TRANSLATION

STRATEGIES-
TECHNIQUES
MERCAN ASLI ERKURT
 LITERAL
TRANSLATION
-It is also known as
word for word
translation and it is
transferred directly.
- 'kindergarten' =
'garden of children'
PHRASE
STRUCTURE
CHANGE

This is a strategy that contains

multiple changes at phrase level
including number, modification and
definiteness in the noun phrase and
verb phrase.
 LOAN, CALQUE

This strategy happens Compliments of the

when an expression is season= Compliments de
borrowed from the la saison
source language to the Superman = Süpermen
target language. honeymoon = luna de miel
LEVEL SHIFT
-This strategy is the shift of phonology,
morphology, syntax and lexis. It happens
when certain features are available in the
source language but not the target
language or other way around.
-Ella es inteligente.
-She is intelligent.
 TRANSPOSITION

This strategy is about changes that

happen in word- class such as from noun
to verb or from adjective to adverb without
changing the meaning of the text.
-He announced he would return. (verb)
-He announced his return. (noun)
CLAUSE STRUCTURE CHANGE
This strategy contains clause structure
and its constituent phrases. It contains
such as constituent orders as subject,
verb, complement, adverbial, active vs.
passive voice, finite vs. non-finite,
transitive vs. intransitive.
My friend told me the news about the
school.
Okul hakkındaki bilgiler bana arkadaşım
tarafından söylendi. (active to passive)
SENTENCE STRUCTURE
CHANGE
-This strategy is about changes that happen in
the structure of the sentence unit, a change in
the relationship between main clauses and
subordinate clauses.
- She heard that she got a nice score on the
test, so she hugged everyone in the class.
-Sınavdan iyi bir not aldığını duyduğu için
sınıftaki herkese sarıldı.
 UNIT SHIFT
This strategy happens when a unit in the
source language is translated into a
different unit in the target language. Those
units can be morphemes, words, phrases,
clauses, sentences and paragraphs.
- Her hair was so beautiful. (phrase)
- Saçı çok güzeldi. (word)
COHESION CHANGE
-This strategy happens when the intra-textual reference, ellipsis,
substitution, pronominalisation and repetition of various types of
connectors are affected in the target language.
-He was so willing to work that he sold all of the fruits; he called his
mother to bring him more.
-Çalışmaya o kadar istekliydi ki tüm meyveleri sattı. Annesini daha
fazla getirmesi için aradı.
 REFERENCES
Hatim, B., & Munday, J. (2019). Translation: An advanced resource book for students
(Routledge Applied Linguistics) (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Translation Strategies. (2013). Translation Journal.
https://translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm
What Is a Loan Translation or Calque? (2018, August 1). ThoughtCo.
https://www.thoughtco.com/loan-translation-calque-1691255
G. (2021, May 13). What are the main techniques of translation? Intertranslations.
https://www.intertranslations.co.uk/what-are-the-main-techniques-of-translation/
Ikbal, M. N., SYED ABDULLAH, S. N., & Jabak, O. O. (2016). Syntactic Translation
Strategies for Retaining Parallelism in the Arabic Translation of Moby Dick. Issues in
Language Studies, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.33736/ils.1637.2016
ETI 102 Introduction to Translation. (2017, August 14). Ppt Video Online Download.
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5824099/
What ex­act­ly is “lev­el shift” in trans­la­tion the­o­ry by Cat­ford? (2018, December 11).
Linguistics Stack Exchange. https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/29887/what-
exactly-is-level-shift-in-translation-theory-by-catford
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