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Student ID:
Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad
Assignment 2: EE3010A Solid-State Devices

1. Answer:
(a) Given:
√
N (E) = 7 × 1021 E cm−3 eV−1
E1 = 4.601 eV
E2 = 4.6 eV
dE = 0.001 eV
n = 2 × 1015 cm−3
To find f (E, T ), let us assume f (E, T ) is constant as dE is so small:
Z 4.601
n= N (E)f (E, T )dE
4.6
Z 4.601
n = f (E, T ) N (E)dE
4.6

4.601
7 × 1021  0.5+1 4.601
Z
N (E) dE = E 4.6
4.6 0.5 + 1
7 × 10 21
4.6011.5 − 4.61.5

=
1.5
= 1.5014 × 1019
n
f (E, T ) = R 4.601
4.6 N (E) dE
2 × 1015
=
1.5014 × 1019
f (E, T ) = 1.3321 × 10−4 cm−3

(b)
1
f (E, T ) =
1+ e(E−Ef )/(K·T )
let E − Ef be ’x’
1
1.3321 × 10−4 =
1+ e(x)/(K·T )
(x)/(K·T )
e = 7505.9439
x
= ln 7505.9439
K ·T
x = 8.9234 × 8.614 × 10− 5 × 300
x = 0.2306eV
Thus,Ef is 0.2306 eV lower than E (i.e.Ef = E − 0.2306)

1
2. Answer:
Given:
1
1 − f (E, T ) = 1% =
100
99
f (E, T ) =
100
E = Ef − 0.25 eV
1
w.k.t f (E, T ) = (E−E
1+e f )/(K·T )

99 1
= (−0.25)/(K·T )
100 1+e
1
= e(−0.25)/(K·T )
99
Solving this we get,
T = 631.577K

3. Answer:
Given:
T = 450 ◦ C = 723K
N
(Ec + Ev ) KT ln Nvc
Ef = −
2 2
mn ∗

(Ec + Ev ) 3KT ln m∗p

Ef = −
2 4
−5
(Ec + Ev ) 3 × 2.291 × 10 × 723 × ln 0.72
Ef = −
2 4
(Ec + Ev )
Ef = − 0.0153
2
Hence Ef is offsetted below from the midgap by 0.0153eV at 450 ◦ C.

4. (a) Answer:
The angular momentum pθ of an electron in an orbit is always an integral multiple of Planck’s
constant divided by 2π:
pθ = nℏ
One can see that this is equivalent to having an integer number of de Broglie wavelengths
fit within the circumference of the electron orbit. These were called pilot waves, guiding the
motion of the electrons around the nucleus.
According to the Bohr’s model if we assume an electron is in an orbit of radius ’r’ in Hydro-
gen atom with charge ’-q’ and charge of the atom ’+q’. Equate the electrostatic force and
centripetal force.
Zq 2 mv 2
− = − (1)
Kr2 r
Where K = 4πϵ0 represents a constant in MKS units, m is the mass of the electron, and v is
its velocity.
pθ = mvr = nℏ (2)
’n’ takes integer values. As ’r’ corresponds to radius of ’n’ orbit, it is denoted as rn

n2 ℏ2
m2 v 2 = (3)
rn2

2
substitute (3) in (1)...

Zq 2 n2 ℏ2 1
− 2
= − 2
× (4)
Krn mrn rn
Rearranging the terms we get rn , radius of nth orbit as...
n2 ℏ2 K
rn = (5)
Zmq 2
from (2) we get the expression for v... and substitute
nℏ
v= (6)
mrn
nℏ
v= 2 ℏ2 K
m nZmq 2

Zq 2
v= (7)
nℏK
1 Z 2 mq 4
Kinetic Energy(K.E) = mv 2 = 2 2 2 (8)
2 2n ℏ K
Zq 2 Z 2 mq 4
Potential Energy(P.E) = − =− 2 2 2 (9)
Krn n ℏ K
Total Energy(T.E) = K.E + P.E
Z 2 mq 4 Z 2 mq 4
T.E = − (10)
2n2 ℏ2 K 2 n2 ℏ2 K 2
Z 2 mq 4
En = − 2 2 2 (11)
2n ℏ K
Hence, the energy of electron in the nth orbit is found using Bohr’s Model.Putting all the
constants value we get,
Z2
En = −13.6 × 2 eV
n

If it is in an medium of dielectric constant ϵr then,

Z 2 mq 4
En = −
2n2 h2 K ′2
where
K ′ = 4πϵr ϵ0

3
(b)
m∗n q 4
Binding Energy = (12)
2h2 K ′2
0.067 × 9.11 × 10−31 × (1.602 × 10−19 )4
B.E =
2 × (1.0551 × 10−34 )2 (4π × 13.2 × 8.85 × 10−12 )2
B.E = 8.3871 × 10−22 J
B.E = 5.235 meV