problem. One of the alternatives to deal with that can
be used is solar energy.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat that receive from the sun that is harnessed using
technologies such as solar power which is to generate electricity, solar thermal energy, and
solar architecture. It also is an essential source of renewable energy and its technologies are
characterized by either passive solar or active solar depending on how they capture and
distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power that is useful for us. [12]

Photovoltaic or always known as a solar panel is an assembly of photovoltaic cells mounted in

the framework to generate power. Solar panels use sunlight which is sunlight from solar panels
is captured as renewable energy and can be transformed into electricity which is then utilized
to power electrical loads. The solar panels are made of layers of silicons, phosphorous which
gives the negative charge, and boron which provides the positive charge. In solar panels,
photons are absorbed which then start an electric current. Electrons can be thrown out of their
atomic orbits and they will be released into the solar cell’s electric field which pulls electrons
into a directed current. This process is made possible by the energy produced when photons
strike the surface of the solar panels. [2]

Based on our observation, the majority of people still choose not to utilize solar panels due to
their high cost. After identifying this problem, we decided to create a solar panel using entirely
recycled material which is CDs as a solution. This not only helps in the generation of power
but also ensures that unutilized products may be recycled to create new products. The
components of the recycled solar panels are old CDs, wire, and aluminium foil used if want to
build it. These materials are also simple to acquire and have good electrical conductivity like
solar panels that have on the market.

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1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Nowadays, the existing product in the market has many problems, especially with pricing and
design. As a result, we developed this product to enhance the already-existing one and provide
more enhancements and give advantages to all parties.

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on our experience and others, we found that the electrical supply is always being
interrupted. Besides that, it is also difficult for us to get a source of electricity when we are
outside which no power supply. Not only that, but solar panels were also expensive to purchase
due to the things that use in solar panels being quite expensive.

1.4 OBJECTIVE
With recycled solar panels, electricity will always be available anywhere we go especially
during an emergency. Electricity is very important because nowadaysthere are many important
electrical devices such as mobile phones, Wi-Fi modems, and many more. With the presence
of these recycled solar panels, electronic devices can function properly as usual. Besides that,
these recycled solar panels also can be used anywhere there is sunlight. So, when we are an open
placewe can save time when using it because we do need to find a power supply that needs to
plug in. On the other hand, this product is also very flexible for every user to use it anywhere.
For example, camping activities, picnic activities, and also during recreation. This recycled
solar panel is one of example a user-friendlyproduct because it is easy to operate by obtaining a
source of sunlight and can be used immediately. In addition, this product is environmentally
friendly because it uses only recycled materials in its fabrication.

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1.5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1) To reduce expenses, solar panels are now necessary.

2) I can utilize recycled solar panels wherever I wish.

3) I prefer using solar energy to generate electricity.

4) Solar panels are widely available in the marketplace.

5) Used materials may be used to make solar panels.

6) Solar panels have high durability.

7) To cut power expenses, every home should install solar panels.

8) Solar panels are only massive in size and must be installed on the house’s roof.

9) Solar panels are not widely used in Malaysia.

10) Installing solar panels is a challenging task.

Option for answers :

• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Disagree
• Strongly Agree
• Other

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1.6 SCOPE OF PROJECT

The objective of this product is to enhance currently available products so that they are used
by everyone and power can be produced continuously. The enhancement we make is the ability
to lower the cost of the resources we use, and this product also employs solely recycled
materials to decrease waste. Consumers may save money on power with this innovation and
also benefit from it in an emergency. For limitation, CDs solar panels can produce power of
around 10-15 volts. The device that needs to connect to these solar panels must not be over the
limitation of volts. This product can charge a mobile phone. This product was most suitable for
outdoor activities.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Developing CDs Solar Panels made from recycled CDs. Repurposing old and unwanted CDs
is a clever and entertaining idea and it’s simple to observe the futuristic phenomenon of solar
power as well. Besides that, we also used rechargeable batteries and solar charge controllers in
this project. Our aim is to deliver a solution to all consumers mostly to the people that love
camping and outdoor activities they can get a power supply anytime and anywhere they want
with this CD’s Solar Panels. Our CDs Solar Panel is more affordable, environmentally, and
ergonomic than other solar panels that have in the supermarket. These results give a positive
step towards environmental support and cost savings for our users. Our goal is to use innovative
technology to promote sustainability and provide efficient and affordable solar panel solutions.
The CDs Solar Panels project is an innovative undertaking that combines several advanced
technologies, including mini solar panels and solar charge controllers. This project represents
a forward-thinking effort that showcases the potential of solar panel technology and encourages
advancements in the field. the CDs Solar Panels project was a success in achieving its
objectives of creating ergonomic, environmental, and innovative technologies that only use
solar energy to produce electricity without harming the earth and are easy to use anywhere. As
a result, the project supports the continual development of solar panel technology and
emphasizes the benefits of integrating multiple technologies to create an innovative and
practical product for users.

