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Thermal Properties
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
• How do materials respond to the application of heat?
• How do we define and measure...
-- heat capacity?
-- thermal expansion?
-- thermal conductivity?
-- thermal shock resistance?
Chapter 19 - 1
Heat Capacity
The ability of a material to absorb __________
• Quantitatively: The ______ required to produce a unit rise in
_______________ for one mole of a material.
energy input (J/mol)
heat capacity
(J/mol-K)
temperature change (K)
Chapter 19 - 4
Specific Heat: Comparison
Material cp (J/kg-K)
• Polymers at room T
Polypropylene 1925 cp (specific heat): (J/kg-K)
Polyethylene 1850 Cp (heat capacity): (J/mol-K)
Polystyrene 1170
Teflon 1050
• Why is cp significantly
increasing cp
Gold 128
Chapter 19 - 5
Thermal Expansion
Materials change ____ when temperature
is changed
Tinitial
initial
Tfinal > Tinitial
Tfinal
final
____________________ of
thermal expansion (1/K or 1/°C)
Chapter 19 - 6
Atomic Perspective: Thermal
Expansion
Soda-lime glass 9
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 0.4
Chapter 19 - 8
Thermal Expansion: Example
Ex: A copper wire 15 m long is cooled from
_____________. How much change in length will it
experience?
• Answer: For Cu
Chapter 19 - 9
Thermal Conductivity
The ability of a material to ____________________.
Fourier’s Law
temperature
gradient
_________
(J/m2s) thermal conductivity (J/mKs)
T1 T2
T2 > T1
x1 heat flux x2
Chapter 19 - 10
Thermal Conductivity: Comparison
Energy Transfer
Material k (W/m-K) Mechanism
• Metals
Aluminum 247 atomic vibrations
Steel 52 and motion of free
Tungsten 178
electrons
Gold 315
• Ceramics
increasing k
Magnesia (MgO) 38
Alumina (Al2O3) 39 atomic vibrations
Soda-lime glass 1.7
Silica (cryst. SiO2) 1.4
• Polymers
Polypropylene 0.12
Polyethylene 0.46-0.50 vibration/rotation of
Polystyrene 0.13 chain molecules
Teflon 0.25
Selected values from Table 19.1, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
Chapter 19 - 11
Thermal Stresses
• Occur due to:
-- _________ thermal expansion/contraction
-- temperature gradients that lead to differential
dimensional changes
_______ stress = s
Chapter 19 - 12
Example Problem
-- A brass rod is stress-free at ____________________.
-- It is heated up, but _____________ from lengthening.
-- At what temperature does the stress reach -172 MPa?
Solution:
T0 Original conditions
0
Step 1: Assume _________ thermal expansion
0 D
Tf
Step 2: __________ specimen back to original length
0 D
σ σ
Chapter 19 - 13
Example Problem (cont.)
0 The ________ stress can be directly
calculated as
σ σ
Chapter 19 - 14
Thermal Shock Resistance
• Occurs due to: __________________________
• Ex: Assume top thin layer is rapidly cooled from T1 to T2
rapid quench
σ
tries to contract during cooling T2 Tension develops at surface
resists contraction T1 ________________
Temperature difference that Critical temperature difference
can be produced by cooling: for fracture (set σ = σf)
set _______
-- is proportional to
Chapter 19 - 17