Biotechnology

Quarter 3 – Module 1

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APPARATUSES and BIOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
USED IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed by the

Quality Assurance (QA) group of Moonwalk National High School of the Schools
Division of Paranaque. We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to
email their feedback, comments, and recommendations to the MwNHS@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
 Learning Competencies (Essential Competencies)

Identify the apparatuses used in Biotechnology

Describe the different biotechniques applied in Biotechnology
Objectives

At the end the lesson, the learners should be able to:

- name apparatuses used in biotechnology and familiarize its function.
- describe the common biotechniques applied in biotechnology.
- make an infographics showing the biotechniques used in Biotechnology.

Introduction:
Laboratory apparatuses and equipment are very important in the laboratory because they
aid in experiments, process control and quality assurance . It will allow students to interact
directly with the data that is gathered. Moreover, they will be getting a first-hand learning
experience by performing different experiments of their own. They will make use of models then
understand the different science concepts and theories.
Biotechniques are already being used to create new strains of crop plants, new plant and
animal diagnostic products, animal vaccines, biological pesticides and herbicides, other
biological control agents, and modifications in domestic animals used for food production.
Scientists have to follow certain protocols in order to establish and produced quality products
essential to life and useful to man.

Let’s Recall (Review)

Directions: Identify the following laboratory equipment / apparatuses. Write your
answer on your answer sheets.

1. _________________ 4. ___________________

2. ________________ 5. _____________________

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5. ________________________________________
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1. Compound and Dissecting
M microscopes
A. Compound microscope

A compound microscope is an upright microscope that uses two sets of lenses

(a compound lens system) to obtain higher magnification than a
stereo microscope. Compound microscopes typically provide magnification in
the range of 40x-1000x, while a stereo microscope will provide magnification of
10x-40x.

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2. Dissecting Microscope
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A dissecting microscope is used to view three-dimensional objects and
larger specimens, with a maximum magnification of 100x. This type
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of microscope might be used to study external features on an object or
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to examine structures not easily mounted onto flat slides.
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The stereo, stereoscopic or dissecting microscope is an optical
microscope
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sample, typically using light reflected from the surface of an object rather
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than transmitted through it. The instrument uses two separate optical
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paths with two objectives and eyepieces to provide slightly different
viewing angles to the left and right eyes. This arrangement produces a
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three-dimensional visualization for the sample being examined
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 3. Pipette, Burette and Autoclave

A pipette is a small tube that can transfer liquids from one container to
another. Pipettes, or pipets, are common pieces of laboratory equipment.

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Preparation
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of Reagents
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reagent is a compound or mixture added to a system to cause a chemical reaction or test if a reaction
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occurs. A reagent may be used to find out whether or not a specific chemical substance is present by
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causing a reaction to occur with it. Virtually every analytical method involving wet chemistry starts
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with preparing reagent solutions. This usually involves dissolving compounds in a liquid or diluting from
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stock
techniques.
Aseptic Technique
Aseptic technique means using practices and procedures to prevent contamination from pathogens. It
involves applying the strictest rules to minimize the risk of infection. Healthcare workers use aseptic
technique in surgery rooms, clinics, outpatient care centers, and other health care settings.
Microbial Technique

Microbiology techniques are methods used for the study of microbes, including bacteria and
microscopic fungi and protists. They include methods to survey, culture, stain, identify, engineer and
manipulate microbes.
Techniques used in studying about growth of bacteria.
Microbiological media. Usually bacteria grow on any source of organic food that offers carbon
compounds and nitrogen compounds. There three specific techniques involved, namely:

a. Sterilization
These media must then be sterilized by heating in an autoclave (like a pressure cooker) at 121°C
(pressure 1 bar or 15 lb/sq. in.) for 15 minutes, which kills all living organisms, including
spores.All apparatus used from this point onwards must be sterilized by heat (glassware - 160 °C
for 2 hrs) or exposure to radiation.
b. Inoculation
Bacteria may be introduced to the media (inoculated) by various means. Usually the bacteria e.g.
from a drop in a heat-sterilized loop are spread on the surface of (ready set) agar. A similar
technique is used with broth cultures.
c. Incubation.
Sometimes bacteria in a liquid are introduced using a sterile pipette to the Petri dish before the
(fairly cool) agar medium is poured on top ("pour plates"). Then the Petri dishes containing agar or
tubes containing broth are incubated, i.e. put in a special apparatus at a fixed temperature
(usually 37°C - human body temperature, for possible pathogens - or 25°C for bacteria
from the environment). In schools, lower incubation temperatures are used in order to
discourage the growth of potential pathogens. When growing bacteria, it is usual to
invert the Petri dishes, so as to prevent condensation droplets from falling onto the surface of the
 agar. Petri dishes are often "sealed" at this stage to prevent people who handle them from
contamination by bacteria, which will multiply greatly. It is normal to use 2 strips of adhesive
tape from base to lid rather than attempt seal the circular edge of the Petri dish. This is to guard
against the possibility of anaerobic organisms growing due to lack of air. However, it must be
borne in mind that any drips from a partially sealed Petri dish are potential sources of infection.

Sterilization and Disinfection

A. Sterilization refers to any process that removes, kills, or deactivates all forms of microorganisms
such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, spores, unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as Plasmodium,
etc.) It destroys all microorganisms on the surface of an article or in a fluid to prevent disease
transmission associated with the use of that item.
Sterilization can be achieved through various means, including heat, chemicals, irradiation, high
pressure, and filtration. Sterilization is distinct from disinfection, sanitization, and pasteurization,
in that those methods reduce rather than eliminate all forms of life and biological agents present.
Classical sterilization techniques using saturated steam under pressure or hot air are the most
reliable and should be used whenever possible. Other sterilization methods include filtration,
ionizing radiation (gamma and electron-beam radiation), and gas (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde).

B. Disinfection describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganisms, except
bacterial spores, on inanimate objects. Frequent cleaning and disinfection helps to prevent the
spread of germs that may cause illness. What is it? Cleaning is an important first step because it
physically removes dirt, organic matter and most germs from surfaces, but does not destroy some
harmful germs that may remain.

Let’s Apply
Directions. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if not.
_____1. Compound microscope is also known a High Power microscope.
_____2. Dissecting microscope allows you to see a three-dimensional picture of the
specimen you examined.
_____3. Pipette can deliver small fractions of a milliliter or a microliter.
_____4. Autoclave is just like a pressure cooker.
_____5. Microbial Technique is used to prevent contamination of pathogens.
_____6. Preparation of reagents involves dissolving compounds in a liquid or diluting from stock solution
____ 7. Sterilization eliminates pathogens while disinfection removes or kills microoganisms.

Let’s Analyze
Directions: Answer the following questions BRIEFLY:

1. Why biotechnology needs special apparatuses to use in the laboratory activity?

____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
2. Why are biotechniques have to be used or followed in biotechnology?
____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________

Let’s Try (Evaluation)

_____1. Which type of water is usually used in cleaning materials used in biotechnology?
A. Distilled water B. Tap water C. Hot water D. Cold water
_____2. What kind of microscope is use to view items that are too small to see with the naked eye?
A. Dissecting microscope C. Light Microscope
B. Compound microscope D. Electron microscope
_____ 3. Autoclave is used to kill
A. viruses B. bacteria C. fungi D. All of them E. A and B
_____ 4. Which of the following organisms are used in conducting microbial techniques?
A. bacteria B. viruses C. fungi D. all of them
_____ 5. Which technique is applied in studying the growth of bacteria, where it is introduced to a
different media by different means?
A. incubation B. sterilization C. Inoculation D. pastuerization

Let’s Create
Make an infographics about the different biotechniques used in biotechnology. Your
work will be graded based on the criteria below:

Content - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 pts.
Creativity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 pts
Grammar- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 pts.
50 pts.

Module developer: Pablito O. Tura

Moonwalk National High School