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1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

The CDs Solar Panels is a unique product that uses recycled CDs as solar panels. CDs are often
used to store music or other data, but they can also generate solar energy. The solar cells on the
CD are where this process starts. A substance used to create solar cells absorbs solar energy
and transforms it into electrical energy. The solar cells on the CD create an electrical current
when they collect sunlight. A narrow line that runs down the CD's edge also receives this
current. A photovoltaic cell, which is linked to the line and transforms electrical energy into
solar power. When the solar cells on the CD absorb sunlight, they generate an electrical current.
This current is then passed through a thin wire that runs along the edge of the CD. The wire is
connected to a photovoltaic cell, which converts the electrical energy into solar power. This
solar power can then be used to run small devices or to recharge batteries.

The solar charge controller also functions which it's connected between solar panels and a
battery very well. It can manage the power going thru the battery bank from the solar array.
The function of a solar charge regulator is to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during
that day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the
batteries. Its primary job is to manage the power.

The rechargeable battery in this project also functions as well which the battery in this project
is using like a power bank function which collects and keeps the power that we get from solar
panels. The batteries will keep recycling the power that we get from the solar panels, so we do
not need to worry anymore. The power that gets in into this battery will be controlled by a solar
charge controller to avoid the battery being overcharged and so on.

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1.9 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter introduces CDs Solar Panels, describing how they work, and their benefits
compared to other solar panels that have in supermarkets. The CDs Solar Panels project
demonstrated the successful fabrication and functionality of CDs as solar panels which absorb
sunlight. Solar cells are made of a material that absorbs sunlight and converts it into electrical
energy. When the solar cells on the CD absorb sunlight, they generate an electrical current.
This current is then passed through a thin wire that runs along the edge of the CD. The wire is
connected to a photovoltaic cell, which converts the electrical energy into solar power. With
solar energy, this project can produce electricity that not harming global warming. The CDs
Solar Panels has been successful in achieving its main objective is to make sure that electricity
will always be available with the rechargeable battery in this project that functions as well
which the battery in this project is using like a power bank function which collects and keeps
the power that we get from solar panels. The batteries will keep recycling the power that we
get from the solar panels, so we do not need to worry anymore. The power that gets in into this
battery will be controlled by a solar charge controller to avoid the battery being overcharged
and so on. The objective of the project is to make it easier for people to get power supplies
wherever they are. Finally, this chapter raises several research questions about the effectiveness
and benefits of CDs Solar Panels.

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 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

After identifying the project problem statements, objectives, scope, and limitations, a literature
review will be conducted to ensure what we can take for the next step. In this project, we will
evaluate the research literature reviews that are available for this study by researching the
project’s history on the internet and books so that we can more discover about this project. This
study is significant because it demonstrates the type of knowledge and ideas generated by the
research. There are some issues, such as the power supply being constantly interrupted are
frequently contested. Furthermore, we also have difficulty finding a source of electricity when
outside. The cost is also always a concern because purchasing electricity is becoming
expensive. As a result, we can solve all of the community’s problems or issues with these
recycled solar panels. Therefore, we can use these CDs solar panels to address every issue or
worry the community raises.

2.2 HISTORY OF PROJECT

In this first section, we will discuss renewable energy, what is renewable energy? renewable
energy is energy that comes from natural sources and replenishes itself more quickly than they
are used up. There are a few sources that are continuously replenished, for example, sunlight
and the wind. Actually, there are many different types of renewable energy that are available
to us. On the other hand, there are also non-renewable resources, for example, fossil fuels, oil,
and gas. These non-renewable resources took hundreds of millions of years to form. Fossil
fuels can release harmful greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide when they are
burned to create energy. In fact, there are more emissions produced by burning fossil fuels than
by producing energy from renewable sources. Addressing the climate crisis requires a shift
away from fossil fuels which currently produce too many emissions. In most nations,
renewables are now more affordable and can create three times as many jobs as fossil fuels. [1]

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The most useful source of energy is solar energy which can even be used in cloudy conditions.
In fact, the earth’s absorbs solar energy is about 10,000 times higher than the rate at which
people use energy. For a wide range of applications, solar technologies also can provide heat,
cooling, natural lighting, electricity, and fuels. In solar technologies, we can choose to use
photovoltaic panels or solar radiation-concentrating mirrors which can convert sunlight into
electrical energy. Even though not every nation has the same access to solar energy, every
nation has the potential to add significant amounts of direct solar energy to its energy mix.
Solar panels are not only affordable but also the cheapest source of electricity. Based on the
material used in manufacturing, solar panels have a lifespan of about 30 years and come in
various colors.

To produce electricity, an accumulation of photovoltaic cells is mounted in a framework. Solar

panels use sunlight to collect renewable energy and then convert it into electricity. Solar panels
are composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous which is it provides the negative charge, and
boron which is it provides the positive charge. Solar panels absorb photons, which spark an
electric current. Electrons can be removed from their atomic orbits and released into an electric
field. When photons collide with the solar panels surface energy will be generated. The entire
process is known as the photovoltaic effect.

We decide to make a CDs solar panel based on our idea and concept. The item that we used,
first of all, is CDs, which is it is the main item. Repurposing old and unwanted CDs is a clever
and entertaining idea and it’s simple to observe the futuristic phenomenon of solar power as
well. The time for optical storage devices like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-rays is coming to an end.
The cloud and fast internet can now make it simple to store and manage a vast amount of digital
content. We can make the most use of the plain old CDs. For information, their distinctively
shiny surfaces can be used to create solar heating panels. Therefore, we can reduce the cost of
the solar panels manufacturing process by using these CDs solar panels.

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2.3 CONCEPT/THEORIES

FIGURE 2.3.1
SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER

A solar charge controller or well is known as a solar regulator. Basically, it is connected

between solar panels and a battery. It manages the power going into the battery bank from the
solar array. The function of a solar charge controller is to ensure that the batteries are not
overcharged during that day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight
and drain the batteries. Its primary job is to manage the power. A solar charge controller usually
rates according to the maximum input voltage (V) and maximum charge current (A). It is also
usually connected in a series known as string panels. The more panels connected in series, the
higher the string voltage. [3]

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 FIGURE 2.3.2
BATTERY RECHARGEABLE

A battery is a source of electric power that consists of one or more electrochemical cells for
powering electrical devices. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical
energy. Batteries also supply additional current when the charging system can’t keep up with
electrical demands. Not only that, but batteries also function act as voltage stabilizers for the
charging system. Ion positive or negative charge is transferred from the positive and negative
groups of cell plates during discharging or charging of a battery. A permeable and non-
conductive separator is used to separate the plates from one to another permitting ions to move
between them. [5]

FIGURE 2.3.3
CABLE

An electrical cable is an assembly of one or more wires running side by side or bundled. It used
to carry an electric current. It is also a good conductor that is used in electrical and electronic
systems to flow electrical power or telecommunication signal between points. A cable
assembly, made up of one or more electrical cables and the accompanying connections is
possible, albeit it is not always necessary for connecting two devices. There is no discernible
difference between an electric wire and an electric cable. [6]

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CONNECTING PROCESS

In the line illustration schematic above with DC weight, the sun connects the solar modules,
which convert solar into DC electrical power that it delivers to a charge regulator. Any extra
power is sent to the battery system via the charge regulator, which controls the amperage and
voltage given to the loads to prevent the batteries from being overcharged. During the evening
when there's no sun, battery power is used to run the weight. You’ll notice that the battery is
resting at the negative battery outstation. This is because all our PWM and MPPT regulators
have a common negative ground. thus, it's possible to establish a common negative ground for
the entire system the solar array, regulator, battery, and weight. This meets NEC law conditions
for grounding. However, some of our regulators include an outfit ground terminal lug, If you
need an outfit ground for any substance corridor on a regulator quadrangle. else, for our
regulators that don’t have this terminal lug, you can connect an outfit ground directly to the
regulator quadrangle. [4]

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2.4 PREVIOUS RESEARCH

Based on our investigation and research, we can reveal that the electrical supply is constantly
interrupted. Besides that, finding a source of electricity outside is quite difficult for us. Not
only that, but the cost is also always a concern because nowadays it is getting more expensive
to purchase electricity. However because the price of solar panels is so expensive, the majority
of people still opt not to use them. So, we decided to develop a CDs solar panels as a solution
after identifying this issue. This not only aids in the production of electricity but also guarantees
that used products can be recycled to make new ones. The components and materials used to
produce the CDs solar panels are CDs, wire, aluminium foil and etc. Like current solar panels
on the market, these materials are also easy to obtain and have good electrical conductivity.
Due to the high cost of solar panels, consumers no longer have to worry about their power
supply, installation costs, or ongoing maintenance once they have installed these CDs solar
panels. Additionally, the product is ergonomic and portable.

2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY

It can be said that a great deal of research has been done on solar energy, renewable energy
sources, and most importantly recycled solar panels to sum up the detailed explanation of the
recent past in this chapter. Our initiative stands out as one of them because it was built using
recycled materials, such as old CDs. Much more narrowly focused empirical studies have also
been conducted, covering topics like the ability to generate electricity using only CDs solar
panels that absorb solar energy and convert it into electricity. These CDs solar panels offer the
consumer additional advantages and benefits like :
1) Can reduce costs associated with implementing it at home because doing so is extremely
expensive in terms of solar panels, installation, and maintenance.
2) Has an ergonomic design that solely uses solar energy and can offer power everywhere,
anytime, so users don’t have to look for the power source when they need it.
3) It utilized solar energy, which had lower emissions than burning fossil fuels because it is a
renewable resource. It may also lessen damage to the greenhouse.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

3.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

An introduction and explanation of the procedure for gathering the data required to create “CDs
Solar Panels” will be given in this chapter. The chapter will also discuss the various stages of
research, such as the procedure for gathering data and the procedure for analyzing data based
on a survey of people regarding our project, “CDs Solar Panels.” This chapter also includes the
morphological chart, house of quality, fabrication tools and processes, materials, and material
costs. A Gantt chart marks the end of the chapter. Along the way, it will speak with the
respondents or users about the project’s objective of CDs solar panels.

CDs solar panels are produced with the goal of lowering costs, enhancing ergonomics,
protecting greenhouses, and always having access to electricity. This solution is also intended
to lessen the anxiety and lost time that come with trying to find a power source outside or in an
emergency. We can see that installing and maintaining solar panels at home entails a number
of expenses by contrasting them to earlier solar panel types.

This product can reduce costs and be used by anyone, regardless of ability to pay because it
only uses recycled materials. The steps required to create the “CDs Solar Panels” will also be
described in this chapter using a flowchart. Each pertinent and specified aspect will be given
more information and explanation in this chapter on methodology.

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3.2 PROJECT DESIGN

This project subtitled “ CDs Solar Panels”, requires the creation of a few designs in order to be
built. This is done so that we would have some concepts and ideas to create or fabricate the
project and at the same time have a decent and proper design for the project. This is done to
ensure that we are on the right track and that the design is appropriate for what we want based
on the title of the project. Some data analysis is necessary prior to develop any designs for the
project. The project’s results ought to be incorporated into the morphological chart as well.
Additionally, we must outline the steps for making the “CDs Solar Panels” and list the
materials, tools, and supplies needed to finish our project. The next step is to create and present
a mechanical design or product layout. The “CDs Solar Panels” project will be built or
produced after the suggested project design has been approved, and tests will be run to
determine how well it performs.

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3.2.1 DATA ANALYSIS METHOD

People’s Requirement List of Importance

• Pie chart survey on the identification of the problems in public
• 31 responses
Questionnaire :

1) To reduce expenses, solar panels are now necessary.

2) I can utilize recycled solar panels wherever I wish.

3) I prefer using solar energy to generate electricity.

4) Solar panels are widely available in the marketplace.

5) Used materials may be used to make solar panels.

6) Solar panels have high durability.

7) To cut power expenses, every home should install solar panels.

8) Solar panels are only massive in size and must be installed on the house’s
roof.

9) Solar panels are not widely used in Malaysia.

10) Installing solar panels is a challenging task.

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Option for answers :

• Strongly agree
• Agree
• Disagree
• Strongly disagree
• Not sure
PIE CHART

QUESTION 1

QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 3

QUESTION 4

QUESTION 5

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QUESTION 6

QUESTION 7

QUESTION 8

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QUESTION 9

QUESTION 10

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3.2.2 FLOW CHART

START

Determine the solar energy requirements and

specifications for CDs Solar Panels application.

Conduct research and

analysis to determine the
necessary components and
technology needed for the
CDs Solar Panels.

Develop a design concept for the CDs Solar Panels on the

research findings and requirements.

Create a detailed design using Inventor Software.

Design and assemble the components of each part.

Test and evaluate the project to ensure it meets the

required specifications and features.

Make necessary adjustments and modification to design

based on the test results.

Finalize the design and manufacturing process.

Test the final product.

Conduct a final evaluation and quality control check

before releasing the product.

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END
3.2.3 HOUSE OF QUALITY
The House of Quality (HOQ) establishes the connections between the traits that customers seek
in a product and the features and performance metrics that are most essential to achieving these
goals. Engineering features that are often quantifiable design aspects also speak to the House
of Quality.

Functional requirement

Power supply

Maintenance

assembly
Duration
product
Cost of
Weight

Size
Customer requirement

Easy to operate

Safety design

User friendly

Environmentally friendly

Durability

Cheap

Max Relationship 12 4 24 3 3 13

Relationship

Strong 9

Moderate 3

Weak 1

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3.2.4 PRODUCT TREE

RECYCLE
SOLAR
PANELS

POWER SOLAR
SHAPE STAND
SUPPLY PANELS

RECHARGEABLE
RECTANGLE PVC PIPES BATTERY BLU-RAY CDs

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3.2.5 COMPONENT OF THE PROJECT

FIGURE 3.2.5.1
DIGITAL MULTIMETER

A digital multimeter is a tool that is used to measure two or farther electrical value which is
principally voltage( volts), current( amps), and resistance( ohms). For technicians in the
electrical and electronic industries, it's a common individual tool. Due to their advanced
impedance, better delicacy, and responsibility, digital multimeters have long since supplanted
analog measures with needles. As a result, indeed for beginners, these instruments are rather
simple to use. Naturally, analog testers also have benefits. For case, it's simple to read changes
in the measured value during dimension, and a needle can be seen privately in places where a
digital reading might be challenging to see. By defining what you want to measure, you may
pick the instrument that is applicable to your operation because both digital multimeters and
analog testers offer benefits. [10]

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 FIGURE 3.2.5.2
SCISSORS

Scissors is a hand-operated shearing tool. It consists of a pair of metal blades pivoted so that
the sharpened edges slide against each other. It can be used for cutting various thin materials.
Mostly, it is used for cutting paper, cloth, cardboard and etc. It has a variety of sizes from the
small one to the bigger one. It is also easy to bring anywhere. [9]

FIGURE 3.2.5.3
SCREWDRIVER

A typical simple screwdriver has a handle and a shaft, ending in a tip the stoner puts into the
screw head before turning the handle. This form of screwdriver has been replaced in numerous
workplaces and homes with a more ultramodern and protean tool, a power drill, as they're hasty,
easier, and can also drill holes. The shaft is generally made of a tough sword to repel bending
or twisting. The tip may be hardened to repel wear and tear, treated with a dark tip coating for
the bettered visual discrepancy between tip and screw, or dispersed or treated for fresh"
grip".[8]

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 FIGURE 3.2.5.4
SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
A solar charge regulator or well is known as a solar controller. principally, it's connected
between solar panels and a battery. It can manage the power going thru the battery bank from
the solar array. The function of a solar charge regulator is to ensure that the batteries aren't
overcharged during that day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight
and drain the batteries. Its primary job is to manage the power. A solar charge regulator
generally rates according to the maximum input voltage( V) and maximum charge current( A).
It's also generally connected in a series known as string panels. The further panels connected
in series, the more advanced the string voltage. [3]

FIGURE 3.2.5.5
BATTERY RECHARGEABLE
A battery is a source of electric power that consists of one or more electrochemical cells for
powering electrical devices. A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electrical
energy. Batteries also supply additional current when the charging system can’t keep up with
electrical demands. Not only that, but batteries also function act as voltage stabilizers for the
charging system. Ion positive or negative charge is transferred from the positive and negative
groups of cell plates during discharging or charging of a battery. A permeable and non-

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conductive separator is used to separate the plates from one to another permitting ions to move
between them. [5]

FIGURE 3.3.5.6
CABLE

An electrical string is an assembly of one or further cables running side by side or whisked. It
used to carry an electric current. It's also a good captain that's used in electrical and electronic
systems to flow electrical power or telecommunication signal between points. A string
assembly comprising one or further electrical lines and the accompanying connections is
possible, albeit it isn't always necessary for connecting two biases. There's no perceptible
difference between an electric line and an electric string. [7]

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3.2.6 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT METHOD

The development of the CDs Solar Panels project will follow a fabrication-based approach.
This involves a series of stages that begin with the design and planning phase, where we as a
team will determine the specifications, materials, components, and tools needed for the project.
The next stage is the prototyping phase, where a rough prototype will be created to test the
feasibility of the design. This will involve the assembly of the solar panels to the power supply
to create electricity. Finally, we will test and evaluate the product’s performance and make
necessary adjustments before presenting the final product.

Concept development is the project’s initial phase, which involves identifying the need for CDs
Solar Panels. The brainstorming process takes place to generate ideas for features and
specifications that the product must have. To determine the feasibility of the project, market
research is conducted and the cost-benefit ratio is analyzed. This process is essential for
ensuring that the final products meet the needs of consumers while being economically
variable. During the design phase of the project, the team utilized Inventor software to design
the CDs Solar Panels. We designed it according to the research that has been carried out so that
it can function well and make it easier for users to operate it. During the prototype and testing
phase of the project, the team fabricated a working prototype of the CDs Solar Panels. In this
project, we must have the sunlight which our CDs Solar Panels will absorb the sunlight which
from the sunlight we can conduct the electricity then go thru the rechargeable battery that we
use as power supply. The battery will keep the power that we get from solar panels. The power
that we have from sunlight will go thru the solar charge controller then it goes thru the battery
because the solar charge controller function to prevent batteries from being damaged by
overcharging and over-discharging by controlling the current flow from and to the batteries.
They can also protect the appliances that are connected to the batteries in BIPV systems. Most
batteries can hardly recover after overcharging and over-discharging, so the employment of
controllers in BIPV systems can prolong the service life of the batteries. Through this phase,
any necessary adjustments or improvements were made to the design to ensure the final project
would meet the desired specifications and functionality.

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3.3 MECHANICAL DESIGN/ PRODUCT LAYOUT

TOP VIEW FRONT VIEW

ISOMETRIC VIEW SIDE VIEW

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3.4 PROJECT TESTING
To ensure the proper operation of the CDs Solar Panels, several checks and test need to be
performed. In this project, we have three-part that we have already given to our group members.
The part that we have is solar panels, body, and power supply. Our main in this project is solar
panels which are used to absorb the sunlight and conduct electricity. For the testing of this CDs
solar panels, we use the digital multimeter to check the volt that we want either it can achieve
our target or not. We will test these solar panels by connecting the cable that we install to each
CDs. To make sure the solar panels will function each cable must connect correctly according
to the positive and negative positions. Each CDs will create the power from the sunlight that it
has absorbed to create the electricity. Each CDs will produce voltage values that are
approximately the same as each other. After checking the solar panels then we proceed to
connect the solar charge controller either it can connect with the solar panels. The solar charge
controller will be functional when the power from the solar panels goes thru to the solar charge
controller and will be shown the value at the solar charge controller. Next, to check the overall
functionality of this CDs Solar Panels, we will connect the cable from the battery and the solar
panels to the solar charge controller. The function of the solar charge controller is to manage
the power going thru the battery bank from the solar array. The function of a solar charge
regulator is to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during that day and that the power
doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries. Its primary job is to
manage the power. A solar charge regulator generally rates according to the maximum input
voltage( V) and maximum charge current( A). It's also generally connected in a series known
as string panels. The further panels connected in series, the more advanced the string voltage.
The batteries will keep recycling the power that we get from the solar panels, so we do not need
to worry anymore. For the stand, we already doing tests to make sure the stand will be strong,
not easy to break, and also ergonomic to consumers. With all testing starting from the solar
panels to other parts, we can see the functionality and we hope this project will be the best and
most functional product for consumers.

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3.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY

This chapter of the methodology section presents an elaborate record of CDs Solar Panels
project’s design and development. The chapter initiates with an introductory section that
furnishes a broad outlook of the aims and objectives to be accomplished. Subsequently, the
project design is explicated, incorporating the different components necessary for successful
project execution.

The components of the project are listed and described in detail. These include Blu-ray CDs,
solar charge controllers, rechargeable batteries, and mini solar panels. The specifications and
features of each component are highlighted, and their importance to the overall functionality
of the project is emphasized.

The project development methods are then discussed, providing an insight into the processes
that were employed in the creation of CDs Solar Panel. The development methods are broken
down into smaller segments, which include mechanical design/product layout, and project
testing.

The mechanical design/product layout is then discussed, providing an insight into the physical
structure and design of CDs Solar Panels. The design layout is described in detail, highlighting
the different parts and components that were used in the construction of the solar panels. Lastly,
the project testing is discussed, providing an insight into the methods employed to ensure the
functionality of CDs Solar Panels. The testing process is described in detail, highlighting the
different steps taken to ensure that the CDs Solar Panels work as intended.

In conclusion, this chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of the design and

development process of CDs Solar Panels project. The different components, development
methods, and testing processes employed in the creation of the project are discussed in detail,
providing insight into the complex processes involved in creating a functional and innovative
product.

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 CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

Chapter 4 in this report provides a comprehensive account of the outcomes and deliberation of
CDs Solar Panels project. The earlier chapter of this report meticulously described the project’s
targets, planning, development techniques, flow chart, mechanical design, and testing. The
prime objective of this project is electricity will always be available anywhere we go especially
during an emergency and environmentally friendly because it uses only recycled materials in
its fabrication. This chapter presents the results and discussion of CDs Solar Panels project,
which aims to design and develop electricity using solar energy. The project was developed
using recycled CDs, mini solar panels, solar charge controllers, and rechargeable batteries
which all of the components are connected to each other. The CDs Solar Panels will absorb the
solar energy from sunlight to produce electricity. This chapter also resents the result obtained
from the project, including the performance of the CDs Solar Panels.

The discussion will interpret these results and provide insights into the strengths and
weaknesses of the project, as well as possible solutions to improve the design and functionality.
The result and discussion will be structured around the objectives of the project, which were to
design and develop CDs Solar Panels that are safe, ergonomic, and environmentally. The
performance of CDs Solar Panels will be evaluated based on how much power that absorbed
from CDs Solar Panels to produce electricity. This project can save the earth from global
warming and so on.

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4.2 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

CDs Solar Panels were successfully designed and fabricated with the features. The solar panels
were made from recycled things which CDs. CDs are often used to store music or other data,
but they can also generate solar energy. The solar cells on the CD are where this process starts.
A substance used to create solar cells absorbs solar energy and transforms it into electrical
energy. The solar cells on the CD create an electrical current when they collect sunlight. A
narrow line that runs down the CD's edge also receives this current. A photovoltaic cell, which
is linked to the line and transforms electrical energy into solar power. Additionally, you can
use this solar energy to run a small bias or charge batteries. This shows that the components
successfully function in this project. Besides that, the energy that collects from solar panels are
flowing well to the rechargeable batteries through the solar charge controller the function of
the solar charge controller is to manage the power going thru the battery bank from the solar
array and also to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during that day and that the power
doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries. To produce the electricity
from this CDs Solar Panels the sun connects the solar modules, which convert solar into DC
electrical power that it delivers to a charge regulator. Any extra power is sent to the battery
system via the charge regulator, which controls the amperage and voltage given to the loads to
prevent the batteries from being overcharged. During the evening when there's no sun, battery
power is used to run the weight. You’ll notice that the battery is resting at the negative battery
outstation. This is because all our PWM and MPPT regulators have a common negative ground.
thus, it's possible to establish a common negative ground for the entire system the solar array,
regulator, battery, and weight. This meets NEC law conditions for grounding. The batteries
will keep recycling the power that we get from the solar panels, so we do not need to worry
anymore. For the stand, we already doing tests to make sure the stand will be strong, not easy
to break, and also ergonomic to consumers.

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4.3 DISCUSSION

CDs Solar Panels project aims to develop ergonomic, environmental, and innovative
technologies that only use solar energy to produce electricity without harming the earth and are
easy to use anywhere. The project use recycled things such as CDs the function was almost the
same as the solar panels which are these two things that can absorb sunlight. Besides that, in
this project, we also use a rechargeable battery, mini solar cell, and solar charge controller. All
the component we use are easy to find and has very good function.

Analysis of the Blu-ray CDs performance showed that it was a suitable choice for the project.
Blu- shaft discs contain an advanced viscosity of data than DVDs or CDs, and it's this quasi-
random pattern, perfected by masterminds over decades for data storehouse, that, when
transferred to the face of solar cells, provides the right texture to ameliorate the cells ’ light
immersion and performance. This process begins with the solar cells on the CD. Solar cells are
made of a material that absorbs sunlight and converts it into electrical energy. When the solar
cells on the CD absorb sunlight, they generate an electrical current. This current is then passed
through a thin wire that runs along the edge of the CD. The wire is connected to a photovoltaic
cell, which converts the electrical energy into solar power. This solar power can then be used
to run small devices or to recharge batteries.

The solar charge controller also functions which it's connected between solar panels and a
battery very well. It can manage the power going thru the battery bank from the solar array.
The function of a solar charge regulator is to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during
that day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the
batteries. Its primary job is to manage the power. A solar charge regulator generally rates
according to the maximum input voltage( V) and maximum charge current( A). It's also
generally connected in a series known as string panels. The further panels connected in series,
the more advanced the string voltage.

The rechargeable battery in this project also functions as well which the battery in this project
is using like a power bank function which collects and keeps the power that we get from solar
panels. The batteries will keep recycling the power that we get from the solar panels, so we do
not need to worry anymore. The power that gets in into this battery will be controlled by a solar
charge controller to avoid the battery being overcharged and so on.

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For the stand, in this project, we use PVC pipe because PVC pipes are significantly stronger
and more resilient than metal pipes, completely impervious to corrosion, and less likely to crack
or break as a result of thermal expansion or contraction. These pipes are affordable, durable,
and available in a variety of sizes and fitting options. For the stand, we already doing tests to
make sure the stand will be strong, not easy to break, and also ergonomic to consumers. PVC
pipes were the right choice for our project.

Overall, the CDs Solar Panels project successfully utilized good components and innovative
technologies to create ergonomic, environmental, and innovative technologies. The projects’s
success was due to the effective integration of various components and technologies including
CDs, mini solar cells, solar charge controllers, and rechargeable batteries. All the components
are also easy to find and operate it.

4.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

Chapter 4 of this report provides a detailed account of the outcomes and deliberation of the
CDs Solar Panels project. This chapter presents the result and analysis of the project, including
the performance and the functionality of the CDs Solar Panels. The results and analysis are
structured around the objectives of the project, which were to design and develop a CDs Solar
Panels that are ergonomic, safe, and environmentally.

The results of the CDs Solar Panels project demonstrated the successful fabrication and
functionality of Blu-ray CDs as solar panels which absorb the sunlight. Solar cells are made of
a material that absorbs sunlight and converts it into electrical energy. When the solar cells on
the CD absorb sunlight, they generate an electrical current. This current is then passed through
a thin wire that runs along the edge of the CD. The wire is connected to a photovoltaic cell,
which converts the electrical energy into solar power. With solar energy, this project can
produce electricity that not harming global warming.

The CDs Solar Panels has been successful in achieving its main objective is to make sure that
electricity will always be available with the rechargeable battery in this project that functions
as well which the battery in this project is using like a power bank function which collects and
keeps the power that we get from solar panels. The batteries will keep recycling the power that

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we get from the solar panels, so we do not need to worry anymore. The power that gets in into
this battery will be controlled by a solar charge controller to avoid the battery being
overcharged and so on.

The integration of solar charge controllers into the CDs Solar Panels was successful. The solar
charge controller’s performance showed that it was able to manage the power going thru the
battery bank from the solar array and also to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during
that day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the
batteries.

The part of a stand in this project was successful and analysis of its performance showed that
the PVC pipes are substantially stronger and more durable than metal pipes, are entirely
resistant to corrosion, and are less prone to fracture or break due to temperature expansion or
contraction. These pipes are inexpensive, long-lasting, and come in a range of diameters and
fitting possibilities. We are currently testing the stand to ensure that it is sturdy, not easily
broken, and also ergonomic for users. For our project, PVC pipes were the best option.

Overall, the CDs Solar Panels project was a success in achieving its objectives of creating
ergonomic, environmental, and innovative technologies that only use solar energy to produce
electricity without harming the earth and are easy to use anywhere. The analysis of the project’s
design and development methods highlighted the importance of thorough planning and testing
to ensure the successful implementation of the project’s objectives.

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 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 CHAPTER INTRODUCTION

This chapter summarizes the project’s findings and results and gives recommendations for
future work. It explains the project’s goals and how the research was done and shares the main
findings. The chapter also talks about what the study couldn’t do and suggests areas for more
research. The goal is to make a short and clear summary of the projects and what it means and
to help guide future research in the field.

5.2 CONCLUSION

Upon conducting thorough research and analysis, it can be inferred that the potential for
transforming the solar panel industry lies within the CDs Solar Panels project. The primary aim
of this endeavor was to create solar panels made from recycled things which is CDs. These
CDs Solar Panels absorb the sunlight and then convert it into electricity. With this product, we
can make sure that electricity will always be available anywhere that only uses solar energy to
produce electricity. This technology automatically saves our earth from global warming.

The design and development process of the CDs Solar Panels was discussed in detail. The solar
panel’s features were carefully considered to ensure optimal performance, safety, and
convenience. The solar charge controllers were able to manage the power going thru the battery
bank from the solar array and also to ensure that the batteries aren't overcharged during that
day and that the power doesn’t run back to the solar panels overnight and drain the batteries.

The testing and evaluation of the CDs Solar Panels focused on solar energy that absorbs from
CDs Solar Panels to produce electricity and ergonomic product which make consumer easy to
bring and operate this product. Additionally, the CDs Solar Panels’ safety features were tested
and found to be effective in preventing accidents.

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In conclusion, the CDs Solar Panels project successfully achieved its objectives of designing
and fabricating the CDs Solar Panels using recycled Blu-ray CDs and a solar charge controller
that is very suitable for this project. The CDs Solar Panels’ design, innovative technology
integration, and safety features make it a promising product that has the potential to gain a
significant market share in the solar panel industry. However, further research and development
are required to optimize the solar panel’s features and ensure its long-term reliability and
durability.

5.3 FUTURE RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and the limitations of the CDs Solar Panels project, there are several
recommendations for future research and development. Firstly, further testing and
experimentation could be conducted to optimize the design and performance of the solar
panels, particularly in terms of solar energy efficiency and electricity produced. Additionally,
more in-depth research could be done to explore the potential for integrating good components
and innovative technologies into the CDs Solar Panels such as Blu-ray CDs, solar charge
controllers, mini solar cells, and, rechargeable batteries to further enhance their functionality
and convenience for users. Furthermore, market research could be conducted to better
understand consumer preferences and needs, and to identify potential areas for expansion or
diversification of the product line. Finally, it may be worthwhile to explore potential
partnerships or collaborations with industries related to the field.

As solar panel, technology becomes increasingly popular among consumers. However because
the price of solar panels is so expensive, the majority of people still opt not to use them.
Integrating the CDs Solar Panels that used recycled things which are CDs can attract people to
have it. Based on our investigation and research, we can reveal that the electrical supply is
constantly interrupted. Besides that, finding a source of electricity outside is quite difficult for
us. Not only that, but the cost is also always a concern because nowadays it is getting more
expensive to purchase electricity. These CDs Solar Panels only need sunlight to produce
electricity and this solution can reduce our earth from global warming. This product was
ergonomic and eco-friendly. Overall, integrating recycled CDs with solar panel systems can
increase its appeal and functionality, making it a more competitive product in the market.

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To further enhance the energy efficiency, ergonomics, and environment of the CDs Solar
Panels, there is potential for exploring new materials. Incorporating recyclable materials in the
design of solar panels could be particularly appealing to consumers who prioritize
sustainability. This may involve conducting research and development to identify and test new
components and materials that are also suitable for the solar panels while ensuring they do not
compromise on the solar panels’ functionality. The adoption of such materials could also have
the added benefit of reducing global warming to the earth and making it a more
environmentally friendly option.

The possibility of developing a portable version of CDs Solar Panels has been identified, which
would extend its use in outdoor environments. The portable version would require a more
compact and lightweight design, as well as the option to bring it anywhere that is easy to
produce electricity when outside and emergency. By creating a portable version of CDs Solar
Panels, the product could be marketed to people who enjoy outdoor activities.

Increasing the range of products can prove to be a successful tactic for the CDs Solar Panels
project. Despite the CDs Solar Panels being a distinctive and pioneering product, the potential
exists for expansion into other environmentally friendly products. By developing a variety of
products that support the company’s mission of power energy efficiency and sustainability, the
brand can establish a reputable standing and foster customer loyalty. This not only generates
more revenue for the company but also helps create a more sustainable future.

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5.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY

Chapter 5 of the CDs Solar Panels project report includes an introduction, conclusion, and
future recommendations. In the introduction, the project’s objectives are briefly summarized,
including the design and development of energy-efficient, ergonomic, safe, and
environmentally mostly for outdoor users. The literature review reveals the growing demand
for such as CDs and solar panels due to increasing environmental awareness. The conclusion
highlights the potential of CD Solar Panels to revolutionize the solar panel industry and meet
the needs of environmentally conscious consumers. The future recommendation focuses on
integrating CDs with solar panels systems, exploring new materials and components,
developing a portable version, and expanding the product line to include additional eco-friendly
appliances. Overall, the chapter underscores the importance of sustainability in the solar panels
industry.

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REFERENCES

1)https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/whatisrenewableenergy#:~:text=Renewable%20energy%20is
%20energy%20derived,that%20are%20constantly%20being%20replenished.
2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel
3)https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/mppt-solar-charge-
controllers#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20solar%20charge,importantly%2C%20not%20over
%2Dcharged.
4) https://www.altestore.com/store/info/solar-charge-controller/
5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_battery
6)https://www.yuasa.co.uk/info/motorcycleandpowersport/batterybasicssafety/#:~:text=Batte
ries%20have%203%20main%20functions,stabilizer%20for%20the%20charging%20system
7) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_cable
8) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver
9) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors
10) https://www.fluke.com/en-my/learn/blog/electrical/what-is-a-digital-multimeter
11) https://www.morningstarcorp.com/faq/how-does-solar-charge-controller-work/
12) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_energy

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